Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan
Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council
August 2021
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
Quality information
Prepared by Checked by Verified by Approved by Lauren Egan Nick Chisholm-Batten Alastair Peattie Alastair Peattie Graduate Consultant Associate Director Associate Director Associate Director
Ryan Putt Environmental Consultant
Revision History
Revision Revision date Details Authorized Name Position V1.0 12th August 2021 Version for 12th August Nick Associate Director Neighbourhood 2021 Chisholm- Group comment Batten
Prepared for: Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council
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© 2021 AECOM Limited. All Rights Reserved. This document has been prepared by AECOM Limited (“AECOM”) for use of Locality (the “Client”) in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM.
Front cover: View to Arundel Castle, which is located to the north west of the Neighbourhood Plan area
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
Table of Contents
Non-Technical Summary ......
1. Introduction ...... 1 Background ...... 1 SEA Screening for the LCNDP ...... 2 SEA explained ...... 2 Structure of this SEA Environmental Report ...... 3
2. Local Plan context and vision for the LCNDP ...... 4 Local Plan context for the Neighbourhood Development Plan ...... 4 Vision, aims, and objectives for the Neighbourhood Development Plan ...... 5
3. What is the scope of the SEA? ...... 6 Summary of SEA Scoping ...... 6 Key Sustainability Issues ...... 8 SEA Framework ...... 10
4. What has plan making / SEA involved up to this point? ...... 14 Introduction ...... 14 Overview of plan making / SEA work undertaken to date ...... 14 Housing numbers to deliver through the Neighbourhood Development Plan ...... 14 Potential site options considered through the SEA ...... 15 Appraisal findings ...... 17 Current approach in the Neighbourhood Development Plan ...... 34
5. What are the appraisal findings at this current stage? ...... 36 Introduction ...... 36 Approach to this appraisal ...... 36 Biodiversity and Geodiversity ...... 36 Climate Change...... 36 Landscape ...... 39 Historic Environment ...... 42 Land, Soil, and Water Resources ...... 43 Vibrant and Healthy Communities ...... 43 Transportation ...... 45 Conclusion at this current stage ...... 46
6. What are the next steps? ...... 47
Appendix A Context Review and Baseline ...... 49
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
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Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
Non-Technical Summary What is Strategic Environmental Assessment? A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) has been undertaken to inform the Lyminster & Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan (LCNDP). This process is required by the SEA Regulations. Neighbourhood Plan groups use SEA to assess Neighbourhood Plans against a set of sustainability objectives developed in consultation with interested parties. The purpose of the assessment is to avoid adverse environmental and socio-economic effects through the Neighbourhood Plan, and identify opportunities to improve the environmental quality of the area covered by the Neighbourhood Plan and the quality of life of residents. What is the LCNDP? The LCNDP is currently being prepared as a Neighbourhood Development Plan under the Localism Act 2011 and the Neighbourhood Planning (General) Regulations 2012. The Neighbourhood Plan is being prepared in the context of the Arun Local Plan (adopted in 2018). It is currently anticipated that the LCNDP will be submitted to Arun District Council later in 2021 for subsequent independent examination. Purpose of this Environmental Report This Environmental Report, which accompanies the Regulation 14 consultation version of the LCNDP, is the latest document to be produced as part of the SEA process. The initial document was the SEA Scoping Report (June 2021), which includes information about the Neighbourhood Plan area’s environment and community. The purpose of this Environmental Report is to: • Identify, describe and evaluate the likely significant effects of the LCNDP and alternatives; and • Provide an opportunity for consultees to offer views on any aspect of the SEA process which has been carried out to date. The Environmental Report contains: • An outline of the contents and main objectives of the Neighbourhood Plan and its relationship with other relevant policies, plans and programmes; • Relevant aspects of the current and future state of the environment and key sustainability issues; • The SEA Framework of objectives against which the Neighbourhood Plan has been assessed; • The appraisal of alternative development strategies for the Neighbourhood Plan; • The likely significant environmental effects of the current version of the Neighbourhood Plan;
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
• The measures envisaged to prevent, reduce and as fully as possible offset any significant adverse effects as a result of the Neighbourhood Plan; and • The next steps for the Neighbourhood Plan and accompanying SEA process. Assessment of reasonable alternatives for the LCNDP Housing numbers to deliver through the LCNDP Arun District Council have advised Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council that the parish is required to deliver sites(s) for at least six new dwellings. With a view to meeting the housing target for the parish, Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council were keen to consider where homes should be delivered within the Neighbourhood Plan area. In response to this, Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council undertook a Call for Sites process for the Neighbourhood Plan in October 2020, which brought forward five potential sites. In addition, two sites in the parish had previously been considered through the Housing and Economic Land Availability Assessment (HELAA) undertaken by Arun District Council. The seven sites, which are mapped in Figure 4.1 in the main body of the Environmental Report, are as follows. Table NTS1: Site options considered for the LCNDP
SEA ID1 Name of site, address Site A Land to the north of Church Lane, Lyminster Site B Land east of Church Farm House Church Lane Lyminster Site C North Barrack Field Site D Westlands Field, Crossbush Lane, Crossbush Site E Field adjacent to Wolstanton Site F Land north of Crossbush Lane Site G Formers Travis Perkins yard next to Arundel Station
A Neighbourhood Plan site assessment was subsequently undertaken for each of these seven sites in terms of their suitability, availability, and achievability for the purposes of a potential Neighbourhood Plan allocation. 2 To support the consideration of the suitability of the shortlisted sites for a potential allocation of a type appropriate for the Neighbourhood Plan, the SEA process has undertaken a further appraisal of the seven available sites. This has considered the key constraints and opportunities present at each of the relevant sites.
