Anatomy of the Caecum, Appendix and Colon Is the Branches of the Middle and Left Colic Vessels, Resulting in Described
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Jemds.Com Case Report
Jemds.com Case Report RIGHT SIDED SIGMOID COLON AND REDUNDANT DESCENDING COLON ON CONVENTIONAL AND CT IMAGING Mandeep Singh1, Madhan Kumar2, Daisy Gupta3 1Junior Resident, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. 2Junior Resident, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. 3Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Singh M, Kumar M, Gupta D. Right sided sigmoid colon and redundant descending colon on conventional and CT imaging. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2018;7(44):5617-5620, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2018/1073 CASE PRESENTATION Investigations A 62-year-old male presented with history of severe On Plain X-Ray Abdomen constipation, abdominal distension, haemorrhoids and blood No abnormal air-fluid levels were seen. There were no in stool in surgical OPD of Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, abnormal radio-opaque shadows seen. Bilateral psoas Amritsar. The patient was referred for barium studies of shadows and soft tissue shadows were identified as normal. colon, which showed a loop of colon in pelvic region (at normal location of ileal loops) and redundant and long On Barium Enema descending colon extending across midline to reach hepatic After filling the rectum, the contrast was identified as filling flexure on right and continuing as sigmoid colon on right side. the sigmoid colon, which was present anomalously towards Transverse colon and ascending colon were normal in length the right side. Filling of barium outlined the extension of and position. On CECT abdomen of the patient, a long colon from sigmoid on right side with coiling in right iliac segment of descending colon was identified. -
The Herbivore Digestive System Buffalo Zebra
The Herbivore Digestive System Name__________________________ Buffalo Ruminant: The purpose of the digestion system is to ______________________________ _____________________________. Bacteria help because they can digest __________________, a sugar found in the cell walls of________________. Zebra Non- Ruminant: What is the name for the largest section of Organ Color Key a ruminant’s Mouth stomach? Esophagus __________ Stomach Small Intestine Cecum Large Intestine Background Information for the Teacher Two Strategies of Digestion in Hoofed Mammals Ruminant Non‐ruminant Representative species Buffalo, cows, sheep, goats, antelope, camels, Zebra, pigs, horses, asses, hippopotamus, rhinoceros giraffes, deer Does the animal Yes, regurgitation No regurgitation regurgitate its cud to Grass is better prepared for digestion, as grinding Bacteria can not completely digest cell walls as chew material again? motion forms small particles fit for bacteria. material passes quickly through, so stool is fibrous. Where in the system do At the beginning, in the rumen Near the end, in the cecum you find the bacteria This first chamber of its four‐part stomach is In this sac between the two intestines, bacteria digest that digest cellulose? large, and serves to store food between plant material, the products of which pass to the rumination and as site of digestion by bacteria. bloodstream. How would you Higher Nutrition Lower Nutrition compare the nutrition Reaps benefits of immediately absorbing the The digestive products made by the bacteria are obtained via digestion? products of bacterial digestion, such as sugars produced nearer the end of the line, after the small and vitamins, via the small intestine. intestine, the classic organ of nutrient absorption. -
Gross Anatomical Studies on the Arterial Supply of the Intestinal Tract of the Goat
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. I (January. 2017), PP 46-53 www.iosrjournals.org Gross Anatomical Studies on the Arterial Supply of the Intestinal Tract of the Goat Reda Mohamed1, 2*, ZeinAdam2 and Mohamed Gad2 1Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. 2Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University Egypt. Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to convey a more precise explanation of the arterial supply of the intestinal tract of the goat. Fifteen adult healthy goats were used. Immediately after slaughtering of the goat, the thoracic part of the aorta (just prior to its passage through the hiatus aorticus of the diaphragm) was injected with gum milk latex (colored red) with carmine. The results showed that the duodenum was supplied by the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and caudal duodenal arteries. The jejunum was supplied by the jejunal arteries. The ileum was supplied by the ileal; mesenteric ileal and antimesenteric ileal arteries. The cecum was supplied by the cecal artery. The ascending colon was supplied by the colic branches and right colic arteries. The transverse colon was supplied by the middle colic artery. The descending colon was supplied by the middle and left colic arteries. The sigmoid colon was supplied by the sigmoid arteries. The rectum was supplied by the cranial; middle and caudal rectal arteries. Keywords: Anatomy,Arteries, Goat, Intestine I. Introduction Goats characterized by their high fertility rate and are of great economic value; being a cheap meat, milk and some industrial substances. -
