Teatro Alterno Y Comunidades Hispanas De Nueva York, 1997–2017

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Teatro Alterno Y Comunidades Hispanas De Nueva York, 1997–2017 City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2019 Desde el margen: Teatro alterno y comunidades hispanas de Nueva York, 1997–2017 Pablo D. García Gámez The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3148 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] DESDE EL MARGEN: TEATRO ALTERNO Y COMUNIDADES HISPANAS DE NUEVA YORK 1997-2017 by PABLO GARCÍA GÁMEZ A dissertation ssubmitted to the Graduate Faculty in the Program in Latin American, Iberian and Latino Cultures in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2019 i © 2019 PABLO GARCÍA GÁMEZ All Rights Reserved ii Desde el margen: Teatro alterno y comunidades hispanas de Nueva York, 1997-2017 by Pablo García Gámez This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in the Program in Latin American, Iberian, and Latino Cultures in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. April 26, 2019 Carlos Riobó Chair of Examining Committee April 26, 2019 Fernando Degiovanni Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Carlos Riobó FranciscoSoto Jean Graham-Jones THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Desde el margen: Teatro alterno y comunidades hispanas de Nueva York, 1997-2017 By Pablo García Gámez Advisor: Carlos Riobó This dissertation analyzes eight texts by playwrights Tere Martínez, Jorge Merced, Marco Antonio Rodríguez, and Eva Cristina Vásquez. It explores the relationships between the mentioned authors and the Hispanic communities of New York City, principally the process of how history and memories of these communities are reflected in a theatrical repertoire. On the other hand, Desde el margen explores four cultural and social performances performed on streets by neighbors or social activists reviewing the organization of these performances developed by Hispanic groups. The hypothesis of this research is that in the alternative Hispanic theater there are works that reflect Hispanic peripherical groups and that performing arts and theater are social tools. The dissertation’s theoretical framework are Performance Studies and Latinx Studies. The plays to analyze are: El bolero fue mi ruina (1997) and Aloha Boricua! (2009) by Jorge Merced; Mi última noche con Rubén Blades (2000) and Borinquen vive en El Barrio (2004) by Tere Martínez; Lágrimas negras: tribulaciones de una negrita acomplejá (2008) and Carmen Loisaida (2011) by Eva Cristina Vásquez, and La luz de un cigarrillo (2008) and Barceló con hielo (2013) by Marco Antonio Rodríguez. The street performances are: Don Quijote en Nueva York (2005), La Pasión de Cristo, La Marcha Trans Latina and La Marcha de las novias (2017). "Chapter 1, History, memories” present an outline of the history of Hispanic theater from the mid-nineteenth century to the second decade of the twenty-first century. "Chapter 2, spaces of representation and represented spaces. Public and displacements ", concentrates on the space- theater relationship, also analyzing the public space. "Chapter 3, Languages and Hybridity" argues the coexistence between Spanish, Niuyorican and English languages in Hispanic communities. In "Chapter 4, Beyond the margin: monologues", each piece is the presentation of characters traditionally marginalized characters within the communities. "Chapter 5, Dramaturgy, appearances and street performance" explores the collective memory as a source to represent stories of otherness, and closes with three performances in open spaces. "Chapter 6, “As a way of closure" presents the current situation of the Hispanic theater; offers an overview at the end of the second decade of the 21st century and ends with the possible contributions of the Hispanic theater in New York to performing arts. Keywords: Theater, performance, language, New York City, Hispanics, memory, history. iv ABSTRACT: Desde el margen: Teatro alterno y comunidades hispanas de Nueva York, 1997-2017 By Pablo García Gámez Advisor: Carlos Riobó Esta disertación analiza ocho textos de los autores Tere Martínez, Jorge Merced, Marco Antonio Rodríguez, Eva Cristina Vásquez y cuatro performances en la calle; indaga el proceso de cómo la memoria de estas comunidades se refleja en un repertorio teatral. La misma explora las relaciones entre los dramaturgos mencionados y las comunidades hispanas de Nueva York. Por otra parte, Desde el margen explora cuatro performances culturales y sociales realizados en la calle por los vecinos o activistas sociales y revisa la organización y representación de estos performances realizados por comunidades hispanas. La hipótesis de esta investigación es que en el teatro hispano alterno hay obras que son reflejo y reflexión sobre los grupos periféricos y que el performance es una herramienta social. El marco teórico son