1 These IDs have been assigned to each site for the purposes of the SEA. 2 The site assessment report contributes to the evidence base for the emerging LCNDP and accompanies the LCNDP at Regulation 14 consultation.
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
In this context, the sites have been considered as options in relation to the SEA Framework of objectives and decision-making questions developed during the initial stages of the SEA. These appraisals have been undertaken separately to the Neighbourhood Plan site assessments. The findings of the assessment of these two options are presented in Tables 4.2 to 4.8 in the main body of the Environmental Report. A summary of the appraisal is as follows: Table NTS2: Summary of SEA site appraisal findings
Biodiversity Land, Soil Vibrant and and Climate and Water Healthy Site Geodiversity Change Landscape Historic Env. Resources Communities Transport Site A Site B Site C Site D Site E Site F Site G Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
Assessment of the Regulation 14 version of the LCNDP The current Regulation 14 version of the LCNDP presents 25 planning policies for guiding development in the Neighbourhood Plan area. Chapter 5 in the main body of the Environmental Report presents the findings of the appraisal of the current version of the Neighbourhood Plan. Utilising the SEA Framework of objectives and assessment questions developed during the earlier scoping stage of the SEA, the SEA process has assessed the policies put forward through the current version of the Neighbourhood Plan. The Environmental Report has presented the findings of the assessment under the following SEA Themes: • Biodiversity and Geodiversity • Climate Change • Landscape • Historic Environment • Land, Soil and Water Resources • Vibrant and Healthy Communities
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• Transportation The assessment has concluded that the current version of the LCNDP is likely to lead to significant positive effects in relation to the ‘Vibrant and Healthy Communities’ SEA theme. These benefits largely relate to the Neighbourhood Plan’s focus on delivering high quality housing which meets local needs, its focus on improving the quality of life of residents and its support for the economic and community vitality of the parish. The LCNDP will bring positive effects in relation to the ‘Biodiversity and Geodiversity’ SEA theme through retaining habitats, enhancing ecological networks, and delivering net gains. However, given the approaches taken forward through the LCNDP will help limit potential effects from new development areas rather than secure significant enhancements, these impacts are less likely to comprise significant positive effects overall. Furthermore, to protect the integrity of European designated sites (and their qualifying features), the LCNDP should appropriately consider and address the recommendations within the HRA. In this respect it is expected that the conclusions and recommendations of the HRA will be reflected in the submission version of the LCNDP. In terms of the ‘Land, Soil and Water Resources’ SEA theme, the allocation taken forward through the Neighbourhood Plan will lead to negative effects on soils resources. This is due to the required landtake on land likely to be classified as the ‘best and most versatile’ agricultural land. This loss should however be seen in the context of the lack of available previously developed land in Lyminster village. With regards to the ‘Landscape’ theme, whilst the allocation of the preferred site has the potential to lead to impacts on landscape character locally, the policies of the LCNDP have a close focus on conserving key views, protecting villagescape character, and on green infrastructure provision. This provides an appropriate means of protecting and reinforcing local character in association with the delivery of ADC’s development requirement for the parish. The potential impacts of the allocated site on landscape character should also been seen in the context of the likely impacts on landscape character from the forthcoming Lyminster Bypass. The LCNDP is also likely to lead to positive effects in relation to the ‘Historic Environment’ SEA theme. These benefits largely relate to the Neighbourhood Plan’s emphasis on conserving and enhancing the significance of heritage assets, supporting the historic significance of the Lyminster Conservation Area, identifying and protecting locally important heritage assets, and through incorporating high- quality and sensitive design within new development areas. The Neighbourhood Plan will also initiate a range of beneficial approaches regarding the ‘Transportation’ and ‘Climate Change’ SEA themes. However, these are not considered to be significant in the context of the SEA process given the scope of the Neighbourhood Plan.
