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Finding Aid Billings Family Archives 1780-2004 (Bulk dates 1860-1950) Woodstock Foundation Catalog Number: 2004.003 Prepared by Marianne C. Zephir May 2014 Revised January 2017 Billings Family Archives, Acc. 2004.003 Finding Aid January 1, 2017 Biographical History: The Billings Family Archives were created by Frederick and Julia Billings and successive generations of the Billings family. The collection of manuscripts, photographs, and architectural drawings provide a rich source of information about the family's personal and business interests, and their domestic, social, and philanthropic activities. Frederick Billings (1823-1890), born in Royalton, Vermont, moved to Woodstock with his family in 1835. He was the fourth of Oel and Sophia Billings' nine children. He attended the University of Vermont, studied law, and would eventually travel to California during the gold rush where he made his fortune as a lawyer, land developer and railroad tycoon. He became very wealthy, traveled widely, but always considered Woodstock his home. In 1862, Frederick met and married Julia Parmly (1835-1914). Julia, born and raised in New York City, was the daughter of prominent New York dentist, Dr. Eleazar Parmly and Anna Maria Valk Smith Parmly. Julia was educated at a series of private day academies in New York, and traveled extensively throughout her life. Frederick purchased their Woodstock home in 1869. Frederick and Julia Billings had seven children. They raised their family in Woodstock and after 1881, the family split their time between Woodstock and a townhouse on Madison Avenue in New York City. Their children were educated by governesses at home, attended private schools and universities, traveled widely, and enjoyed the typical social and cultural activities of upper class society. Two of their sons, Parmly and Ehrick, died young; Parmly in 1888 at age 24, and Ehrick a year later at 17. A third son, Frederick Jr., died a year before Julia in 1913 at the age of 46. Frederick Billings died in 1890 and Julia in 1914. After Julia's death, the Woodstock estate was divided among their surviving children. Laura Billings Lee (1864-1938), Mary Montagu Billings French (1869-1951), Elizabeth Billings (1871-1944), and Richard Billings (1875-1931), continued to manage the estate and would remain attached to the Woodstock property for the remainder of their lives. In the division of the estate, Laura Billings Lee received the title to the residence she and her husband Frederic S. Lee had built on River Road in 1907, along with surrounding acreage. Richard received land that encompassed the farm lands within the intervale of the Ottaquechee River and land along Beaver Brook where, in 1916-17, he and his wife May Merrill Billings built a large brick Georgian revival house. The Billings Mansion, its contents, and surrounding grounds, went to Mary Montagu Billings French and Elizabeth Billings in equal and undivided parts. Elizabeth and Mary, with Mary's husband John French Sr., continued using the estate as a summer residence. The sisters added to the estate with a large parcel of the farm land purchased from their brother Richard in 1917 and land that encompassed the fairgrounds adjoining the farm, purchased in 1933. The two women continued as co-owners and successfully managed the Billings Estate, which included the operations of the Billings Farm, a commercial dairy that their father established in 1871. Mary and Elizabeth continued as co-owners until Elizabeth's death in 1944, and when Mary died in 1951 the estate was left to Mary Montagu Billings French's three children, John French Jr. (1909-1984), Mary French Rockefeller (1910-1997), and Elizabeth French Hitchcock (1912-1976). The property was divided with Mary French Rockefeller receiving the Mansion, its furnishings and the surrounding property; John French Jr. and Elizabeth Hitchcock retained property and residences on remaining estate land, and the siblings together donated several acres to the Town of Woodstock. The approximately 500 acre Billings Farm was transferred to the new Billings Farm, Inc., a privately held firm established by the heirs. The siblings held title to the land and served as stockholders and officers. Frederick Billings' granddaughter Mary French Rockefeller and her husband Laurance S. Rockefeller (1910-2004) continued the property's agricultural legacy. Together they established the Billings Farm & Museum which opened in 1983 as an operating dairy farm and history museum that interprets Vermont's rural, cultural and agrarian heritage. In 1992, the Rockefeller's donated Mary's ancestral home and surrounding acres, to the federal government to establish Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park. Page 1 Custodial history: The Billings Family