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Rectum and Anus Large Intestine Small
1 Liver The liver produces bile, which aids in digestion of fats through a dissolving process known as emulsification. In this process, bile secreted into the small intestine 4 combines with large drops of liquid fat to form Healthy tiny molecular-sized spheres. Within these spheres (micelles), pancreatic enzymes can break down fat (triglycerides) into free fatty acids. Pancreas Digestion The pancreas not only regulates blood glucose 2 levels through production of insulin, but it also manufactures enzymes necessary to break complex The digestive system consists of a long tube (alimen- 5 carbohydrates down into simple sugars (sucrases), tary canal) that varies in shape and purpose as it winds proteins into individual amino acids (proteases), and its way through the body from the mouth to the anus fats into free fatty acids (lipase). These enzymes are (see diagram). The size and shape of the digestive tract secreted into the small intestine. varies in each individual (e.g., age, size, gender, and disease state). The upper part of the GI tract includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, and stomach. The lower Gallbladder part includes the small intestine, large intestine, The gallbladder stores bile produced in the liver appendix, and rectum. While not part of the alimentary 6 and releases it into the duodenum in varying canal, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all organs concentrations. that are vital to healthy digestion. 3 Small Intestine Mouth Within the small intestine, millions of tiny finger-like When food enters the mouth, chewing breaks it 4 protrusions called villi, which are covered in hair-like down and mixes it with saliva, thus beginning the first 5 protrusions called microvilli, aid in absorption of of many steps in the digestive process. -
Crohn's Disease of the Colon
Gut, 1968, 9, 164-176 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.9.2.164 on 1 April 1968. Downloaded from Crohn's disease of the colon V. J. McGOVERN AND S. J. M. GOULSTON From the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia The fact that Crohn's disease may involve the colon never affected unless there had been surgical inter- either initially or in association with small bowel ference. There was no overt manifestation of mal- disease is now firmly established due largely to the absorption in any of these patients. evidence presented by Lockhart-Mummery and In 18 cases the colon alone was involved. Five had Morson (1960, 1964) and Marshak, Lindner, and universal involvement, five total involvement with Janowitz (1966). This entity is clearly distinct from sparing of the rectum, two involvement of the ulcerative colitis and other forms of colonic disease. descending colon only, two the transverse colon only, Our own experience with this disorder reveals many and in the other four there was variable involvement similarities with that published from the U.K. and of areas of large bowel (Fig. 2). the U.S.A. Thirty patients with Crohn's disease involving the large bowel were seen at the Royal CLINICAL FEATURES Prince Alfred Hospital during the last decade, the majority during the past five years. The criteria for The age incidence varied from 6 to 69 years when the inclusion were based on histological examination of patient was first seen, the majority being between the operative specimens in 28 and on clinical and radio- ages of 11 and 50. -
The Anatomy of Th-E Blood Vascular System of the Fox ,Squirrel
THE ANATOMY OF TH-E BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE FOX ,SQUIRREL. §CIURUS NlGER. .RUFIVENTEB (OEOEEROY) Thai: for the 009m of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Thomas William Jenkins 1950 THulS' ifliillifllfllilllljllljIi\Ill\ljilllHliLlilHlLHl This is to certifg that the thesis entitled The Anatomy of the Blood Vascular System of the Fox Squirrel. Sciurus niger rufiventer (Geoffroy) presented by Thomas William Jenkins has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for A degree in MEL Major professor Date May 23’ 19500 0-169 q/m Np” THE ANATOMY OF THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE FOX SQUIRREL, SCIURUS NIGER RUFIVENTER (GEOFFROY) By THOMAS WILLIAM JENKINS w L-Ooffi A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Zoology 1950 \ THESlSfi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following persons of the Zoology Department: Dr. R. A. Fennell, under whose guidence this study was completed; Mr. P. A. Caraway, for his invaluable assistance in photography; Dr. D. W. Hayne and Mr. Poff, for their assistance in trapping; Dr. K. A. Stiles and Dr. R. H. Manville, for their helpful suggestions on various occasions; Mrs. Bernadette Henderson (Miss Mac), for her pleasant words of encouragement and advice; Dr. H. R. Hunt, head of the Zoology Department, for approval of the research problem; and Mr. N. J. Mizeres, for critically reading the manuscript. Special thanks is given to my wife for her assistance with the drawings and constant encouragement throughout the many months of work. -
