Insect Pests of Strawberries in Ohio

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Insect Pests of Strawberries ---- in Ohio

Cooperative Extension Service The Ohio State University Insect IPests of Stra,Nberries

Fig. 1: Adult strawberry rootworm. Fig. 2: Strawberry leaf roller moth. Fig.3: Exposed larva of strawberry leaf roller.

Fig . 4: Wasp-Ii ke, strawberry Fig. 5: Sawfly larva on strawberry leaf. Fig. 6: Two-spotted spider mites with eggs. sawfly adult.

Fig. 7: Cyclamen mite, healthy and dam Fig. 8: Strawberry weevil on flower petal. Fig. 9: Damage caused by strawberry weevil, aged plant. drawn by F. E. Wood, University of Mary land.

7/80-5M All educational programs and activities conducted by the Ohio Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, acts of May 8 Cooperative Extension Service and the Ohio Agricultural Research and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of and Development Center are available to all potential clientele on a Agriculture. Roy M. Kottman, Director of the Cooperative Extension nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, national ori Service, The Ohio State University. gin, sex , or religious affiliation. 2 CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 4

Relative Importance of Insects, Mites and Slugs ...... 4

Field Key for Identification of Insects and Other Pests Attacking Strawberries ...... 5

Insects and Mites Attacking Foliage ...... 6 Strawberry Leaf Roller ...... 6 Oblique-banded Leaf Roller ...... 7 Blueberry Leaf Roller ...... 8 Strawberry Rootworm ...... 8 Grape Colaspis ...... 8 Strawberry Sawflies ...... 9 Strawberry Whitefly ...... 9 Two-Spotted Spider Mite ...... 9 Cyclamen Mite ...... •...... 9

Pests Attacking Buds and Fruits ...... 10 Strawberry Weevil (Clipper) ...... 10 Tarnished Plant Bug ...... 10 AUTHORS Cutworms and Armyworms ...... 11 Roger N. Williams Green Fruitworms ...... 11 Associate Professor Strawberry Bug ...... 11 Roy W. Rings Strawberry Sap Beetle ...... 12 Professor Emeritus Ground Beetles ...... 12 Slugs ...... 12 Department of Entomology Ohio Agricultural Research Insects Attacking Stems and Crowns ...... 13 and Development Center, Wooster Meadow Spittlebug ...... 13 Strawberry Crown Borer ...... 13 Strawberry Crown-miner ...... 13 Strawberry Aphids ...... 14

Insects Attacking Roots ...... 15 White Grubs ...... 15 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Strawberry Root Aphids ...... 15 The authors express appreciation to Glenn L. Berkey, Research Strawberry Root Weevils ...... 16 Center Photographer, who prepared most of the photographs used in this bulletin, and to other institutions for permission to use illustra tive materia I. Most of the drawings were prepared by R. W. Rings. The Outlook ...... 17 late R. B. Neiswander is hereby honored for his pioneering studies of strawberry pests in Ohio. Literature Cited ...... 18 3 INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF STRAWBERRIES IN OHIO