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
Next steps This Environmental Report accompanies the Regulation 14 version of the LCNDP for consultation. Following consultation, any representations made will be considered by Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council, and the LCNDP and Environmental Report will be updated as necessary. The updated Environmental Report will then accompany the LCNDP for submission to the Local Planning Authority, Arun District Council, for subsequent Independent Examination. At Independent Examination, the LCNDP will be considered in terms of whether it meets the Basic Conditions for Neighbourhood Plans and is in general conformity with local planning policy. If the Independent Examination is favourable, LCNDP will be subject to a referendum, organised by Arun District Council. If more than 50% of those who vote agree with the LCNDP, then it will be ‘made’. Once made, LCNDP will become part of the Development Plan for the parish of Lyminster & Crossbush.
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
1. Introduction Background 1.1 AECOM has been commissioned to undertake an independent Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in support of the emerging Lyminster and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan (LCNDP). 1.2 The LCNDP is currently being prepared as a Neighbourhood Development Plan under the Localism Act 2011 and the Neighbourhood Planning (General) Regulations 2012. The Neighbourhood Plan is being prepared in the context of the Arun Local Plan (adopted in 2018). 1.3 It is currently anticipated that the Neighbourhood Plan will be submitted to Arun District Council later in 2021 for subsequent examination. Key information relating to the emerging LCNDP is presented below in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Key facts relating to the LCNDP
Name of Responsible Authority Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council
Title of Plan Lyminster & Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan (LCNDP)
Subject Neighbourhood planning
Purpose The LCNDP is being prepared as a Neighbourhood Development Plan under the Localism Act 2011 and Neighbourhood Planning (General) Regulations 2012. The plan will be in general conformity with the Arun Local Plan (2018).
The LCNDP will be used to guide and shape development within the Neighbourhood Plan area.
Timescale To 2031
Area covered by the plan The LCNDP area covers the parish of Lyminster & Crossbush, in Arun District.
Summary of content The LCNDP will set out a vision, strategy and range of policies for the Neighbourhood Plan area.
Plan contact point Carol Hatton, Parish Clerk
Email: [email protected]
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Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
SEA Screening for the LCNDP 1.4 The LCNDP has been screened in by Arun District Council as requiring a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). 1.5 A Neighbourhood Plan requires SEA where it is likely to have significant environmental effects. In this respect, the LCNDP has been screened in as requiring an SEA process for the following reason: • The LCNDP will allocate new development in the parish. This includes potentially in environmentally sensitive locations, such as locations with sensitivity for landscape character and the historic environment, including within the South Downs National Park. 1.6 In light of this screening outcome, an SEA process is being undertaken to meet the specific requirements prescribed by the Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004 (the SEA Regulations). SEA explained 1.7 SEA is a mechanism for considering and communicating the potential impacts of an emerging plan, and potential alternatives in terms of key environmental issues. The aim of SEA is to inform and influence the plan-making process with a view to avoiding and mitigating potential negative impacts and maximising the potential for positive effects. Through this approach, the SEA seeks to maximise the emerging plan’s contribution to sustainable development. 1.8 SEA is undertaken to meet specific requirements prescribed by the Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004 (the SEA Regulations). 1.9 Two key procedural requirements of the SEA Regulations are that: • When deciding on ‘the scope and level of detail of the information’ which must be included in the Environmental Report there is a consultation with nationally designated authorities concerned with environmental issues; and • A report (the ‘Environmental Report’) is published for consultation alongside the Draft Plan (i.e. the draft LCNDP) that presents outcomes from the environmental assessment (i.e. discusses ‘likely significant effects’ that would result from plan implementation) and reasonable alternatives.