Arteries and Veins) of the Gastrointestinal System (Oesophagus to Anus)
2021 First Sitting Paper 1 Question 07 2021-1-07 Outline the anatomy of the blood supply (arteries and veins) of the gastrointestinal system (oesophagus to anus) Portal circulatory system + arterial blood flow into liver 1100ml of portal blood + 400ml from hepatic artery = 1500ml (30% CO) Oxygen consumption – 20-35% of total body needs Arterial Supply Abdominal Aorta • It begins at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, anterior to the lower border of vertebra T7. • It descends to the level of vertebra L4 it is slightly to the left of midline. • The terminal branches of the abdominal aorta are the two common iliac arteries. Branches of Abdominal Aorta Visceral Branches Parietal Branches Celiac. Inferior Phrenics. Superior Mesenteric. Lumbars Inferior Mesenteric. Middle Sacral. Middle Suprarenals. Renals. Internal Spermatics. Gonadal Anterior Branches of The Abdominal Aorta • Celiac Artery. Superior Mesenteric Artery. Inferior Mesenteric Artery. • The three anterior branches supply the gastrointestinal viscera. Basic Concept • Fore Gut - Coeliac Trunk • Mid Gut - Superior Mesenteric Artery • Hind Gut - Inferior Mesenteric Artery Celiac Trunk • It arises from the abdominal aorta immediately below the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm anterior to the upper part of vertebra LI. • It divides into the: left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery. o Left gastric artery o Splenic artery ▪ Short gastric vessels ▪ Lt. gastroepiploic artery o Common hepatic artery ▪ Hepatic artery proper JC 2019 2021 First Sitting Paper 1 Question 07 • Left hepatic artery • Right hepatic artery ▪ Gastroduodenal artery • Rt. Gastroepiploic (gastro-omental) artery • Sup pancreatoduodenal artery • Supraduodenal artery Oesophagus • Cervical oesophagus - branches from inferior thyroid artery • Thoracic oesophagus - branches from bronchial arteries and aorta • Abd. -
PERIPHERAL VASCULATURE Average Vessel Diameter
PERIPHERAL VASCULATURE Average Vessel Diameter A Trio of Technologies. Peripheral Embolization Solutions A Single Solution. Fathom™ Steerable Guidewires Total Hypotube Tip Proximal/ UPN Length (cm) Length (cm) Length (cm) Distal O.D. Hepatic, Gastro-Intestinal and Splenic Vasculature 24 8-10 mm Common Iliac Artery 39 2-4 mm Internal Pudendal Artery M00150 900 0 140 10 10 cm .016 in 25 6-8 mm External Iliac Artery 40 2-4 mm Middle Rectal M00150 901 0 140 20 20 cm .016 in 26 4-6 mm Internal Iliac Artery 41 2-4 mm Obturator Artery M00150 910 0 180 10 10 cm .016 in 27 5-8 mm Renal Vein 42 2-4 mm Inferior Vesical Artery 28 43 M00150 911 0 180 20 20 cm .016 in 15-25 mm Vena Cava 2-4 mm Superficial Epigastric Artery 29 44 M00150 811 0 200 10 10 cm pre-shaped .014 in 6-8 mm Superior Mesenteric Artery 5-8 mm Femoral Artery 30 3-5 mm Inferior Mesenteric Artery 45 2-4 mm External Pudendal Artery M00150 810 0 200 10 10 cm .014 in 31 1-3 mm Intestinal Arteries M00150 814 0 300 10 10 cm .014 in 32 Male 2-4 mm Superior Rectal Artery A M00150 815 0 300 10 10 cm .014 in 33 1-3 mm Testicular Arteries 1-3 mm Middle Sacral Artery B 1-3 mm Testicular Veins 34 2-4 mm Inferior Epigastric Artery Direxion™ Torqueable Microcatheters 35 2-4 mm Iliolumbar Artery Female 36 2-4 mm Lateral Sacral Artery C 1-3 mm Ovarian Arteries Usable 37 D UPN Tip Shape RO Markers 3-5 mm Superior Gluteal Artery 1-3 mm Ovarian Veins Length (cm) 38 2-4 mm Inferior Gluteal Artery E 2-4 mm Uterine Artery M001195200 105 Straight 1 M001195210 130 Straight 1 M001195220 155 Straight 1 Pelvic -
Vestibule Lingual Frenulum Tongue Hyoid Bone Trachea (A) Soft Palate
Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Tongue Sublingual gland Salivary Submandibular glands gland Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small Jejunum Ascending colon intestine Ileum Large Cecum intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anus Anal canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Upper lip Gingivae Hard palate (gums) Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Tongue (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Visceral peritoneum Intrinsic nerve plexuses • Myenteric nerve plexus • Submucosal nerve plexus Submucosal glands Mucosa • Surface epithelium • Lamina propria • Muscle layer Submucosa Muscularis externa • Longitudinal muscle layer • Circular muscle layer Serosa (visceral peritoneum) Nerve Gland in Lumen Artery mucosa Mesentery Vein Duct oF gland Lymphoid tissue outside alimentary canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Diaphragm Falciform ligament Lesser Liver omentum Spleen Pancreas Gallbladder Stomach Duodenum Visceral peritoneum Transverse colon Greater omentum Mesenteries Parietal peritoneum Small intestine Peritoneal cavity Uterus Large intestine Cecum Rectum Anus Urinary bladder (a) (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Cardia Fundus Esophagus Muscularis Serosa externa • Longitudinal layer • Circular layer • Oblique layer Body Lesser Rugae curvature of Pylorus mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum Pyloric Pyloric sphincter antrum (a) (valve) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Fundus Body Rugae of mucosa Pyloric Pyloric (b) sphincter antrum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. -
