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Interaction Entre La Teigne Du Chou Plutella Xylostella Interaction entre la teigne du chou Plutella xylostella (L.) et ses principaux parasitoïdes en conditions tropicales : approche éthologique, écologique et évolutive Laurence Arvanitakis To cite this version: Laurence Arvanitakis. Interaction entre la teigne du chou Plutella xylostella (L.) et ses principaux parasitoïdes en conditions tropicales : approche éthologique, écologique et évolutive. Sciences agricoles. Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013MON30067. tel-00984578 HAL Id: tel-00984578 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984578 Submitted on 28 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par l’Université Paul-Valéry-Montpellier 3 Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale Territoires, Temps, Sociétés et Développement - ED 60 Et de l’unité de recherche UMR 5175 CEFE-CNRS Spécialité : Écologie et Biologie des Populations Présentée par ARVANITAKIS Laurence INTERACTION ENTRE LA TEIGNE DU CHOU PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) ET SES PRINCIPAUX PARASITOIDES EN CONDITIONS TROPICALES : APPROCHE ETHOLOGIQUE, ECOLOGIQUE ET EVOLUTIVE. Soutenue le 19 décembre 2013 devant le jury composé de Mme Marie-Stéphane TIXIER, Professeur, SupAgro Montpellier Rapporteur M. Olivier BONATO, CR1 (HDR), IRD Rapporteur Mme Anne-Nathalie VOLKOFF, DR, UMR 1333 INRA, UM2 Examinateur Mme Marie-Claude BON, Chercheur, USDA-ARS-EBCL Examinateur M. Jean-Pierre LUMARET, Professeur, UM3, UMR 5175 CEFE Co-Directeur de thèse M. Dominique BORDAT, Chercheur (HDR), CIRAD UR HortSyst Co-Directeur de thèse Résumé L'espèce Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) défoliatrice des choux constitue surtout un problème dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales. La lutte chimique a rapidement montré ses limites du fait de l'apparition derésistance dans les populations.D es moyens de lutte alternatifs ont été mis en place, impliquant principalement des insectes parasitoïdes, parmi lesquels Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) et Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) qui sont les plus couramment utilisés en raison de leur spécificité enversP. xylostella. Afin de contribuer àune meilleure connaissance du contrôle de la teigne en région tropicale, nous avons étudiéles relations hôte- parasitoïde entre P. xylostella et O. sokolowskii d’une part, et P. xylostella et C. vestalis d’autre part, en conditions de laboratoire et sur leterrain au Sénégal et au Bénin. Au Sénégal, quatre espèces de parasitoïdes sont présentes sur les chenillesO. : sokolowskii, Apanteles litae, C. vestalis et Brachymeria citrae. Au Bénin, seule l'espèce C. vestalis est présente. Au Sénégal comme au Bénin, les facteurs climatiques contribuent au développement de la teigne et les précipitations ne régulent pas les populations du ravageur. Dans ces deux pays, la teigne n’est pas contrôlée par ses ennemis naturels. La lutte biologique par conservation y est à prendre en considération et l’utilisation de plantes compagnes cultivées en association avec le chou peut être envisagée pour réduire les populations de la teigne. Les études en laboratoire ont montré qu’Oomyzus sokolowskii est un parasitoïde larvo-nymphal performant. Concernant C. vestalis, les femelles détectent et reconnaissent leur hôte grâce aux lipides cuticulaires émis par les chenilles. Des marqueurs moléculaires (isozymes et ISSR) ont confirmé une forte variabilité entre les populations de P. xylostella à l’échelle mondiale, les populations d’Australie et du Japon étant très différentes des autres et formant deux groupes distincts. La structuration des populations semble influencée par le type de climat : tropical et non tropical. Mots-clés : Plutella xylostella, Oomyzus sokolowskii, Cotesia vestalis, interaction hôte- parasitoïde, agroécosystème tropical, Brassicacées, lutte biologique. I Abstract The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most destructive pest of Brassicaceae worldwide and poses particularly acute problems in tropical areas. Chemical control is impaired by multiple-insecticide resistance in this species. Alternative methods are based on biological control by parasitoids, such as Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which are commonly used due to their specificity towards DBM. To help to improve the biocontrol of the moth in the tropics, we studied host-parasitoid relationships between P. xylostella and these two parasitoids under both laboratory and field conditions in Senegal and