Strawberry growers, Extension specialists and others RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF INSECTS, interested in the production of strawberries will find this publication helpful in recognizing insect, slug and MITES AND SLUGS mite problems. With this knowledge there will be grea The majority of the insect, mite and slug pests re ter opportunity of maximizing yields. The sooner a ported in this bulletin are native to the United States. problem can be identified and control measures under Before strawberries were grown commercially, most of taken, the better the economic prospects. After a pest these pests fed upon and bred in cinquefoil (Potentila), that is causing plant injury is identified, either by the American wood strawberry (Fragaria americana) and presence of one or more life stages or by its characteris the Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana). tic injury, then proper control measures can be selected and applied. Because chemical control re When new pests of strawberries were imported from commendations change from year to year, growers other countries, populations rapidly built up and seri should obtain current information from the county ag ous damage to strawberry plantings resulted; e.g., the ricultural agent, Extension specialist or the Research strawberry leaf roller, which was introduced from Center. Europe to the United States in about 1866. Control mea Strawberries are native to most regions of the temp sures have been developed and many native parasites erate zone. However, the large-fruited, productive var now attack this species. As a result, it is much less ieties now cultivated have been developed from a important now than it was in the mid 40's and early 50's. chance crossing of two species, both native to the Americas. A Chilean species (Fragaria chiloensis) was Until recently, the most serious pests of strawberries introduced into France in 1712. Later it became estab were the strawberry leaf roller, the strawberry root lished in English gardens, where North American worm, the strawberry crown borer, white grubs, the species (Fragaria virginiana) was being grown. It is quite meadow spittlebug and the two-spotted spider mite. probable that a chance crossing of these two species in With modern innovations SlJCh as virus free stock, England marked the beginning of commercial varieties chemical weed control and disease resistant varieties, presently used in the United States. some growers now harvest the same fields for several Strawberries are among the most important fruit years. These changes have also caused changes in the crops grown in Ohio and are exceeded in total value insect pest complex. In the past few years, strawberry only by apples (4). The dollar value per acre of straw weevil (clipper), strawberry sap beetle and tarnished berries exceeds all fruit crops. The most recent figures plant bug have been on the increase. Where plantings available indicate that more than 1,500 acres of straw are maintained over relatively long periods of time, the berries were harvested in Ohio in 1978. Strawberries cyclamen mite can be a problem of increasing concern. enjoy the prestige of being the most important of the home garden fruit crops. The identification of virus diseases as the cause of The farm value of strawberries in Ohio in 1978 ex "running out" and the close association of aphids with ceeded $3.8 million. Because of the importance of the virus transmission have increased the importance of strawberry industry in Ohio agriculture, it is approp this group of insects. Aphids injure plants in three riate that attention be given to the important insect and ways: (1) by sucking sap from the plant, (2) by injecting other pests that attack this crop. These pests can cause toxic materials into the plant and thereby causing serious economic loss by markedly reducing crop yields stunting or deformation of tissues, or (3) by acting as and affecting quality. carriers of viruses. 4 Fl ELD KEY FOR 5. Small, moderately deep holes in berries accom panied by slimy trails on berries or leaves. Elon IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT, gated slimy animals without a shell. MITE AND SLUG (Figure 35) Slugs PESTS ATTACKING STRAWBERRIES 6. Small, relatively shallow holes eaten directly into berries. Similar to slug damage but holes much A. Chewing insects that eat holes in leaves or eat large smaller in diameter with no slime trail. portions of leaves: (Figure 33) Strawberry sap beetle 1. Leaflets folded or rolled together. Small greenish 7. Berries deformed, irregular or button-shaped, or bronze caterpillars (l/z inch long) feed within the with seeds grouped apically. rolled portion. (Figure 31 and Figure 32) (Figure 10) Strawberry leaf roller Tarnished plant bug 2. Small holes eaten in leaves. Shiny, oval beetles, 1/s inch long, with four dark blotches on wing covers. Active only at night. (Figure 13 and Figure 1) Strawberry rootwonn D. Insects attacking stems and crowns: 3. Small holes eaten in leaves. Yellowish-brown bee 1 White, frothy masses covering small, green insects tles, 3/16 inch long, with brown legs and that suck sap from stems, flower clusters or leaflets. yellowish-brown antennae. Active during day. Active from bloom to late June. (Figure 14) Grape colaspis (Figure 36) Meadow spittlebug 4. Large portions ofleaves eaten by green larvae with 2. Plants stunted and small grubs in crown of plants. black eye spots on each side of head. Feed mostly Larvae are white, legless grubs about 1/5 inch long. at night. (Figure 24) Strawberry crown borer (Figure 5) Strawberry sawflies 