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Preparatory Survey Report on the Programme For THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION (MWI) WATER AUTHORITY OF JORDAN (WAJ) YARMOUK WATER COMPANY (YWC) PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROGRAMME FOR URGENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SECTOR FOR THE HOST COMMUNITIES OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN NORTHERN GOVERNORATES IN THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN December 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY TEC INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. GE JR 14-208 THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION (MWI) WATER AUTHORITY OF JORDAN (WAJ) YARMOUK WATER COMPANY (YWC) PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROGRAMME FOR URGENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SECTOR FOR THE HOST COMMUNITIES OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN NORTHERN GOVERNORATES IN THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN December 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY TEC INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. PREFACE Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct the preparatory survey on the The Programme for Urgent Improvement of Water Sector for the Host Communities of Syrian Refugees in Northern Governorates and entrust the survey to TEC INTERNATIONAL Co., Ltd. The survey team held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and conducted a field investigations. As a result of further studies in Japan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for their close cooperation extended to the survey team. December, 2014 Masami Fuwa Director General, Global Environment Department Japan International Cooperation Agency The Programme for Urgent Improvement of Water Sector for The Host Communities of Syrian Refugees in Northern Governorates SUMMARY 1. Overview of the Country The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (hereinafter referred to as “Jordan”) has a population of 6.38 million people (as of 2012) and land area of 89,316 km2. It is surrounded by Israel (West Bank, Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority) in the west, Syria in the north, Iraq in the east, and Saudi Arabia in the southeast. Western area of the Kingdom has a narrow valley, known as Jordan Valley, which spreads from Jordan River through the Dead Sea (which is 400 m below sea level) and to the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. The east side of Jordan Valley is a plateau area of 600 ~ 1,500 m above sea level, and on the east of the plateau area is a desert area which covers around 75% of the national land. Most of the rainfall occurs during winter. The amount of rainfall varies, reaching an average of up to around 660 mm in the northeast plateau and only around 120 mm in the desert area. The per capita GNI of Jordan is 4950 US dollars (2013). The percentages of GDP by industry are as follows: tertiary industry including tourism industry is maximum and accounts for 67% of the total, with secondary industry coming next and accounts for 30%, followed by the primary industry at 3% (2013). The economic growth presently is sluggish (2.8%: 2013) having been impacted by the global financial crisis in 2008. Furthermore, the economy is plagued by structural issues such as difference in income levels in the urban and regional areas, poverty and unemployment rates changing at high levels, and chronic financial gap. It is vulnerable and likely to be swayed by trends such as financial aid from abroad as in the past, security situation in the area, and short-term inflow of capital from abroad. The population of Jordan is 6.39 million (2012), and the country has still maintained the high population growth rate (2.2%:2012). After 2011, the inflow of refugees from neighboring Syria has increased steeply. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), this population has reached to about 600,000 as of the end of May 2014, and accounts for 10% of the population of Jordan. 2. Background of the Project With the inflow of a large number of Syrian refugees into Jordan after the Syrian crisis in 2011, the water issue in Jordan has worsened considerably. According to UNHCR statistics, as of May 2014, the registered number (including persons on the waiting list) of refugees that entered Jordan is about 590,000. Out of this number, 390,000 refugees have entered the four northern governorates, while 240,000 persons have entered the Irbid governorate. About half of the refugees have entered the Irbid governorate. The areas where these Syrian refugees have migrated to reside in large numbers are called “host communities.” The population of Irbid governorate in 2012 was 1.13 million but this number has increased to 1.31 million including the population of Syrian refugees in 2014. Syrian refugees account for about 20% of the population. The result was that the water supply situation worsened in the host communities because limited water resource was being shared with a larger population. It seems that in some areas friction arose between the Syrian refugees and native Jordanians. 97% of the population in the four northern governorates of Jordan has been making use of the water supply services through pipelines. All water sources are underground water sources. The water source volume assigned to the four northern governorates is limited. The demand for water from water sources is much greater than the volume of water sources because of the steep increase in the refugee population. Regardless of the issues of inherent inadequate capacity, deterioration from aging and water leakage, the water supply facilities are being subjected to excessive loads as they continue to operate beyond their capacity due to the steep increase in population. In view of this background, Jordan recognized the effects of the inflow of Syrian refugees into the four northern governorates on the water supply and sewerage services, conducted a comprehensive study on the status of the water supply and sewerage services in the host communities, and requested Japan for technical cooperation through development plan study with the aim of adopting measures to resolve the problems sustainably. The technical cooperation project based on development plan study consists of three components: s-i The Programme for Urgent Improvement of Water Sector for The Host Communities of Syrian Refugees in Northern Governorates conceptual design of priority project (Component A), formulation of development plan for water supply and sewerage services (Component B), and pilot activities (Component C). This study aims to carry out the conceptual design because the priority projects will be implemented under Japan’s grant aid cooperation program. The priority projects to be implemented under the grant aid cooperation program will be selected from the sub-project candidates listed below, prepared by YWC and submitted with the approval of WAJ. Sub-projects Sub-project 1 Distribution facilities and equipment ・Priority 1B Irbid main distribution pipeline stage 1 project ・Priority 1C Hofa -Bait Ras area distribution main facilities project ・Priority 1D Project for provision of main transmissio n pipeline between Aqeb-Za’atary pumping stations Sub-project 2 Hawwara area water supply pipeline network rehabilitation project Sub-project 3 Irbid City sewer network provision project Sub-project 4 Sarieh area water supply network rehabilitation project Sub-project 5 Mafraq City pumping station rehabilitation project Sub-project 6 Ramtha City sewer network provision project 3. Overall Goal Jordan formulated the National Agenda, a comprehensive national strategy that specifies issues the country should tackle and guidelines to resolve them. Issues in the water sector include deficient renewable water resources, depletion of groundwater, inefficient distribution of water, inappropriate setting of water tariff, inadequate sewage treatment capacity and so on. Concepts to resolve these issues are as given below. • Reduce operating cost and non-revenue water by improving efficiency of the distribution pipeline network • Review water tariff and reduce auxiliary costs stepwise • Develop (and improve) wastewater treatment facilities by using advanced technologies and use of treated water for agricultural and industrial purposes • Contribute further to the private sector for creating an environment conducive to investments and developments of the water sector “Water for Life: Jordan’s Water Strategy 2008 – 2022” was formulated as a core strategy of the Jordanian water sector based on national agenda – a high-ranked policy. The following common pledges can be listed in this water strategy: ① Supply adequately safe and secure drinking water ② Deepen understanding of groundwater and surface water; promote effective management ③ Create sound freshwater ecosystem ④ Use water resources sustainably ⑤ Set water tariff that is fair, reasonable and suitable considering cost ⑥ Take immediate measures for the entire water sector and for economic development to cope with the increase in population that will use water. 4. Current Situation and Problems of the Sector About 75% of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (hereafter “Jordan”) is desert area, and the annual precipitation is less than 200 mm. The per capita annual renewable water resource is extremely low at about 145 m3 compared to the global average of 7,700 m3 suggesting that the deficiency in water resource is extremely severe. For this reason, there is a chronic water supply restriction with the capital city Amman receiving water supply two days a week on an average, and Irbid City, the study area of this project, receiving water supply once a week on an average. s-ii The Programme for Urgent Improvement of Water Sector for The Host Communities of Syrian Refugees in Northern Governorates In addition to the deficiency in water resource, the sudden inflow of refugees from Syria has further added to the severity of the water supply condition within Jordan, especially in the four northern governorates (Irbid, Mafraq, Jerash, and Ajloun) adjacent to Syria.
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