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Chapter 13 Outline CHAPTER 13 AP® FOCUS & ANNOTATED CHAPTER OUTLINE AP® FOCUS Period 4: 1844–1877 AP U.S. History Key Concepts 5.2 Debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led to civil war. • Attempts at political compromise failed to calm tensions over slavery, leading to the secession of southern states after the election of 1860. 5.3 Union victory in the Civil War and Reconstruction settled the slavery issue and secession, but questions remained about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights. • The Union defeated the Confederacy in the Civil War. • The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery. ANNOTATED CHAPTER OUTLINE The following annotated chapter outline will help you review the major topics covered in this chapter. I. War Begins, 1861–1862 A. Early Expectations 1. In 1861, patriotic fervor filled both Union and Confederate armies with eager young volunteers. 2. In April 1861, Jefferson Davis identified the Confederate’s proslavery cause with that of Patriots in 1776: like their grandfathers, white southerners were fighting for the “sacred right of self-government.” 3. Lincoln responded in a speech to Congress on July 4, 1861, portraying secession as an attack on representative government, America’s great contribution to world history. B. Campaigns East and West 1. While Confederates had the advantage of defense (they only needed to preserve their new national boundaries to achieve independence), the Union had the more difficult job of bringing the rebels back into the Union. 2. Failed Attempts to Take Richmond and Washington a. Lincoln hoped a quick strike against the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, would end the rebellion. However, the Confederate soldiers successfully counterattacked. b. After Union defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln replaced McDowell with General George McClellan and enlisted a million men to serve for three years in the new Army of the Potomac. c. In March 1862, McClellan advanced slowly toward Richmond, allowing Confederates to mount a counterstrike. d. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson marched a Confederate force rapidly northward through the Shenandoah Valley in western Virginia and threatened Washington. e. When Lincoln recalled 30,000 troops from McClellan’s army to protect the Union capital, Jackson returned quickly to Richmond to bolster General Robert E. Lee’s army. Richmond remained secure but at a great cost. There were 20,000 Confederate causualties to the Union’s 10,000. 3. Border Wars a. In addition to taking the Confederate capital, Lincoln’s second major goal was to hold on to strategic border areas where relatively few whites owned slaves. b. In Maryland, where slavery remained entrenched, Lincoln ordered Union troops to occupy the state and arrest Confederate sympathizers, including legislators, releasing them only in November 1861, after Unionists had secured control of Maryland’s government. Lincoln’s actions provoked bitter debate over habeas corpus. c. In Kentucky, where secessionist and Unionist sentiment was evenly balanced, Lincoln moved cautiously. He allowed Kentucky’s thriving trade with the Confederacy to continue until August 1861, when Unionists took over the state government. 4. The Struggle to Control the Mississippi a. Union commanders in Tennessee won key victories, dividing the Confederacy and reducing the mobility of its armies. The Union also dominated the Ohio River Valley since Kentucky did not join the rebellion. b. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson marched a Confederate force rapidly northward through the Shenandoah Valley in western Virginia and threatened Washington. c. The Union victory at Pea Ridge secured Missouri for the Union, though it did not end violent local conflicts that continued through the war. d. Union naval forces commanded by David G. Farragut struck the Confederacy from the Gulf of Mexico and captured New Orleans, the South’s financial center and largest city. C. Antietam and Its Consequences 1. The day of the battle, September 17, 1862, remains the bloodiest single day in U.S. military history. Together, the Confederate and Union dead numbered 4,800 and the wounded 18,500, of whom 3,000 soon died. 2. Lincoln claimed Antietam as a Union victory in public, but privately, he criticized McClellan for not pursuing a full Confederate surrender. However, McClellan feared heavy casualties would undermine public support for the war. 3. Call for Emancipation a. Union general Benjamin Butler labeled three slaves “contraband of war” when they reached his camp in Virginia in May 1861. He refused to return them on the grounds that enemy property can be legitimately seized. b. Butler’s term captured the imagination of northerners. Soon thousands of so-called contrabands were camping with Union armies. c. In August 1861 Congress, including many Radical republicans, passed the Confiscation Act, which authorized the seizure of all property, including slave property, used to support the rebellion. 