3. Pale yellowish or whitish aphids, without wings, on 5. Large portions of leaves eaten by light or' dark the underside of strawberry leaves, usually with green caterpillars with prominent, white longitud their slender beaks inserted in leaf tissue. Winged inal stripes (l/z to ll/z inches long). forms have a dark thorax and head and a light (Figure 21) Green fruitworms green abdomen. (Figure 27) Strawberry aphids B. Very small mites that injure leaves by sucking sap: 4. Center of plant stunted or dying with tunnel in 1. Leaves curled, bronzed and sometimes speckled crown. Larvae in crown are pink caterpillars bet with white. Greenish mites, almost invisible, pre ween 1,4 and l/z inch long; in late fall. sent on underside ofleaves. If mites are numerous, (Figure 37) Strawberry crown-miner silken webs appear on undersides of leaves. (Figure 6) Two-spotted spider mites 2. Leaves stunted and dwarfed, causing a rosette of leaves due to failure of stems to elongate. White to E. Insects attacking roots: light-brown mites, almost microscopic, feed on young, unfolded leaves in crown of plant. 1. Large, white grubs, up to 1 inch in length, with brown heads. Usually hold the body in a curved (Figure 17 and Figure 7) Cyclamen mite position and have distinct well-developed slender legs. Feed on strawberry roots from early spring to C. Insects and other pests attacking blossom buds and early fall. fruits: (Figure 28) White grubs 1. Buds and newly formed fruits dried up on the 2. Strawberry plants lacking in vigor, foliage ofa pale partly severed stems or entirely eaten. Dark, color, fruit drying up or failing to mature properly. reddish-brown snout beetles, from 1/12 to Ya inch Roots of injured plants covered with dark, bluish long, make punctures in buds. Very small, legless, green aphids. Aphids insert slender beaks in roots white-bodied grubs feed within buds. and suck sap. (Figure 8) Strawberry weevil (clipper) (Figure 27) Strawberry root aphid 2. Large holes eaten into ripe or nearly ripe fruits. 3. Plants stunted, leaves closely bunched together, Large, stout caterpillars, from 1 to 11/z inches long, dark bluish-green leaves. Small white grubs feed are striped, mottled or dingy gray. Feed at night entirely on small rootlets of the strawberry. As lar and hide beneath debris or in soil during day. vae become larger, they feed on larger roots and (Figures 19 and 20) Cutworms and annyworms crowns. Adults feed on leaves and stems and some 3. Berries soft and often moldy. Small, black bugs, times on fruit but this injury is never serious. about 3/8 inch long, with a sharp beak 1/3 as long as (Figure 30) Strawberry root weevils body. 4. Small, white, brown-spotted grubs, about Ya inch (Figure 22) Strawberry bug long, feed on roots of strawberries during May and 4. Achenes (seeds) eaten and sometimes entire sur June. Infested plants are weakened and have face of berry eaten. Medium sized (1 inch), hard poorly covered foliage. Brownish or copper shelled, black or brown beetles that hide under colored beetles, about 1/s inch long, feed on foliage debris during day and are active at night. of strawberries during early fall. (Figure 23) Ground beetles (Figure 1) Strawberry rootworm 5 lst Flower Berri es spring buds lst half lst Last growth . exposed bloom grown harvest harvest)-- Regrowth after renovation

Strawberry Weevil "clipper"

Meadow Spittlebug

Tarnished Plant Bug "Lygus bug"

Leaf Ro 11 ers

Spider Mites

Slugs

Strawberry Sap Beetle

Mar. Apr. May May June June ug. ep . c . 10 l 0 5 21 6 27 1 1 1

Approximate dates at Columbus

Black Bars Indicate Suggested Times to Check Strawberry Fields for Damage by Specific Pests

INSECTS AND MITES ATTACKING FOLIAGE This group of pests includes the leafroller and sawfly larvae, rootworm and Colas pis adults and the mites that rasp and suck, causing chlorotic leaflets

Strawberry Leaf Roller Ancylis comptanafragariae (Walsh and Riley) The strawberry leaf roller was introduced into the United States from Europe many years ago. Riley (20) reported this species causing damage in Illinois nearly 100 years ago. The pest has spread across the northern United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast. It occurs throughout Ohio, but the heaviest infestations have been encountered in the vicinity of Dayton. In the early stages, a larva may feed on either side of a leaf. As it becomes larger, it usually feeds on the upper surface. Here, by means of fine silken threads, it folds the leaflet at the midrib and feeds inside this enclosure (Fig. 10). This type of damage may be seen in early May and again in early August when second generation lar vae are feeding. Only the epidermis is eaten, but continuous feeding causes the entire leaflet to turn brown and die. Some times two adjacent leaflets are tied together and, in case of a heavy infestation, an entire leaf or even sev eral leaves may be webbed together. Sometimes newly formed leaves are attacked and webbed together before they unfold. This type of damage may be seen during late May and in June when first generation larvae are abundant. The same damage is caused by larvae of the second generation in late July and August. In Ohio, two full generations occur each year, and a partial third generation exists but does not complete development. The first generation from egg to adult requires about 54 days. The time required for comple- Fig. 10: Strawberry leaf roller injury. 6 KEY TO STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLERS I 6± PRONGS 8 ±PRONGS I I PRONGS WITH PRONGS WITH PRONGS ON ENDS WITH I POINT 2 POINTS ON TIP POINT ON TIP OTHERS WITH 2 POINTS I I