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM 2
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
Structure of this SEA Environmental Report 1.10 This document is the SEA Environmental Report for the LCNDP and hence needs to answer all four of the questions listed below with a view to providing the information required by the SEA Regulations. Each of the four questions is answered in turn within this report, as follows: Table 1.2: Questions that must be answered by the SEA Environmental Report to meet the regulatory3 requirements
Environmental Report In line with the SEA Regulations, the report must question include…4
What is the plan • An outline of the contents and main objectives of the seeking to plan. achieve?
• Relationship with other relevant plans and programmes. What is the • The relevant environmental protection objectives, sustainability established at international or national level. ‘context’? • Any existing environmental problems which are relevant to the plan including those relating to any What’s areas of a particular environmental importance. the scope of the • The relevant aspects of the current state of the SEA? environment and the likely evolution thereof without implementation of the plan. What is the • The environmental characteristics of areas likely to be sustainability significantly affected. ‘baseline’? • Any existing environmental problems which are relevant to the plan including those relating to any areas of a particular environmental importance.
What are the key • Key problems/issues and objectives that should be issues and a focus of (i.e. provide a ‘framework’ for) assessment. objectives?
• Outline reasons for selecting the alternatives dealt with. • The likely significant effects associated with What has plan-making/SEA alternatives. involved up to this point? • Outline reasons for selecting the preferred approach in-light of alternatives appraisal/a description of how environmental objectives and considerations are reflected in the current version of the plan.
• The likely significant effects associated with the Regulation 14 version of the plan. What are the assessment • The measures envisaged to prevent, reduce and as findings at this stage? fully as possible offset any significant adverse effects of implementing the Regulation 14 version of the plan.
What happens next? • The next steps for the plan making / SEA process.
3 Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004 4 NB this column does not quote directly from Schedule II of the Regulations. Rather, it reflects a degree of interpretation.
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Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
2. Local Plan context and vision for the LCNDP Local Plan context for the Neighbourhood Development Plan 2.1 The Lyminster & Crossbush Neighbourhood Plan area extends across two Local Planning Authorities (Arun District Council (ADC) and the South Downs National Park Authority). This is given the northern part of the parish north of the A27 is within the South Downs National Park. As such, where appropriate, given the geographic coverage of the parish, the Neighbourhood Plan should be in general conformity with the strategic policies for both Local Planning Authorities. 2.2 The Development Plan for Arun currently consists of the following documents: • Local Plan 2018 • West Sussex Joint Minerals Local Plan 2018 • West Sussex Waste Local Plan (2014) 2.3 The Arun Local Plan was adopted in July 2018. In the context of the Neighbourhood Plan area, Lyminster (and Crossbush) are not designated within the settlement hierarchy as ‘villages’ within the Local Plan. Lyminster instead falls within the Arundel to Littlehampton settlement gap and in the countryside (with no built-up area boundary). This effectively restricts development in this area. Policy SD SP3 identifies that development will be permitted if deemed appropriate as an allocation in a Neighbourhood Plan. 2.4 In addition, Local Plan Policy H SP1 ‘The Housing Requirement’5 sets out a number of strategic allocations in Arun, none of which are within the Neighbourhood Plan area. The policy also notes that additional non-strategic allocations will be made across the District through emerging Neighbourhood Plans or reviews of ‘made’ Neighbourhood Plans. In this context ADC have highlighted that Lyminster & Crossbush Parish is required to deliver sites(s) for at least six new dwellings. 2.5 Adopted in July 2019, the South Downs Local Plan6 (2014-2033) sets out how the South Downs National Park Authority (SDNPA) will manage development over the plan period, based on the two statutory purposes and duty for national parks, namely: • Statutory Purpose: To conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area; • Statutory Purpose: To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the National Park by the public; and • Duty: To seek to foster the social and economic well-being of the local communities within the National Park in pursuit of their statutory purposes.
5 Arun District Council (2018): ‘Arun Local Plan’, [online] available to access via:
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2.6 The provisions of the South Downs National Park Local Plan and Partnership Management Plan are further discussed under the ‘Landscape’ SEA theme in this Scoping Report. 2.7 Neighbourhood plans will form part of the development plan for Arun and the South Downs, alongside, but not as a replacement for the Local Plans. Neighbourhood plans are required to be in general conformity with the Local Plans and can develop policies and proposals to address local place-based issues. In this way it is intended for the Local Plans to provide a clear overall strategic direction for development in Arun and the South Downs, whilst enabling finer detail to be determined through the neighbourhood planning process where appropriate. Vision, aims, and objectives for the Neighbourhood Development Plan 2.8 The vision for the LCNDP captures the community’s views and aspirations for the parish as expressed through the consultation process. It therefore forms the basis on which the neighbourhood objectives and proposed policies have been formulated.