Benin. In both countries, climatic conditions are favourable for the development of DBM and rainfall does not limit populations of this pest. In Senegal, four parasitoid species are present on DBM larvae: O. sokolowskii, C. vestalis, Apanteles litae, and Brachymeria citrae. In Benin, C. vestalis is largely dominant. In neither of these countries, the moth is sufficiently controlled by natural enemies. Conservation biological control might be combined with the use of companion plants in cabbage crops to reduce DBM populations. Laboratory studies have shown that O. sokolowskii is an efficient larval-pupal parasitoid. In C. vestalis, females detect and recognize their host using cuticular lipids produced by the caterpillar. Studies of molecular markers (isozymes and ISSR) have confirmed high variability among DBM populations around the world, those from Australia and Japan being distinct and very different from any other population. Population structure seems to be influenced by the type of climate (tropical vs. non-tropical). Keywords: Plutella xylostella, Oomyzus sokolowskii, Cotesia vestalis, host-parasitoid interactions, tropical agroecosystems, Brassicaceae, biological control. II Il est mon ami et mon maître, Au-delà des apparences, il est profondément humain, Au-delà de la passion, l’entomologie est sa vocation, Sincère, curieux, obstiné, battant et sensible, Il cache ses talents d’artiste peintre et de photographe, Il a souvent été seul contre tous, Il m’a tout appris de mon métier, Je ne lui serais jamais assez reconnaissante. Dominique Je te dédie ce manuscrit Avec toute ma gratitude et mon amitié III Ils ont aussi contribué à ce que je suis aujourd’hui… Cette icône appartenait à mon arrière grand-mère Parasquevi Arvanitakis. Je tiens à lui rendre hommage, ainsi qu’à tous mes aïeux. Depuis bien longtemps déjà, ils ne sont plus de ce monde, mais je sais, qu’ils seraient fiers de moi. Cette icône représente la Présentation du Christ au temple. Si j’en fais une interprétation personnelle, ce manuscrit représentera le jour de ma soutenance, la présentation d’un travail de recherche de plusieurs années, à mes pairs. e Icône grecque du début du XX siècle Je rends hommage à mon grand- père Arthur-René Lauzière. Je lui dois en partie ma passion pour l’entomologie et ma fascination depuis mon plus jeune âge pour les cigales. Lou soulèu me fai canta. La cigale Lyristes plebejus (Scopoli) Aquarelle 1808 Je rends hommage à Maryse Fromen avec qui j’entretiens depuis bientôt trente ans une fidèle et sincère amitié. Professeur de biologie, elle a su me transmettre sa passion pour la nature et son intérêt pour les sciences naturelles. Feuille de Ginkgo biloba récoltée au jardin des plantes de Montpellier, 1984. Classe 2nde, Lycée La Frondaie, Castelnau - le - lez IV Remerciements Cette thèse sur articles est la synthèse de plusieurs travaux effectués et co-publiés avec plusieurs doctorants qui se sont succédé dans le laboratoire au sein duquel je travaille depuis plus de 15 ans. Dans ce contexte professionnel, j’ai choisi de rédiger un mémoire de thèse pour valoriser une partie des travaux auxquels j’ai été passionnément impliquée durant plusieurs années. Ce mémoire représente également un moyen d’obtenir la reconnaissance de mes pairs dans ma discipline. Je souhaite remercier en premier lieu mes deux codirecteurs de thèse : Jean-Pierre LUMARET, Professeur à l’Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier III et Dominique BORDAT, entomologiste (HDR) au CIRAD. Je tiens à les remercier tout particulièrement, car sans leur confiance et leur soutien, ce mémoire n’aurait jamais eu le mérite d’exister. C’est donc à ce titre, que je leurs exprime toute ma reconnaissance. Merci encore. Je suis reconnaissante à Mme Marie-Stéphane TIXIER, Professeur à SupAgro Montpellier et à M. Olivier BONATO, Chargé de Recherche (HDR) à l’IRD, pour avoir accepté d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse. Je remercie également les autres membres du jury, Mme Marie-Claude BON, Chercheur à l’USDA-ARS-EBCL à Montpellier et Mme Anne-Nathalie VOLKOFF, Directeur de Recherche à l’INRA. Je remercie également les doctorants. Un grand merci à Thomas, à Apolline, à Olivier, à Gallo et à Babacar. J’ai partagé d’agréables moments avec eux et appris beaucoup sur la teigne des Brassicacées et sur ses parasitoïdes. Ce travail est un peu le votre. Je tiens à exprimer toute mon amitié à Ernest GOUDEGNON, Professeur à l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi au Bénin. Merci de m’avoir fait connaitre ton pays. C’était
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