I' ' ' BLUEBERRY LEAF ROLLER STRAWBERRY LEAF ROLLER OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF ROLLER Fig. 11: Pictorial key to strawberry leaf rollers based on characteristics of anal comb. Redrawn after Bennett (3) .

tion of development in the second generation is some reported this species on sweet clover, yellow what shorter, averaging about 46 days because of higher goatsbeard and Scots pine. daily temperatures (13). The damage caused by this species is similar to that The adults (Fig. 2) are beautifully colored, reddish produced by the strawberry leaf roller as leaves are brown moths that have a wingspread of about l/z inch. rolled or webbed together. However, the oblique First generation moths are active from about April 20 to banded leaf roller partially or completely consumes June 1, and second and third generation moths are pre the webbed leaflets while the strawberry leaf roller sent from July 1 through late September. First genera feeds only on the surface of the foliage. Larvae of the tion moths deposit small, translucent eggs on the oblique-banded leaf roller are somewhat larger than foliage of the strawberry, usually on the underside, larvae of the strawberry leaf roller and can do consid about the middle of May. The larvae that hatch from erable damage. these eggs cause damage by feeding on the foliage. A technical difference is that the larva of this species Young larvae are usually pale green but change to has eight prongs in the anal comb while there are only gray-brown as they become fully grown (Fig. 3). No spe six prongs in the comb of the strawberry leafroller (Fig. cial markings or distinguishing characteristics are pre 11). Unfortunately, the anal comb characters can be sent. A fully developed larva is about 112 inch in length. seen only under a compound microscope. The larva changes into a yellowish-brown pupa, which The adult moth can be identified by the chevron-like remains inside the folded leaf until it is ready to emerge stripes on the wings (Fig. 12). Moths fly principally at as a moth. night but can be seen occasionally during the day. Strawberry leafrollers are very susceptible to attack by various hymenopterous and dipterous parasites. Be cause of this, populations are usually kept in check below economic levels. The two most important hymenopterous parasites are Cremastes cookii Weed and iHacrocentrus ancylivorous Rohwer. Although these parasites vary greatly in abundance from season to sea son, they have been responsible for about 70 percent of the total parasites (13).

Oblique-banded Leaf Roller Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) Although this pest has not been reported attacking strawberries in Ohio, it can be expected to appear as a strawberry pest at any time because it is common in all parts of the state. Bennett (3) reported this species at tacking strawberry foliage in Tennessee. Martin (11) Fig. 12: Oblique-banded leaf roller moth. 7 Blueberry Leaf Roller Sparganothis sulfureana Clemens This leaf roller is common in the state, and economic infestations have been observed on blueberry in the Massillon area. It is often found on strawberries in Tennessee and has a great number of other host plants, including cranberry, apple, celery, corn, honey locust, willow and horseweed. The damage from this species is very similar to the two leaf rollers discussed previously. This species and the oblique-banded leafroller partially devour the leaf while the strawberry leaf roller feeds only on the epidermis. Both the strawberry leafroller and the blueberry leaf roller (17) have six prongs in the anal comb. However, in the strawberry leaf roller there is a single point on the tip of each prong while there are two points on the tip of each prong of the anal comb in the blueberry leafroller. Fig. 14: Grape co laspis and feeding damage on strawberry (slightly Strawberry Rootwonn enlarged) . Photo courtesy of Department of Entomology, Purdue Paria fragariae Wilcox University. This beetle often causes trouble on strawberries in Beetles feed chiefly at night and are seldom seen Ohio. The most severe damage is caused by the adult during the day, regardless of the density of the popula beetles, which eat holes in the leaves. When adults be tion. They are usually concealed during daylight hours come abundant, leaves are riddled with holes (Fig. 13) in the litter around strawberry plants or in crevices in and sometimes plants are killed. the soil (12). The strawberry rootworm is a shiny, oval beetle, usu The beetles hibernate under mulch, in crevices in the ally brown varying to black, with four darker blotches soil or in other protected places. They begin feeding on the wing covers (Fig. 1, P-2 and front cover). It is and laying eggs when warm weather arrives. Feeding slightly more than 1/s inch in length. punctures have been observed in early May and gradu ally become more numerous until the middle of June. Eggs are laid during this period on the older leaves near the ground. As the larvae hatch, they burrow into the ground where they feed on the roots for about two months. To determine the depth at which larvae feed, similar soil samples taken at varying depths were sifted through an 18-mesh screen. All larvae found were within six inches of the soil surface and 65 percent were located in the top two inches. Adults of the first generation have been observed as early as July 16, with continued emergence throughout August. The newly emerged beetles feed extensively on the foliage of strawberry in early fall. Foliar feeding in late summer and fall is usually more severe than that observed in the spring. To be sure of the pest causing leaf perforation, examine the field after dark with a flashlight. Populations are easier to detect from mid July into the fall. Ten to 20 beetles per square foot are considered quite high (12).

Grape Colaspis Colaspis flavida (Say) This insect first attracted attention in 1893 near Cleveland, Ohio, where a severe outbreak occurred in the Lake Erie grape belt. It is still a more common pest of vineyards than of strawberry plantings. The larvae of this species attack the roots of straw berries and the adults feed on the foliage. A number of strawberry plantings in Ohio have been damaged by this species. The adult beetle, about 3/16 inch in length, is uniformly yellowish-brown with brown legs and yellowish-brown antennae. Adults have been observed in the field from June 22 to September 14 but were most abundant in July and August. After overwintering as larvae, the beetles emerge Fig. 13: Strawberry leaves ridd led by feeding of strawberry root from the soil in late June and feed on the upper surface worm. of strawberry leaves (Fig. 14). 8 In contrast to the strawberry rootworm, adults of the grape colaspis feed on strawberry foliage during the day. After feeding for about two weeks, female beetles begin to deposit egg clusters. These clusters are laid at intervals of about four days, because each female oviposits four or five times. The total number of eggs laid by each female averages more than 100. Eggs hatch in eight days to two weeks, depending on the tempera ture. After hatching, the tiny grub takes advantage of any crevice in the soil and burrows down to the roots of the plant. It spends the rest of the season feeding on the finer roots and then spends the winter as a partially grown larva.