In 2031 the Parish will continue to be an attractive place to live, maintaining its intrinsic semi-rural character whilst allowing for sustainable development, improving connectivity and local services.
Vision Statement for the LCNDP
2.9 The vision is underpinned by a set of core objectives which seek to make a positive contribution to sustainable growth within the LCNDP area, grouped within the following themes: • Housing; • Environment and Heritage; • Getting Around; • Employment and Enterprise; and • Leisure and Community.
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3. What is the scope of the SEA? Summary of SEA Scoping 3.1 The SEA Regulations require that: “When deciding on the scope and level of detail of the information that must be included in the report, the responsible authority shall consult the consultation bodies”. 3.2 In England, the consultation bodies are Natural England, the Environment Agency, and Historic England.7 These authorities were consulted on the scope of the LCNDP SEA in June 2021. 3.3 The purpose of scoping was to outline the ‘scope’ of the SEA through setting out: • A context review of the key environmental and sustainability objectives of national, regional and local plans and strategies relevant to the LCNDP; • Baseline data against which the LCNDP can be assessed; • The key sustainability issues for the LCNDP; and • An ‘SEA Framework’ of objectives against which the LCNDP can be assessed. 3.4 Responses received on the Scoping Report, and how they were addressed, have been summarised below. Table 3.1: Consultation responses received on the SEA Scoping Report
Consultation response How the response was considered and addressed Historic England Robert Lloyd-Sweet, Historic Places Adviser (email response received on 27.07.21) Identify the pattern of historic settlements Noted and additional within the Parish, particularly at Lyminster commentary has been Road and Church Lane within Lyminster and added. at Crossbush Lane. The long-lived nature of settlement at Church Lane (the church Comments have been containing elements of early medieval considered through the construction), in particular may also suggest assessments, including this is likely to be an area of greater potential with regards to the for archaeological interest. Lyminster Conservation Area.
7 In-line with Article 6(3) of the SEA Directive, these consultation bodies were selected because ‘by reason of their specific environmental responsibilities, [they] are likely to be concerned by the environmental effects of implementing plans and programme’.’
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Consultation response How the response was considered and addressed
At 6.15 Future baseline, we recommend Additional commentary including a reference here to the provided in the future opportunities to enhance the conservation baseline in line with this area previously noted at 6.7 as a potential comment. future trajectory dependent on the District and Parish Council or property owners and Comment noted through developers bringing forward proposals to assessment. achieve these.
Within the Key Issues section at 6.16 we Amended as suggested. suggest the final bullet point needs amending Features listed on the to state that: Historic Environment There are 40 historic records noted in the Record are not mapped West Sussex HER. It will be necessary to through a readily check whether any site allocation proposals accessible online (including reasonable alternatives) could mapping system. have effects for sites recorded on the HER However the HER has that could be previously unidentified heritage been consulted through assets to ensure appropriate consideration the Heritage Gateway is given to their conservation in a manner through the SEA process. appropriate to their significance - bearing in mind the requirements of NPPF footnote 68. Environment Agency Victoria Kirkham Consultations Team (email response received on 26.07.21) Overall, we are satisfied with the scope of the Comments noted. report and the range of topics that have been proposed to be ‘scoped in’ for the SEA, and also the assessment questions set out within the report.
Natural England Anna Rabone, Consultations Team (email response received on 23.07.21) Natural England has no specific comments to Comments noted. make on this neighbourhood plan SEA scoping.
3.5 Baseline information (including the context review and baseline data) is presented in Appendix A. The key sustainability issues and SEA Framework are presented below.