Multiple Epithelia Are Required to Develop Teeth Deep Inside the Pharynx
Multiple epithelia are required to develop teeth deep inside the pharynx Veronika Oralováa,1, Joana Teixeira Rosaa,2, Daria Larionovaa, P. Eckhard Wittena, and Ann Huysseunea,3 aResearch Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Edited by Irma Thesleff, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and approved April 1, 2020 (received for review January 7, 2020) To explain the evolutionary origin of vertebrate teeth from closure of the gill slits (15). Consequently, previous studies have odontodes, it has been proposed that competent epithelium spread stressed the importance of gill slits for pharyngeal tooth formation into the oropharyngeal cavity via the mouth and other possible (12, 13). channels such as the gill slits [Huysseune et al., 2009, J. Anat. 214, Gill slits arise in areas where ectoderm meets endoderm. In 465–476]. Whether tooth formation deep inside the pharynx in ex- vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium of the developing pharynx tant vertebrates continues to require external epithelia has not produces a series of bilateral outpocketings, called pharyngeal been addressed so far. Using zebrafish we have previously demon- pouches, that eventually contact the skin ectoderm at corre- strated that cells derived from the periderm penetrate the oropha- sponding clefts (16). In primary aquatic osteichthyans, most ryngeal cavity via the mouth and via the endodermal pouches and pouch–cleft contacts eventually break through to create openings, connect to periderm-like cells that subsequently cover the entire or gill slits (17–19). In teleost fishes, such as the zebrafish, six endoderm-derived pharyngeal epithelium [Rosa et al., 2019, Sci. -
A Rare Variation of the Inferior Mesenteric Vein with Clinical
CASE REPORT A rare variation of the inferior mesenteric vein with clinical implications Danielle Park, Sarah Blizard, Natalie O’Toole, Sheeva Norooz, Martin Dela Torre, Young Son, Michael McGuinness, Mei Xu Park D, Blizard S, O’Toole N, et al. A rare variation of the inferior the middle colic vein. The superior mesenteric vein then united with the mesenteric vein with clinical implications. Int J Anat Var. Mar 2019;12(1): splenic vein to become the hepatic portal vein. Awareness of this uncommon 024-025. anatomy of the inferior mesenteric vein is important in planning a successful gastrointestinal surgery. Several variations of the inferior mesenteric vein have been previously described. However, this report presents a rare variation that has not yet been noted. In this case, the small inferior mesenteric vein drained into a Key Words: Inferior mesenteric vein; Marginal vein; Middle colic vein; Superior tributary of the marginal vein, which joined the superior mesenteric vein via mesenteric vein INTRODUCTION he portal venous system consists of four large veins: the hepatic portal, Tsplenic (SV), superior mesenteric (SMV) and inferior mesenteric (IMV). The SMV collects the venous return from the small intestine, stomach, pancreas, cecum, ascending colon and proximal portion of the transverse colon. The SMV tributaries include the small intestine, right gastro-omental, inferior pancreaticoduodenal, ileocolic, right colic, middle colic (MCV) and marginal (MarV) veins. The IMV receives the blood from the superior rectal, sigmoid and left colic veins, which cover the distal portion of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and superior rectum. According to the description by Thompson in 1890, the portal vein tributaries are categorized into four types [1]. -
Immune Functions of the Vermiform Appendix
The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 3 Print Reference: Pages 335-342 Article 30 1994 Immune Functions of the Vermiform Appendix Frank Maas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Maas, Frank (1994) "Immune Functions of the Vermiform Appendix," The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism: Vol. 3 , Article 30. Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings/vol3/iss1/30 IMMUNE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX FRANK MAAS, M.S. 320 7TH STREET GERVAIS, OR 97026 KEYWORDS Mucosal immunology, gut-associated lymphoid tissues. immunocompetence, appendix (human and rabbit), appendectomy, neoplasm, vestigial organs. ABSTRACT The vermiform appendix Is purported to be the classic example of a vestigial organ, yet for nearly a century it has been known to be a specialized organ highly infiltrated with lymphoid tissue. This lymphoid tissue may help protect against local gut infections. As the vertebrate taxonomic scale increases, the lymphoid tissue of the large bowel tends to be concentrated In a specific region of the gut: the cecal apex or vermiform appendix.