Fig. 16: Two-spotted spider mite. Male on left and female at right. Strawberry Sawflies Empria maculata Norton and Empria ignotata Norton early spring into a pale green, louse-like insect that Two species of sawflies sometimes attack strawber crawls over the leaf, punctures it with its bristle-like ries. Webster (27) reported E. maculata causing damage mouthparts and feeds on the sap. It soon takes on the near Cleveland in 1896. One of these species completely appearance of a scale insect. About a month after egg defoliated a small patch near Mount Vernon in 1974 but hatch, a mealy white, four-winged fly appears and a new no other reports have been received recently. brood begins. The adult sawflies (Fig. 4) are black-bodied, wasp-like As a rule, the insects are most abundant the latter insects, about % inch in length, with a row of whiti.sh part of the season. The nymphs secrete a sweet, sticky spots on each side of the abdomen. They appear quite substance known as honeydew, which collects on the early in the spring and deposit eggs in the strawberry leaves and serves as an ideal medium for the growth of leaves. sooty mold. This fungous growth gives the plants a black About the time of first bloom, tiny, green larvae appearance. known as slugs hatch from the eggs and feed on the foliage. When abundant, they may completely destroy the foliage in a few days. Much of their feeding occurs at Two-spotted spider mite night. During the day, the larvae remain curled up on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) the underside of the leaves or hide at the base of the The two-spotted spider mite frequently attacks plant. When the larvae reach maturity (Fig. 5), usually strawberry plants. It is widely distributed and can be during June, they are about % inch in length. At that found in almost every field. It attacks a wide variety of stage, they enter the soil where they construct an oval plants, including truck crops, shade and fruit trees and cocoon within which they pass the winter as a shor ornamental plants. tened, thickened form, called a pre-pupa. Pupation The adult is about 1/50 inch in length. Its color varies takes place in early spring and adults emerge soon from pale greenish-yellow to dark crimson, usually thereafter. marked with dark spots (Fig. 16 and Fig. 6). Feeding and egg deposition occur on the underside of the leaves and Strawberry Whitefly a tangle of fine, silken webs occur there during heavy Trialeurodes packardi (Morrill) infestations. Heavily infested fields lose their healthy green color and become a coppery-bronze color. The The strawberry whitefly (Fig. 15), a near relative of mites suck sap from the leaves and can interfere with the common whitefly of greenhouses, is often found on normal physiological processes such as the production strawberries growing out-of-doors. In 1979, it was re of sugars. ported as a pest from one location in northwestern Ohio The length of the life cycle varies with seasonal and and another in the southeastern section of the state. weather conditions but may be completed in about two This species overwinters as an egg attached to t~e weeks. Reproduction may be continuous from early underside of a leaf by a short stalk. The egg hatches m spring until late fall. The species overwinters as a ma ture, fertile female in protected places in the field. Hot, dry weather favors rapid population increases, particu larly in July and August.

Cyclamen Mite Steneotarsonemus pallidus (Banks) In establishing a new planting, it is important that plants be used that are free of cyclamen mite. This mite is so tiny that it is scarcely visible to the unaided eye. It is primarily a pest on greenhouse plants but has caused serious economic losses to strawberry plantings (Fig. 17). . The cyclamen mite feeds on the young, unfoldmg Fig. 15: White fly adults are usually found on the undersurfaces of leaves in the crown of the plant and causes these leaves leaves. to appear stunted, crinkled and malformed when they 9 that it hangs by a mere thread or falls to the ground. In about one week, the eggs hatch into white, legless grubs. The larva develops inside the bud and reaches maturity in three or four weeks (5). Adult weevils emerge from the buds from late June through July. After feeding on the pollen of various flowers for a short time, the new adults seek hibernat ing sites in midsummer and remain inactive for the rest of the season. Weevils remain in these sites until the next spring. Only one brood appears each year. Injury is most likely to occur when strawberries are grown adja cent to woodlots or other suitable hibernating quarters. This weevil also attacks blueberries, raspberries, dewberries and boysenberries.

Fig. 17: Cyclamen mite (enlarged about 180 times). Female is at left and male at right. Illustration courtesy of the British National History Tarnished Plant Bug Museum. Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvais) This inconspicuous sucking plant bug is distributed throughout North America, Europe and Asia. It is a emerge (Fig. 7). Later it feeds on the blossoms and general feeder attacking a great variety of cultivated causes a distortion of the fruits. After the mite becomes and wild plants. As a strawberry pest, the tarnished established, it is difficult to control. plant bug often causes considerable loss by puncturing Schaefers (24) in New York found that populations the young fruits before the receptacle expands. In feed began to increase in late May when blossoming started ing, it punctures the buds and tender growing tips and and peaked in early July during fruiting. A sharp de sucks out plant juices. At the same time, it injects toxic cline occurred during July and August and a second, substances that kill the surrounding tissues (9 and 16). · lower peak was observed near the end of September. Thus, berries that are injured remain small with a woody texture and fail to mature. They become knobbed with seeds grouped apically and are unsala ble. This injury is known as "button berry" (Fig. 31). The adult tarnished plant bug (Fig. 32) is about 114 inch PESTS ATTACKING BUDS AND FRUITS long, brownish in color, marked with yellowish and black dashes and has a brassy appearance. In Ohio the The pests in this group range from sap beetles, slugs adults overwinter in protected places. They return to and ground beetles that feed on ripe berries to the the field about the time of bud burst and are found strawberry buds. Perhaps the most damaging in Ohio at feeding on tender foliage of all sorts. They are very this time are the strawberry weevil (clipper) and the active, taking to flight with the slightest disturbance. tarnished plant bug. Cutworms, armyworms and green There are several generations each year, as adults and fruitworms occasionally cause problems. nymphs of all stages are found from May until heavy frost in the fall. Button berry or apical seediness caused by tarnished plant bug feeding is a serious problem in some areas of Strawberry Weevil Ohio. Although several plant bugs may be involved, the Anthonomus signatus Say tarnished plant bug appears to be the chief culprit in (Also known as Strawberry Clipper or Clipper) Ohio. The strawberry weevil was first recognized as a pest of the strawberry plant in 1871 (25). Since that time various outbreaks of this insect have occurred periodi cally in many sections of the eastern United States and Canada. This dark reddish-brown weevil is about 1/10 inch long (Fig. 8) with the head prolonged into a slender, curved snout about half as long as the body (Fig. 18). In the eastern United States, this insect is known as the "strawberry clipper" or simply the "clipper" because of its habit of clipping buds. The beetles leave their winter quarters in fence rows and woodlots in the spring as temperatures approach 60°F. They immediately proceed to a number of plants with early fruit bud developments, of which strawberry is phenologically ideal. First, they feed on immature pollen by puncturing the blossom buds with their long snouts. The female deposits a single egg inside the nearly mature bud and then girdles the bud (Fig. 9). This Fig. 18: Adult strawberry weevil "clipper" (greatly enlarged'. Cour prevents the bud from opening and exposing the de tesy of and drawn by F. E. Wood , Department of Entomology, Univer veloping larva. Then the stem of the bud is clipped so sity of Maryland. 10 Cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), Agrotis venerabilis Walker, Amathes c-nigrum (L.), Crumodes devastator (Brace), Euxoa messoria (Harris), Feltia subgothica (Haworth), Peridroma saucia Hubner, Armywonns Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee and others