Archives were first sorted and arranged in 1976. At that time, the collection was maintained as a private family collection owned by Mary French Rockefeller, Frederick Billings' granddaughter, and her husband Laurance S. Rockefeller. At processing, the collection was rehoused in archival containers and placed in the fall-out shelter in the Rockefeller Mansion cellar for storage. A finding aid was created in 1976-77, titled, "A Guide to The Billings Mansion Archives." The guide was revised and enlarged in 1986-88, computerized in 1993, revised again in 1995 and renamed "A Guide to the Billings Family Archives." Until 1994 the collection was known, and cited in published research, as the Billings Mansion Archives. In that year it was renamed the Billings Family Archives. In the spring of 1994, the collection was moved from the cellar at the Rockefeller Mansion to a room on the upper floor of the restored 1890 Farm House at the Billings Farm & Museum. The collection was rehoused and cataloged in 2012-2014 and a finding aid was completed in May 2014. The collection was moved to the archives vault at the Richard Billings House in August 2015. Scope & Content: The Billings Family Archives (BFA) is a collection of household, personal, and business related documents, letters, diaries, and photographs, that record the history of the Billings family and provide a rich source of information about family relationships and activities. The collection was created by the Billings, French and Rockefeller families who owned and occupied the Billings Estate between 1869 and 1997. The Billings family resided in Woodstock from 1869-1914; the French family from 1914-1954, and the Rockefellers from 1954-1997. The bulk of the material dates from the Billings and French family eras. The material was donated to the Woodstock Foundation by Laurance S. Rockefeller, husband of Mary French Rockefeller, Frederick Billings' granddaughter. The collection consists of approximately 282 cartons and 28 map case drawers of manuscripts, photographs, maps, and plans. Manuscripts measure 117 linear feet and are stored in folders, archival document boxes, cartons, and flat in portfolio boxes. 63 linear feet of photographs are stored in archival document boxes and cartons; flat in portfolio boxes, and oversize photographs are stored flat in portfolio boxes and map case drawers. The 64 linear feet of maps, architectural plans and oversize documents are stored flat in steel drawers and rolled in oversize archival containers. Structure: The Billings Family Archives were first sorted and arranged in 1976; minor alterations were made at cataloging in 2012-2014. The collection is arranged into three series: Manuscripts, Photographs, and Maps, Architectural Plans and Oversize Documents. Each series is organized into multiple subseries: Series I: Manuscripts Subseries 1: Letters Subseries 2: Frederick Billings Business Affairs Subseries 3: Diaries Subseries 4: Notebooks, Guestbooks and Genealogies Subseries 5: Account Books Subseries 6: School Exercises, Grade Reports and Notes Subseries 7: Scrapbooks Subseries 8: Frederick Billings' Biographies, Obituaries and Speeches Subseries 9: Property Deeds Subseries 10: Inventories Subseries 11: Frederick Billings Estate Subseries 12: Billings Estate Corporation and Related Papers Subseries 13: Billings and Parmly Families: Wills and Financial Papers Subseries 14: Legal Documents Subseries 15: Family Histories and Miscellaneous Papers Subseries 16: Garden Workshop Papers Subseries 17: Gale Papers Subseries 18: Billings Family Essays and Speeches Subseries 19: Billings, Missouri and Billings, Montana Page 2 Subseries 20: Billings Biography by Curtis and Lieberman, 1986 Subseries 21: Marsh Biography by Curtis and Lieberman, 1982 Subseries 22: Billings Biography by Winks, 1991 Subseries 23: History of Woodstock by Jennison, 1985 Subseries 24: Miscellaneous Research Projects Subseries 25: Miscellaneous Genealogies and Biographies: Correspondence Subseries 26: Engraved and Lithographed Portraits of Frederick Billings Subseries 27: Robin Winks Residual Papers (Accession 2005.003) Subseries 28: Rockefeller Papers Subseries 29: Rockefeller Estate Papers (Accessions 2005.013, 2006.013, 2007.008, 2008.011) Subseries 30: David Lane Billings, II Donation Subseries 31: Carl and Ching-Wen Taylor Donation Series II: Photographs Subseries 1: Carte-de-Visite Photographs Subseries 2: Tintypes Subseries 3: Small Framed Prints Subseries 4: Cabinet Photographs Subseries 5: Daguerreotypes Subseries 6: Ambrotypes and Porcelain Photographs Subseries 7: Stereographs Subseries 8: Glass Slides Subseries 9: Glass Stereographs Subseries 10: Glass Negatives Subseries 11: Loose Photographs (see Subseries 13 for negatives) Subseries 12: Photograph Albums
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