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Key Sustainability Issues Air Quality • The 2019 ASR for Arun District confirms that there are no AQMAs within the Neighbourhood Plan area. The ASR highlights that there is concern over increasing NO2 levels from road traffic exhaust emissions, these emissions are the main source of air pollution in the district. However, air quality in the Neighbourhood Plan area remains good in general, away from the main road corridors. • The A284 Lyminster Bypass will bypass Lyminster village 600m to the east. This is likely to have significant beneficial effects on air quality in Lyminster village. 3.6 Due to the absence of any significant air quality issues raised in relation to the draft Neighbourhood Plan, the air quality theme has been scoped out for the purposes of the SEA process. Biodiversity and Geodiversity • There are no internationally designated sites in the Plan area. However, Arundel Park Site of Special Scientific Importance (SSSI) is situated 1km from the northern boundary, which may be impacted by future development in the Neighbourhood Plan area. Further, The South Downs National Park covers the northern extent of the Plan area and includes a range of habitats and species. Biodiversity features should seek to be preserved during the plan making and future development process wherever possible. • Additionally, growth in the LCNDP area should seek to avoid the loss or fragmentation of Priority Habitats. Instead, the LCNDP provides an opportunity to target habitat enhancement/ creation in development, potentially guided by the identified Network Enhancement and Expansion Zones. Climate Change • Carbon dioxide emissions have shown a decreasing trend over the period of 2005- 2018. The highest contributing sector is currently the domestic sector; however transport emissions have increased over the period of 2014- 2018. Policies encouraging a shift towards sustainable transport will be beneficial to reversing this trend. There are currently only two EV charging points within the Plan area. • Arun currently has a total of 2,063 renewable energy installations as of 2019, primarily photovoltaics. Shifting towards a greater reliance on renewable resources will likely aid the aim of the district council to reach its net zero target. • Research on the probable effects of climate change in the UK was released in 2018 by the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) team outline a number of effects in the South East of England as a result of climate change. • Fluvial flood risk in the Plan area is notably high in areas adjacent to the Black Ditch River (south) and the River Arun (east). Surface water flood risk
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Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
is highest in areas outside of the main settlements of Lyminster and Crossbush. Landscape • The South Downs National Park overlaps with a large part of the north part of the Plan area, containing several special qualities which classify its distinctiveness and value. • Key LCTs are noted in the West Sussex Landscape Assessment, Arun Landscape Study and South Downs Landscape Assessment. • Arun District Council have allocated serval TPOs in the Neighbourhood Plan area in the interest of their amenity value. • The growth strategy for the LCNDP should seek to minimise landscape impacts, including through avoidance/ protection of key landscape features such as trees and hedgerows. Historic Environment • With a variety of designated assets and archaeological finds in the Plan area, it will be important to ensure that future development avoids/ minimises impacts upon the historic environment and maximises opportunities to improve the public realm and green infrastructure, to the indirect benefit of heritage settings. • With no conservation area appraisal in place, the LCNDP provides an opportunity to gather evidence in relation to the significance of Lyminster Conservation area, its key features and values derived locally, and implement local controls where appropriate. • There are 40 historic records noted in the West Sussex HER which require acknowledgement during the developmental process to prevent significant harm to the value of these assets. • There are 40 historic records noted in the West Sussex HER. It will be necessary to check whether any development proposals could have effects for sites recorded on the HER that could be previously unidentified heritage assets to ensure appropriate consideration is given to their conservation in a manner appropriate to their significance - bearing in mind the requirements of NPPF footnote 68. Land, Soil, and Water Resources • The precise ALC is unknown for much of the LCNDP area and so the extent and significance of potential effects in development may be more difficult to ascertain in the absence of site level investigations. Despite this, it is predicted that higher quality agricultural land immediately surrounds Lyminster village, giving way to significant potential for the loss of BMV land. The LCNDP provides opportunities to avoid/ minimise the loss of agricultural land in these areas. • It will be important for future development to ensure that it avoids any detrimental impacts on water quality both on and off-site. Furthermore, the
Prepared for: Lyminster and Crossbush Parish Council AECOM 9
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
LCNDP should seek to capitalise on any potential opportunities to improve water quality, particularly chemical quality. • The LCNDP could also seek to support extended measures to improve the resilience of water supplies, including through local water recycling schemes and opportunities to increase efficiency in water use. Population and Community and Health and Wellbeing • The LCNDP provides the opportunity for enhanced policy provisions which seek to deliver the right mix of housing types, tenures, and sizes according to local needs, in suitably connected places; and reduce housing, living and service access deprivation in this respect. • The LCNDP provides the opportunities to plan for development which accommodates for changing working patterns and lifestyles, and places greater emphasis on high levels of accessibility. • Health and wellbeing levels in the Plan area is generally good. • However, there are several regional and district level health issues brought to light by the recent JHWS for West Sussex. Specifically, the LCNDP could also seek improvements to the public realm which maximise social inclusion and address any existing infrastructure/ mobility issues for more vulnerable residents. • Demand for accessible nature in the Plan area is highest at the Crossbush Settlement (Crossbush Lane). • A large portion of the south part of the Plan area falls within the Coast to Downs GI Corridor. Transportation • Given strategic road network interventions taking place locally, it will be important to locate any additional growth in areas which maximise opportunities for pedestrian and cycle route connections within the Plan area and beyond and support higher levels of self-containment. • A relatively high proportion of residents in the Plan area work from home when compared to England and the South East averages and this trend is forecast to become more prevalent when considering the ongoing pandemic. Opportunities to capitalise on this positive trend should be maximised. • Public transport services in the Plan area are generally good. Future development should seek to preserve these connections and improve access to the extensive PRoW network within the Plan area to encourage more sustainable modes of transportation. SEA Framework 3.7 The SEA Framework provides a way in which environmental effects can be defined and subsequently analysed based on standard ‘tests’. 3.8 Each proposal within the current version of the LCNDP will be assessed consistently using the framework.