These voracious caterpillars are omnivorous and may appear at any time during the growing season. Young plants are occasionally damaged by cutworms that cut them off at the soil surface. On older plants, they feed on the leaves but cause insignificant damage, unless in abundant numbers. The greatest damage results from their feeding on ripe fruit and making large holes in the berries. These stout caterpillars are nearly 1% inches long and are striped (Fig. 19), mottled or dingy gray (Fig. 20). They are seldom observed in the field as they usually feed only at night. During the day they burrow into the soil or hide beneath the plant debris on the ground. Most cutworms attacking strawberries overwinter as partially grown caterpillars in strawberry fields. They Fig. 19: Larva (above) and adult (below) of the dingy cutworm, Feltia become active very early in the spring. As the weather subgothica (Haworth). Enlarged about three times. warms up, they reach full growth and then pupate in the soil. The adult moths are brownish or grayish (Figs. 19 and 20) and are active only at night. Several generations may occur each y~ar. Cutworms eat large holes in the fruit. These holes are larger than those made by leaf rollers and no slime occurs as in the case of slugs. Because each cutworm feeds on a number of berries, the damaged fruits tend to be concentrated in localized areas.

Green Fruitwonns Orthosia hibisci (Guenee) and others The green fruitworm most often causing damage to strawberries in Ohio is the speckled green fruitworm, Fig. 20: Larva of the yellow-striped armyworm, Prodenia or Orthosia hibisci (Fig. 21). Rings (21) has described the nithogalli Guenee. fruitworm complex in Ohio and the known host range of the different species. While this species causes severe damage to the fruits of apple, plum, cherry and peach, its damage to strawberries is usually confined to the leaves. This fruitworm overwinters as a 1-inch pupa in the soil. Moths begin emerging about the middle of March and start ovipositing around the first of April. Recog nizable larvae do not appear on fruit crops until May 1 to 10. The speckled green fruitworm has two color forms when it is full grown. The dark greenish form has a broad, pale spiracular stripe. The light form is pale green with a prominent white, narrow supraspiracular stripe that becomes subspiracular on the first and eighth abdominal segments. In Ohio, foliage damage occurs from May 1 to May 30. Most larvae cease feeding and enter the soil about June 1. There is only one generation each year.

Strawberry Bug Myodochus serripes Oliver This insect, a native of Ohio, occasionally injures strawberries. It is about % inch in length and has a Fig. 21: Lateral view of the larva of the green fruitworm. 11 A parasite of the strawberry sap beetle adult was discovered in Ohio in 1977 (29). This parasite greatly reduces the number of eggs laid by its host and eventu ally kills the host.

Ground beetles Harpalus pennsylvanicus Dej. and other species Ground beetles are hard-shelled, black or brown bee tles (Fig. 23) with nocturnal habits. During the day they may be found under rocks and other objects. Normally these insects are considered beneficial be cause they attack and feed upon such destructive pests as cutworms and armyworms. However, they will attack ripening strawberries lying on the ground. Such an in cident was observed in a planting ofeverbearing straw berries in northeastern Ohio. More than 50 percent of Fig. 22: Adult (left) and nymph (right) of the strawberry bug, the ripening berries and many green berries were dam Myodochus serripes Oliver. aged. The skin of the injured fruits was broken and on some berries the entire surface was eaten. Microscopic examination of the injured berries indicated that the beetles were feeding primarily on the strawberry sharp beak that is one-third as long as the body (Fig. 22). achenes. The head tapers into a relatively long, narrow neck. The adult has long legs and, when disturbed, runs and hides Slugs quickly. March slug, Agriolimax laevis (Muller) Two generations may occur each year but injury has Gray Garden slug, Agriolimax reticulatus (Muller) been observed only during July and August. These in "Arion slug", Arion subfuscus sects feed on the ripening berries by inserting their long beaks and sucking the juices. Injured berries be Slugs and snails look alike in the early stages but in come soft and are often covered with mold. the older stages, slugs do not form a shell. These pests are molluscs, not insects. They are more closely related Strawberry Sap Beetle to clams, oysters and other shellfish. In Ohio an occa Stelidota geminata (Say) sional snail is seen on ripe strawberry but the primary problem is with the three slugs listed above (Fig. 35). The strawberry sap beetle (Figs. 33 and 34) was It is possible to identify these slugs in the field by noticed for the first time as a pest of strawberries in scraping them with the edge of a knife blade or similar Ohio in 1976 near Akron. It is speculated that its pest object. The scraping causes the slug to secrete a protec status has been accelerated with the change in market tive substance on the body surface that accumulates on ing systems from the grower harvesting to pick-your the blade. The marsh slug gives off a clear slime; the own operations. This is due to unskilled pickers who gray garden slug, a white slime; and the "Arion slug," a leave large numbers of ripe and overripe berries in the yellowish slime. field. Slugs of all sizes make small, moderately deep holes As the berries begin to ripen in May and June, adult in ripening berries. Most of the feeding takes place at beetles are attracted to the patch. They move directly to night or on dark overcast days; however, the Arion slug ripe, nearly ripe or decaying fruit where they bore into is very aggressive and has been see n actively feeding on the berry, devouring a portion. On sound berries the sap beetles usually gain entrance from under the berry, eating a hole straight into the berry. If the fruit is picked, the hole can be seen but is not usually con spicuous unless several sap beetles are working to gether. The adults are seldom seen because they fall to the ground and scurry away when fruit is disturbed. For migration cycle of this sap beetle, see Fig. 34. The pest is a small beetle, less than Vs inch long. It is oval in shape and when viewed from above, lies quite flat. It is brown and has a slight mottled appearance. It has no prominent markings on its wing covers (29). The primary injury caused by strawberry sap beetles are the cavities eaten by one, or more commonly, a group of beetles. They also disseminate organisms that cause rots in the fruits and move these to other fruits as they move about. Larval damage is much less obvious because they develop in decomposing fruit. Cultural control is useful in reduction of sap beetle outbreaks. Removal of damaged, diseased and overripe fruits from the patch at regular intervals is known to be of assistance in reducing populations. Problems with sap beetles often arise with rainy spells during harvest, Fig. 23: A ground beetle, Harpalus pennsylvanicus Dej., which resulting in the build-up of overripe berries. sometimes damages strawberries. 12 bright sunny days. Holes made by the slugs can be most weeks. Egg laying occurs primarily during September anywhere on the fruit; however, feeding usually takes and October. Eggs are inserted into the lower parts of place under the cap. It is fairly easy to implicate slug the strawberry plant. Only one generation appears each injury by the tell-tale, slimy trail left on the surface of year. the fruit. Feeding activities of the insects cause plants to be Slugs are favored by mulch in the field and are able to come stunted and berries do not attain full size. The overwinter beneath the mulch in protected places. Eggs spittle masses on the plants are very annoying to straw are laid in groups in cracks and holes in the soil. Thus, berry pickers. the entire life cycle is completed in the strawberry field. Most injury from slugs is encountered during Strawberry Crown Borer damp, rainy spring months. Tyloderma fragariae (Riley) This pest is capable of being very destructive in sea sons that favor its development (19). However, the dam age to strawberry plantings is not widespread in most years. The principal damage occurs from the grub-like INSECTS ATTACKING STEMS AND CROWNS larvae (Fig. 24) that tunnel through the crowns of straw berry plants and eventually kill or stunt the plants. The In this section, two sucking insects and two larvae that larva is a white, legless grub and is about 1/5 inch in feed inside the crown will be discussed. The sucking length when full grown. insects are external feeders and the chewing larvae The adult is a small snout beetle (Fig. 25), slightly less internal feeders. than 1/5 inch in length. It is deep chestnut-brown and has three, irregular dark spots on each wing cover. The Meadow Spittlebug thorax and wing covers are densely punctured. Beetles are incapable of flight and are distributed Philaenus spumarius (L.) principally through the shipment of infested straw Meadow spittlebug nymphs are small, green insects berry plants. New plantings of clean plants are seldom enclosed in white, frothy, irregular masses % inch or attacked, if they are located some distance from in more in diameter. These sometimes appear on the fested plantings or beds of wild strawberries or cin stems and leaves of strawberries (Fig. 36) at about the quefoil. A new infestation spreads relatively slowly ac time of bloom. The insects are known as spittlebugs ross a planting. because of the peculiar, spittle-like substance with which they cover themselves. They are often seen in Strawberry Crown-Miner meadows and on plants in uncultivated fields. Aristotelia fragariae Busck Spittlebugs have sharp beaks with which they pierce the stems of plants and suck the plant juices. The in The strawberry crown-miner is a common pest of sects first feed at the base of the plants but later move strawberries in the Pacific Northwest. It has also been up to the more tender foliage. The nymph or young stage reported east of the Rocky Mountains in Iowa, Tennes produces the frothy material and remains in this pro see, Illinois and most recently (1977) in one planting in tective substance until developing into the adult stage. Ashland County, Ohio. The insect overwinters as an egg (26). Nymphs appear The crown-miners overwinter in strawberry crowns in April or May and complete their development in 5 to 8 as fully-grown larvae (7). Pupation takes place early in the spring and adults emerge about the middle of June. Egg laying begins in the latter part of June and con tinues through early July. After eggs hatch, the young larvae wander over the leaf surface for a short time before dropping to the base of the plant. They bore into the crown near the upper portion, just below the bases of the leaves. They reach maturity in September and winter in silken cases near the base of the crown. The larvae (Fig. 31) are readily distinguished from all the crown borers by their reddish-pink color, elongate form and small size (length % inch). ~~... ~, The injury caused by the crown-miners is most noticeable in the fall. Centers of the affected plants "•:; t~,. turn yellow and often die. \