los Performance Studies y Latinx Studies. Los textos seleccionados son: El bolero fue mi ruina (1997) y Aloha Boricua! (2009) de Jorge Merced; Mi última noche con Rubén Blades (2000) y Borinquen vive en el Barrio (2004) de Tere Martínez; Lágrimas negras: tribulaciones de una negrita acomplejá (2008) y Carmen Loisaida (2011) de Eva Cristina Vásquez, y La luz de un cigarrillo (2008 y Barceló con hielo (2013) de Marco Antonio Rodríguez. Los performances de calle son: Don Quijote en Nueva York (2005), La Pasión de Cristo, La Marcha Trans Latina y La Marcha de las Novias (2007). Un bosquejo de la historia del teatro hispano desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta la segunda década del siglo XXI se presenta en el “Capítulo 1, Historia, memorias”. El “Capítulo 2, Espacios representados y de representación. Públicos y desplazamientos”, aborda la relación espacio-teatro y analiza el espacio público. El “Capítulo 3, Lenguas e hibridez” arguye sobre la convivencia entre el español, el niuyorican y el inglés en las comunidades hispanas. En el “Capítulo 4, Más allá del margen: monólogos”, se presentan personajes tradicionalmente marginados dentro de las comunidades. El “Capítulo 5, Dramaturgia, apariciones y performance de calle” explora la memoria colectiva como fuente para representar historias de la alteridad y cierra con tres performances al aire libre. El “Capítulo 6, A modo de cierre” presenta la actual situación del teatro hipano; ofrece un panorama de finales de la segunda década del siglo XXI y termina con la reflexión sobre los aportes del teatro hispano de Nueva York. Keywords: Teatro, performance, lengua, Nueva York, hispanos, memoria, historia. v AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi más profundo reconocimiento al profesor Carlos Riobó, director del comité de tesis, por los valiosos consejos y acertadas críticas que contribuyeron a moldear esta investigación. Gracias a los miembros del comité, la profesora Jean Graham-Jones por puntualizar diversos aspectos sobre las artes escénicas, así como por tender el puente entre la escena alterna y otras visiones del teatro. Al profesor Francisco Soto, mi gratitud por sus acertados y precisos comentarios. Mi reconocimiento a Antonio César Morón quien compartió sus saberes a través de largas y fructíferas discusiones y a través de sus investigaciones sobre el teatro hispano de Nueva York. Mi gratitud a The Graduate Center Dissertation Fellowship y IUPLR/Mellon Fellowship por el apoyo dado, esencial para realizar esta investigación. Finalmente, gracias a Santiago Ortiz por el estímulo que me alentó a recorrer este camino. A la memoria de mis padres, Pablo y Graciela. vi Índice Índice de ilustraciones ix Introducción 1 Cultura, conflictos, aspiraciones 12 Capítulo 1. Historia, memorias 19 1.1-La escena entre siglos 26 1.2.1-Inicios 30 1.2.2-Revelaciones 38 1.2.3-Moderno, popular, Neorrican 44 Capítulo 2. Espacios representados y de representación: Públicos y desplazamientos 57 2.1-Fronteras y heterotopías 59 2.2-Los públicos 61 2.3-Choques de públicos 61 2.4-Las comunidades hispanas y el realismo 66 2.5-Espacios de representación: la sala de teatro 67 2.6-La periferia 69 2.7-Espacios, ahora 71 2.8-Teatros y gentrificación 73 2.9-La casita: tradición y escena 74 2.10-Espacios representados 75 2.10.1-El melodrama del cabello civilizado 76 2.10.2-Reflejos distorsionados 80 2.10.3-Apartamento abarrotado 84 vii 2.11-La calle como escena 88 2.11.1-Drama en Roosevelt Avenue 88 2.11.2-Cuchifrito mentality en el Parque St. Mary’s, El Bronx 94 Capítulo 3. Lenguas e hibridez 101 3.1-Hispanos e Hispanismo 104 3.2-El acento en el teatro hispano 111 3.3-Sin neutralidad y en Spanglish 113 3.4-La lengua en escena 119 3.4.1-Carmen en Manhattan 121 3.4.2-Boricuas bilingües 123 3.5-Spanglish y Dominican-York en escena 125 3.5.1-Lenguas e ideas en el Barrio 125 3.5.2-Dos generaciones: lenguas y prejuicios 130 Capítulo 4. Más allá del margen: monólogos 139 4.1-El monólogo hispano 139 4.2-Escribir palabras, inscribir en el cuerpo 142 4.3-El monólogo desafía audición 143 4.3.1-Resistencia unipersonal 145 4.4-Visiones particulares 146 4.5-El monólogo, herramienta social 147 4.6-La emoción, lo hipervisible y lo invisible 149 4.7-Los monólogos 150 4.7.1-Loca y las marcas de identidad 150 viii 4.7.2-Yanira: entre la novela y el cuento de hadas 164 4.7.3-La mulata que está y no es 172 Capítulo 5. Dramaturgia, apariciones y performance de calle 183 5.1-Dramaturgia 186 5.2-Préstamos, historia 189 5.3-Apariciones y memoria 190 5.3.1-Creencias y apariciones en Borinquen 192 5.3.2-Los bailes de la memoria 196 5.3.3-La ciudad se transforma 202 5.3.4-El fantasma de Balaguer 207 5.4-Performance de calle 211 5.4.1-La Pasión en Harlem 212 5.5-Reclamando visibilidad 214 5.5.1-Taconeando por Jackson Heights 215 5.5.2-La Marcha de las Novias 220 Capítulo 6.
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