4. The Emancipation Proclamation a. Lincoln initially opposed emancipation as a war goal but cautiously gave in to pressure by Radical Republicans and escaped slaves. b. After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation of emancipation on September 22, 1862, offering rebel states to return to the Union prior to January 1863 and thus preserve slavery in their borders. c. The proclamation did not immediately free all slaves, as it authorized slavery to continue in the border states, areas already under Union control, and Indian Territory. d. However, the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, changed the nature of the conflict: Union troops became agents of liberation. e. The Proclamation was controversial in the South as well as in the North, where Democrats feared race warfare and competition for employment. II. Toward “Hard War,” 1863 A. Both the Union and the Confederacy exerted centralized authority to harness resources for the war effort. B. Politics North and South 1. The Union entered the war with a distinct advantage, as its economy was far superior to the South’s. The North’s arms factories and recent transportation innovations lent itself better to wartime needs. 2. Republican Economic and Fiscal Policies a. To sustain the allegiance of northerners to their party while bolstering the Union’s ability to fight the war, the Republicans raised tariffs; created a national banking system; devised a system of internal improvements, especially railroads; and developed the Homestead Act of 1862. b. Congress’s authorization for the construction of a transcontinental railroad in 1862 encouraged the allegiance of farmers, workers, and entrepreneurs and allowed the Union to fight a protracted war. c. Railroads connected new industries manufacturing guns, clothes, and food with resources and the Union army. d. Bankers and financiers benefitted from the government’s modern system of public finance. Republicans financed the war by imposing broad-based taxes, issuing U.S. Treasury bonds, and creating a national monetary system through the Legal Tender Act of 1862, which authorized the printing of paper money, soon known as greenbacks. e. This new fiscal system resulted in the concentration of capital in the hands of industrialists and financiers and appeared to threaten the small producer society and the future of democratic self- government. 3. Confederate Policies and Conflicts a. The Confederate government’s economic policy changed from reliance on states to centralization. The Davis administration built and operated shipyards, armories, foundries, and textile mills; commandeered food and raw materials; requisitioned slaves to work on fortifications; and directly controlled foreign trade. b. The Confederate one-tenth tax, adopted in April 1863, required all farmers to turn over a tenth of their crops and livestock to the government for military use. Applied to poor families with husbands and fathers in the army, the policy pushed thousands of civilians to the brink of starvation. c. The Confederate Congress and ordinary people opposed Davis’s initiatives, fearing strong government and high taxes. d. The government financed about 60 percent of its war expenses with unbacked paper money, which created inflation, resulted in riots, and led to the violation of citizens’ property rights in order to sustain the war. 4. Conscription a. The military carnage of 1862 forced both sides into total war, utilizing all of the resources of both nations to win at all costs. b. Although the armies of both sides could initially count on volunteers to fill their ranks, both governments had to resort to conscription. After the defeat at Shiloh in April 1862, the Confederate Congress imposed the first legally binding draft in American history. c. The Confederate draft had two loopholes: it exempted one white man for each twenty slaves on a plantation, and it allowed drafted men to hire substitutes. d. Some southerners refused to serve, and the Confederate government lacked the power to compel them; the Confederate Congress overrode state judges’ orders to free conscripted men. e. The Union government’s Militia Act of 1862 set a quota of volunteers for each state, which was increased by the Enrollment Act of 1863. The Union also allowed men to avoid military service by providing a substitute or paying a $300 fee. f. Hostility to the Enrollment Act of 1863 draft and to African Americans spilled into the streets of New York City when Irish and German workers sacked the homes of Republicans, killed a dozen African Americans, and forced hundreds of black families from their homes. Lincoln rushed in Union troops to suppress the draft riots. g. To prevent sabotage and concerted resistance to the war effort in the Union, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and imprisoned about 15,000 Confederate sympathizers without trial. He also extended martial law to civilians who discouraged enlistment or resisted the draft. C. The Impact of Emancipation 1. Lincoln initially refused to consider blacks for military service; nonetheless, by 1861, some African Americans and fugitive slaves had volunteered, hoping to end slavery and secure citizenship rights.
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