Fig. 24: Strawberry crown cut open to show larva of crown borer and its injury. Fig. 25: Strawberry crown borer adult. 13 0 0

0 0

thomasi jacobi fragaefdii minor

Fig. 26: Diagram illustrating abdominal chaetotaxy in four species of Pentatrichopus (after Schafers (23). Drawing courtesy of Department of Entomology, N.Y.S. Agricultural Experimental Station.

Strawberry Aphids velop they become greenish-white. All instars have Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) minor (Forbes) rather conspicuous capitate setae arranged in 8 rows on and the dorsal surface (Fig. 26). Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) thomasi (Hille Ris Lam In the growing season, most aphids are found feeding bers) on the underside of young leaves and on young petioles. They pass the winter on the underside of old leaves The lesser strawberry aphid and Thomas' strawberry lying on the soil. Winged forms first appear in Ohio in aphid are of major importance as insect vectors of early May and may be found through May and June. strawberry viruses. The strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), is the most widely distributed member of the strawberry aphid complex. It has not been recorded in Ohio, although it occurs in northern New York and Wisconsin. Both of the first-named species have proved capable of transmitting many strawberry viruses. Natural transmission of viruses is undoubtedly brought about by these aphids, which are commonly found feeding on strawberry foliage. The different species of Chaetosiphon may be sepa rated by studying the setae (hairs) on the dorsal aspect of the abdomen (Figs. 26 and 27). C. thomasi has eight rows of setae on the dorsal area while C. minor has only vestigial setae or prominent setae in the dorsal rows only. For many years some strawberry cultivars lost vigor, failed to produce a normal number ofrunner plants and were less productive. Berries were few in number and small in size. This rapid degeneration of superior east ern varieties was termed "running out." In recent years it has been proven that viruses transmitted by straw berry aphids are the most important reasons for decline or "running out" (6). Because of the seriousness of viral infections, virus free stocks have been isolated by state and federal agencies. These virus free stocks are main tained and increased by cooperating nurseries. Reli able nurserymen take every precaution to keep their virus free selections from subsequent infection and checks are made before fields are certified. Ifa grower desires to increase his virus free plants, he should start with certified plants and establish a virus free bed at some distance from his bearing plantings. He should also make certain that all wild strawberries are eliminated from fence rows and neighboring fields. The virus free bed can be protected from infection only by extensive insect control methods. It is advisable that the grower plant a new virus free bed from certified plants each year. The wingless females of Thomas' strawberry aphid Fig. 27: Strawberry aphid (after Schaefers 23). Drawing courtesy of are clear white in the early instars. As the nymphs de- Department of Entomology, N. Y. S. Agricu ltura I Experiment Station, 14 Eggs are deposited in the soil at a depth of 1 to several inches. They are apparently deposited most abundantly in sod that has not been disturbed for years, although they occur in almost any type of soil porous enough to permit the female beetles to crawl into it. Eggs hatch in 3 or 4 weeks. Tiny larvae feed largely on vegetable matter in the soil during the remainder of the first season. When cold weather appears, most species of white grubs burrow down below the frost line and remain there until the following spring. Grubs spend all of the next summer feeding on the roots of plants. During the second winter, they continue as larvae below the frost line in the soil. In the third year, they return to the plant roots and feed until late June or July when they change to pupae in small ear then cells. The adults emerge from the pupal cases a few weeks later but remain in the soil until spring. Thus, eggs are laid every third year. Because the bee tles are abundant at three-year intervals, the severe damage caused by their offspring usually occurs only every third year. Two species complete their development and change Fig. 28: White grub. Photo by C. R. Neiswander. to the adult stage in one year. One of these is the well known Japanese beetle, Popilliajaponica Newman, and the other is the northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis Arrow. These species attack the roots of certain INSECTS ATTACKING ROOTS grasses and may sometimes become abundant enough to cause severe damage. Occasionally they cause trou ble in strawberries. The root weevils and white grubs are external feeders with chewing mouthparts that live in the soil for the most part. The root aphids on the other hand are suck Strawberry Root Aphid ing insects living below the soil surface. Aphis forbesi Weed This aphid was originally described in Ohio by Weed White Grubs (28) during a period when it was a severe pest. The Phyllophaga spp., Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, strawberry root aphid is widely distributed throughout Popillia japonica Newman the strawberry-growing regions of the United States and Canada. In a comprehensive study of May beetles, Neiswander Infested plants are characterized by a lack of vigor, (12) stated: "The grubs of May beetles are primarily unnaturally pale foliage and immature or desiccated grass root feeders. They are native to the United States fruit. Second year plants rarely suffer as much damage and were undoubtedly abundant in the prairie grasses because they are well established and have many more at the time America was discovered. They attain their plants to support a given root aphid population. greatest accumulation in Ohio in bluegrass lawns and pastures. However, they do severe damage to corn, potatoes, strawberries and other crops when such crops follow bluegrass that has been infested with grubs. Out side of turf areas, their damage is more conspicuous in cultivated row crops such as corn or potatoes than in full coverage crops such as wheat or oats." White grubs are the immature forms or larvae of May beetles or "June bugs." The grubs are large, thick bodied and dirty white (Fig. 28). When fully grown, they range from about 1 to ll/2 inches in length. White grubs feed on the roots of a variety of plants and often cut strawberry plants completely off just below the crown (Fig. 38). When dug from the ground, the larvae always lie in a curved position forming the letter "C". The most severe damage usually occurs between the time of planting and runner development. Damage is most likely to occur when strawberries are planted on newly plowed sod. May beetles are dark brown in color and vary from 112 to % of an inch in length (Fig. 29). They are often at tracted to lights and during June may sometimes be seen in considerable numbers around street lights. The beetles remain concealed near the soil during the day, but at dusk they emerge and fly to ornamental or forest trees to feed. Sometimes they congregate in such numbers that they completely defoliate isolated Fig. 29: May beetle, adult stage of white grub (enlarged about three trees. They return to the soil just before dawn. times). 15 A c Fig. 30: Strawberry root weevils (enlarged six times). A. Strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus L. B. Rough strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Goeze. C. Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius).

In autumn, females of this pest deposit their shiny The black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fab black eggs on the stems and leaves of strawberry plants. ricius), (Fig. 30C and Fig. 39) is a serious pest ofTaxus in The eggs hatch early in the following spring and the Ohio. It has not been reported as a strawberry pest. This young, bluish-green nymphs feed on the newly de weevil is sometimes a serious pest of strawberries in veloped strawberry leaves. Europe. When the aphids become abundant, they are soon The strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.), found by ants, which carry them to the strawberry roots. (Fig. 30A) has been found on the roots of strawberry in Here the aphids feed by sucking the sap from the root Ohio but not in numbers that would warrant control tissues. The ants also take aphids from one plant to measures. It occasionally causes damage by feeding on another, thus spreading the infestation. the roots of young hemlocks or spruce trees. Fre A number of generations of wingless females are pro quently, it becomes a household pest in late summer duced during the summer. Under favorable conditions, and fall when great numbers of the adult beetles wan growth may be completed in as little as two weeks, after der into houses, apparently in search of hibernating which the females are soon capable of giving birth to 50 quarters. or more living young. When cold weather approaches in The rough strawberry root weevil, 0. rugosostriatus the fall, winged forms again appear and move from the (Goeze) (Fig. 30B) is common on fruit trees in June and roots to the foliage. occasionally enters residences for hibernation. It has When preparing ground for a new strawberry plant not been a serious pest of strawberries in Ohio but has ing, a thorough and deep cultivation early in the spring been a pest on the West Coast. will help destroy ant colonies. This will reduce the In the adult stage, these insects are black and vary chances of a root aphid infestation. from 3/16 to % inch in length. The strawberry root weevil, the smallest of the three species, is only 3/16 inch in length. The rough strawberry root weevil is Strawberry Root Weevils slightly more than 1/4 inch long. The largest of the three Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), is the black vine weevil, which is about % inch long. 0. ovatus L., and 0. rugosostriatus Goeze These insects cannot fly and apparently all are females. The beetles appear primarily during June. Six species of root weevils were reported by Wilcox They feed on the foliage at night and hide in the soil or (30) as causing damage to strawberries in Oregon and under plants during the day. Eggs are dropped to the Washington. Three of these species occur commonly in ground under the plants on which the adults feed. Lar Ohio and two are considered economic pests. However, vae enter the soil where they feed on the roots. Only one none have severely injured strawberries. generation occurs each year (15).