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Table 3.2: SEA Framework of objectives and assessment questions
SEA Objective Assessment questions to consider for the allocations / proposals within the LCNDP Biodiversity and Geodiversity To maintain and Will the option/proposal help to: enhance the extent and • Support the status of the nationally and locally designated quality of biodiversity sites within and within proximity to the Neighbourhood Plan and geodiversity sites area, including the Arundel Park (SSSI)? and networks within and surrounding the Plan • Protect and enhance the biodiversity contributions of the area. South Downs National Park? • Protect and enhance priority habitats and the links between them? • Support the delivery of biodiversity net gains? • Support habitat restoration or new habitat creation within the identified Network Enhancement or Expansion Zones and BOAs? Climate Change Reduce the contribution Will the option/proposal help to: to climate change made • Reduce the number of journeys made by polluting vehicles? by activities within the Neighbourhood Plan • Promote the use of sustainable modes of transport, including area walking, cycling and public transport? • Improve or extend local footpaths, cycle paths or strategic GI routes? • Increase the number of new development meeting or exceeding sustainable design criteria? • Generate energy from low or zero carbon sources? • Reduce energy consumption from non-renewable resources? • Support the transition to EVs? Support the resilience of Will the option/proposal help to: the Neighbourhood Plan • Avoid inappropriate development in areas at risk of flooding, area to the potential considering the likely future effects of climate change? effects of climate change, including • Improve and extend green infrastructure networks in the flooding Plan area? • Sustainably manage water run-off? • Increase the resilience of the local built and natural environment? • Ensure the potential risks associated with climate change are duly considered in the design of new development in the Plan area?
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Landscape Protect and enhance the Will the option/proposal help to: character and quality of • Support and preserve the integrity of the South Downs landscapes and National Park? townscapes. • Protect and/ or enhance local landscape character and quality of place? • Conserve and enhance local identity, diversity and settlement character? • Protect visual amenity? • Retain and enhance landscape features that contribute to the rural setting, including TPOs and hedgerows? Historic Environment Protect, conserve, and Will the option/proposal help to: enhance heritage assets • Conserve and enhance buildings and structures of within the architectural or historic interest, both designated and non- Neighbourhood Plan designated, and their settings? area • Conserve and enhance the special interest, character and appearance of locally important features and their settings, including the Lyminster Conservation Area? • Protect the integrity of the historic setting of key monuments of cultural heritage interest as listed on the West Sussex HER? • Support access to, interpretation and understanding of the historic evolution and character of the LCNDP area? Land, Soil, and Water Resources Ensure the efficient and Will the option/proposal help to: effective use of land. • Avoid the loss of high-quality agricultural land resources? • Support the continued operation of waste infrastructure within and surrounding the Plan area? • Promote any opportunities for the use of previously developed land, or vacant/ underutilised land? Protect and enhance Will the option/proposal help to: water quality and use • Avoid impacts on water quality? and manage water resources in a • Support improvements to water quality? sustainable manner. • Ensure appropriate drainage and mitigation is delivered alongside development? • Protect waterbodies from pollution? • Maximise water efficiency and opportunities for water harvesting and/ or water recycling? • Improve the resilience of water supplies?
