NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Overview Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park Vermont

Contact Information For more information about the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park Foundation Document, contact: [email protected] or (802) 457-3368 or write to: Superintendent, 54 Elm Street, Woodstock, VT 05091 Purpose Significance

Significance statements express why Marsh-Billings- Rockefeller National Historical Park resources and values are important enough to merit national park unit designation. Statements of significance describe why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. These statements are linked to the purpose of the park unit, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Significance statements describe the distinctive nature of the park and inform management decisions, focusing efforts on preserving and protecting the most important resources and values of the park unit.

• The park was the home of three generations of nationally significant conservationists. It is the birthplace and family home of the pioneering environmentalist George Perkins Marsh; the model gentleman’s farm of the industrialist and conservationist Frederick Billings, his wife Julia, and their three daughters; and the seasonal home of the philanthropist and conservationist Laurance S. Rockefeller and his wife, Mary French Rockefeller. The purpose of Marsh-Billings- • Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park Rockefeller National Historical Park is grounds and historic forest illustrate the evolution of the U.S. to interpret the history and evolution of conservation movement in New England from its mid-19th- conservation stewardship in America; century beginnings through the late 20th century. to preserve the Marsh-Billings Mansion and surrounding lands through active • The park’s Mount Tom Forest is the oldest continuously stewardship; and to recognize and scientifically managed forest in the United States.

interpret the contributions of George • Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park’s diverse Perkins Marsh, Frederick and Julia museum collection consists of objects owned by the families Billings, Mary Billings French, and including household furnishings, fine art, decorative arts, Laurance S. and Mary French Rockefeller. clothing, and archives. The collection of landscape paintings featuring works associated with the Hudson River, Luminist, and Barbizon Schools, assembled by Frederick and Julia Billings and expanded by Laurance S. and Mary French Rockefeller, is particularly significant for its association with the role of artists in the development of the U.S. conservation movement and the early advocacy for the creation of the national park system.

• The property is an outstanding example of a model gentleman’s farm of the country place era (1880–1930). The design of the landscape is the work of four important designers in landscape architecture (Robert Morris Copeland, Charles Platt, Martha Brooks Hutcheson, and Ellen Shipman) and includes a rare example of intact 19th-century carriage road system design. Fundamental Resources and Values Interpretive Themes

Fundamental resources and values are those features, systems, nterpretive themes are often described as the key stories processes, experiences, stories, scenes, sounds, smells, or or concepts that visitors should understand after visiting other attributes determined to merit primary consideration a park—they define the most important ideas or concepts during planning and management processes because they are communicated to visitors about a park unit. Themes are essential to achieving the purpose of the park and maintaining derived from—and should reflect—park purpose, significance, resources, and values. The set of interpretive themes is complete its significance. when it provides the structure necessary for park staff to • Mansion and Residential Complex develop opportunities for visitors to explore and relate to all of • Mansion Grounds and Gardens the park significances and fundamental resources and values. • Mount Tom Forest • Commitment Across Generations. Stewardship is a commitment to caring for home, land, and community that is • Carriage Roads and Trails passed from one generation to the next, requiring each new • Collections generation to assess and adopt practices of the unique social, • Scenic Views economic, and ecological issues of their times. • Community Connections • Mindfulness and Spirituality. Reflection, contemplation, and restoration of mental, physical, and spiritual well-being • Stewardship Institute were important to the families who lived here and informed their work and care of the land, encouraging visitors today to examine their own personal connections and beliefs among health, well-being, and spirituality and how they live well in the places they call home.

• Stewardship in Practice. The practice and philosophy of caring for place and the resilience of land and people inspire an examination of the role each of us can play in caring for our homes, communities, and shared legacy of natural and cultural treasures in everyday actions.

• Sight is a Faculty, Seeing is an Art. These words by George Perkins Marsh encapsulate the importance of learning about landscapes and the people who live there through astute observation using multiple perspectives, including ecology, economics, and the arts—an approach to stewardship shared by Frederick Billings, his wife and daughters; by Laurance S. Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park contains and Mary French Rockefeller; and by the collective diversity of other resources and values that may not be fundamental to visitors to the park. and his daughters, Laurance S. and Mary Rockefeller, and the collective diversity of visitors to the park. the purpose and significance of the park, but are important to consider in management and planning decisions. These are referred to as other important resources and values.

• Archeological Resources • Other Contributing Structures • Natural Resources and Protected Species Description

Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in the historical contributions of George Perkins Marsh and Woodstock, Vermont, was the first unit of the national park Frederick Billings to the theory and practical application of system to focus on the theme of conservation history and the land stewardship principles. The park is an excellent place changing nature of land stewardship in the United States. The to interpret their contributions, as well as the more recent park has an important place in the history of conservation contributions of Laurance S. Rockefeller to U.S. conservation stewardship. Its significance lies in both people and practices— and the national park system. several prominent American conservationists and more than a The park seeks to interpret the evolving concept of century of continuous, careful stewardship are evident in the stewardship, defined broadly as the act of people taking park’s landscape, buildings, and museum collections. care of the special places in their communities and beyond. The park, a gift to the people of the United States from The Stewardship Institute, a program of Marsh-Billings- Laurance S. and Mary French Rockefeller, represents Rockefeller National Historical Park, examines contemporary several generations of conservationist thought and practice. innovative practices in stewardship in collaboration with a It was the grandfather of Mary French Rockefeller, wide network of public and nonprofit partners. Frederick Billings, who created the estate in the late The park operates in partnership with The Woodstock 19th century. He established a progressive dairy farm Foundation, Inc., and the adjacent Billings Farm & and a professionally managed forest, both significant Museum, a working dairy farm and a museum of improvements in a region severely depleted by deforestation agricultural and rural life. During Frederick Billings’ and overgrazing. In these efforts, Billings had been lifetime, the farm and forest properties were operated as influenced by the writer, statesman, and conservationist 12 parts of a single estate, and today visitors have the unique G George Perkins Marsh, who earlier had grown up on the u lf

S t r e opportunitya of experiencing both landscapes side by side. m property. In his landmark book, Man and Nature, first

12

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Scotch Pine l 3.4mi f Prosper Road. Drive 0.7mi (1.1km) open areas useum 1930s 5.4km S to trailhead on left. t o r Trailhead To Barnard and Bethel e a spreading ecological 1020ft a d Forest arriage road estrooms

Mixed m To 12 and Billings Farm & Museum parking area Driving to Prosper Road trailhead To Appalachian Trail 311m o Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller

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This landscape, with North 0 0.1 0.2 ilometer 0 0.1 0.2 ile To Killington and Rutland To South Woodstock and Springfield its forests, fields, 0 0.1 0.2 ilometer and gardens, offers 0 0.1 0.2 ile To Killington and Rutland To South Woodstock and Springfield tangible evidence of