16 OUTLOOK

Insect and mite control problems keep changing be exposed the agricultural heartland of the Midwest to cause of weather conditions, the development of resis new invaders throughout the world. tance, the influence of chemical controls on non-target The environment has a very direct effect upon the organisms and the introduction of new pests from other behavior of insects and mites and may determine areas. whether or not an insect actually is or is not a pest. For Cool, wet springs usually result in high aphid popula example, a field of wild strawberries adjacent to a cul tions. Ladybird beetles, which normally keep aphids at tivated one may act as a constant reservoir of pests. Ifit low levels, are not as active during cool, wet weather. is destroyed for some reason, real trouble can be an On the other hand, hot and dry summer weather favors ticipated as hungry pests spread out in all directions in rapid development of two-spotted spider mite popula search of food. tions. Exceptionally cold winters may reduce certain It may appear to newcomers in strawberry growing pests to such a low level that it may be several seasons that strawberry plantings are relatively free from in before they recover and become damaging again. sect and mite problems. This is a popular misconcep The importance of white grubs as strawberry pests tion because many pests are so small that they can decreased considerably during the late 1940's through hardly be seen with the naked eye, or the insects feed the 1970's as a result of the use of chlorinated hydrocar underground or at night when they cannot be seen. A bon insecticides as soil treatments. The most successful lOX hand lens will greatly aid in the detection and iden of these was chlordane, which was used for the last time tification of mites and small insects. in 1979. The 80's will begin a new era of grub control. Successful production of strawberries on an Most likely control will be centered around the use of economic basis requires that the grower be familiar more highly toxic, short-lived pesticides. Often the ap with the symptoms of insect and mite injury. Then cor plication of a broad spectrum insecticide or miticide rective measures can be undertaken before pest popu for control of a pest will stimulate rapid buildup of lations reach damaging levels. mites. Growers should anticipate such problems and be Use preventive measures whenever possible. For prepared to combat them as soon as they appear. example, don't plant strawberries directly into a sod New insect pests may be expected to gain a foothold field. This will greatly reduce the chances of problems in Ohio by natural spread from other areas as well as by with white grubs. new introductions. This threat becomes greater with Walk your fields often, at least once a week. Be on the increased international airline flights from Europe to lookout for insects, mites and slugs and their damage. U.S. cities. The opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway

17 LITERATURE CITED

1. Allen, W. E. 1959. Strawberry pests in California. 16. Parker, B. L., B. R. Boyce, and R. P. Marini. 1978. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Circ. 484., 39 pp, Strawberry deformities. Univ. of Vermont, Agri. 2. Anderson, H. W. 1956. Diseases of fruit crops. Exp. Sta. Bull. 683. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 501 pp. 17. Phipps, C. R. 1930. Blueberry and huckleberry in 3. Bennett, S. E. 1961. The strawberry leaf roller com sects. Maine Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. 356: 107-255. plex in Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 36(4):320-360. 18. Putnam, W. L. and A. Hikichi. 1963. Growing straw 4. Carter, H. L., M.A. Evans, and T. P. King. 1979. Ohio berries in eastern Canada. Can. Dept. Agr., Pub. No. agricultural statistics 1978. Ohio Crop Reporting 1174: 1-7. Service, Annual Report. 49 pp. 19. Richter, P. 0 . 1939. The strawberry crown borer, 5. Clark, R. G. and A. J . Howitt. 1975. Development of Tylodermafragariae (Riley). Ky. Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. the strawberry weevil under laboratory and field 389. conditions. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 68(4):715-718. 20. Riley, C. V. 1869. Noxious, beneficial and other in 6. Demaree, J . B. and C. P. Marcus. 1951. Virus dis sects of the State of Missouri. First Ann. Report of eases of strawberries in the United States, with State Entomol. pp. 142-143. special reference to distribution, indexing, and in 21. Rings, R. W. 1975. Faunal composition of the green sect vectors in the east. Plant Dis. Reporter fruitworm complex. J . Econ. Entomol. 68(2): 178-180. 35(12): 527-537. 22. Rosentiel, R. G. 1953. Studies on crown moth and 7. Hardy, D. E. 1947. Aristoteliafragariae on strawber root weevil control. Proc. Oregon State Hort. Soc. ries in Iowa. J. Econ. Entomol. 41(1): 108. 45:81-82. 8. Hofmaster, R. N. 1956. Commercial strawberry pro 23. Schaefers, G. A. 1960. A systematic study of the duction in eastern Virginia. (Insect pests). Va. strawberry aphid complex (P entatrichopus spp.). Truck Crop Exp. Sta., Bull. 115:33-46. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 53:783-793. 9. Mailloux, G., R. 0 . Paradis, J. G. Pilon. 1979. Sea 24. . 1963. Seasonal densities and control sonal development of the tarnished plant bug, L?,Jgus of the cyclamen mite, Steneotarsonemus pallidus lineolaris (P. de B.) (Hemiptera: Miridae), on straw (Arcarina: Tarsonemidae) on strawberry in New berry, raspberry and in apple orchards in south York. J. Econ. Entomol. 56:565-571. western Quebec. (In French). Ann. Soc. Entomol. 25. Slingerland, M. V. and C.R. Crosby. 1915. Manual of Quebec 24(1):48-64. fruit insects. MacMillan Co., New York. 503 pp. 10. Marshall, G. E. 1952. Strawberry insects and their 26. Weaver, C. R . and D. R. King. 1954. Meadow control. Purdue Univ., Agri. Ext. Leaflet344-12 pp. spittlebug. Ohio Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. 741. 11. Martin, J. L. 1958. Observations on the biology of 27. Webster, F. M. 1896. Some particularly destructive certain tortricids in young coniferous plantations insects of Ohio. Ohio Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. 68: 19-81. in southern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 90(1):44-53. 28. Weed, C. M. 1889. Insect record for 1889. Ohio Agri. 12. Neiswander, C.R. 1963. The distribution and abun Exp. Sta., 8th Ann. Report, 8:53. dance of May beetles in Ohio. Ohio Agri. Exp. Sta., Res. Bull. 951-39 pp. 29. Weiss, M. J. and R. N. Williams. 1979. A new parasite of the strawberry sap beetle. Ohio Report 64(1): 3-5. 13. Neiswander, R. B. 1938. The strawberry leaf roller, Ancylis comptana (Froel.) in Ohio. J . Econ. Entomol. 30. Wilcox, J., D. C. Mote, and L. Childs. 1934. The root 31:382-385. weevils injurious to strawberries in Oregon. Oreg. Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. 330. 14. . 1944. Insect pests of strawberries in Ohio. Ohio Agri. Exp. Sta., Bull. 651. 31. Williams, R. N. 1979. Two insect pests increase in Ohio strawberry fields. Ohio Report 64(2):24-26. 15. . 1953. Control of the black vine weevil. J. Econ. Entomol. 46:234-237.

18 Insect Pests of Strawberries

Fig. 31: Button berries caused by tarnished Fig. 32: Adult tarnished plant bug on strawberry Fig. 33 : Strawberry sap beetle along plant bug. Courtesy of N.Y.S. Agricultural Ex blossom. with feeding damage. periment Station.

UIGRJ;T!Q,·: CYCLE FOR THE. STR;\.'.'SEf.\HY ShP Sf.£TLE.

Fig. 34: Seasonal activity of strawberry Fig. 35: Arion slug on ripe strawberry. Fig. 36: Frothy spittle mass produced sap beetle. by meadow spittlebug on strawberry plant.

Fig. 37: Strawberry crown-miner Fig. 38: White grub along with root injury. Fig. 39 : Egg, larva, pupa and adult of black vine in damaged crown. weevil.