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Vibrant and Healthy Communities Ensure growth in the Will the option/proposal help to: Plan area is aligned with the needs of all • Provide everyone with the opportunity to live in good quality residents and in suitably and affordable housing? connected places, • Support the provision of a range of house types and sizes supported by the targeted at aligning the housing stock with local needs? appropriate and timely provision of • Provide flexible and adaptable homes that meet people’s infrastructure to enable changing needs? cohesive and inclusive • Improve the availability and/ or accessibility of local services communities. and facilities? • Encourage and promote social cohesion and active involvement of local people in community activities? • Contribute to improving aspects of deprivation in the Plan area? • Maintain or enhance the quality of life of existing and future residents? Improve the health and Will the option/proposal help to: wellbeing residents within the • Promote accessibility to a range of leisure, health and Neighbourhood Plan community facilities, for all age groups? area. • Provide and enhance community access to open green spaces? • Promote the use of healthier modes of travel, including active travel networks? • Improve access to the countryside for recreational use? • Avoid negative impacts to the quality and/ or extent of existing recreational assets, including formal and informal footpaths? • Support access to natural amenities in areas of high demand? • Protect and enhance access to the Coast to Downs GI Corridor?
Transportation Promote sustainable Will the option/proposal help to: transport use and reduce the need to • Encourage more use of sustainable transport modes? travel. • Encourage the uptake of active travel opportunities? • Extend or improve active travel networks? • Enable sustainable transport infrastructure improvements? • Ensure sufficient road capacity to accommodate new development? • Facilitate on-going high levels of home and remote working? • Improve road safety? • Reduce impacts on residents from the road network? • Improve parking facilities?
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Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
4. What has plan making / SEA involved up to this point? Introduction 4.1 In accordance with the SEA Regulations the Environmental Report must include… • An outline of the reasons for selecting the alternatives dealt with; and • The likely significant effects on the environment associated with alternatives / an outline of the reasons for selecting the preferred approach in light of alternatives appraised. 4.2 The ‘narrative’ of plan-making / SEA up to this point is told within this part of the Environmental Report. Specifically, this section explains how preparation of the current version of the LCNDP has been informed by an assessment of alternative locations for non-strategic scale development in the Neighbourhood Plan area. 4.3 The following sections therefore describe how the SEA process to date has informed the preferred development strategy for the Neighbourhood Plan area and potential locations for development. 4.4 Specifically, this chapter explains how the LCNDP’s development strategy has been shaped through considering alternative approaches for the location of housing in the Neighbourhood Plan area. Overview of plan making / SEA work undertaken to date 4.5 The Neighbourhood Plan area was formally designated by Arun District Council in March 2019. 4.6 Significant public consultation has been carried out since then to support the preparation of the LCNDP. This has gathered local views and opinions, with a view to engaging local people throughout the Neighbourhood Plan’s development process. This has included events, household questionnaires, meetings, open days, community surveys, and engagement through the LCNDP website. Housing numbers to deliver through the Neighbourhood Development Plan 4.7 As discussed in Chapter 2, the Arun Local Plan was adopted in July 2018. In the context of the Neighbourhood Plan area, Lyminster (and Crossbush) are not designated within the settlement hierarchy as ‘villages’ within the Local Plan. Lyminster instead falls within the Arundel to Littlehampton settlement gap and in the countryside (with no built-up area boundary). This effectively restricts development in this area. Policy SD SP3 however identifies that development will be permitted if deemed appropriate as an allocation in a Neighbourhood Plan.
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4.8 In addition, Local Plan Policy H SP1 ‘The Housing Requirement’8 sets out a number of strategic allocations in Arun, none of which are within the Neighbourhood Plan area. The policy also notes that additional non-strategic allocations will be made across the District through emerging Neighbourhood Plans or reviews of ‘made’ Neighbourhood Plans. 4.9 ADC have advised Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council that the parish is required to deliver sites(s) for at least six new dwellings. Potential site options considered through the SEA 4.10 With a view to meeting the housing target for the parish, Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council were keen to consider where homes should be delivered within the Neighbourhood Plan area. 4.11 In response to this, Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council undertook a Neighbourhood Plan Call for Sites process in October 2020, which brought forward five potential sites. In addition, two sites in the parish had previously been considered through the Housing and Economic Land Availability Assessment (HELAA) undertaken by ADC. 4.12 The seven sites, which are mapped in Figure 4.1, are as follows. Table 4.1: Site options considered for the LCNDP
SEA ID9 Name of site, address Size (Ha)10 Site A Land to the north of Church Lane, 0.87ha Lyminster Site B Land east of Church Farm House 0.4ha Church Lane Lyminster Site C North Barrack Field 1.4ha Site D Westlands Field, Crossbush Lane, 1.6ha Crossbush Site E Field adjacent to Wolstanton 1.7ha Site F Land north of Crossbush Lane 0.09ha Site G Formers Travis Perkins yard next to 0.3ha Arundel Station
4.13 A Neighbourhood Plan site assessment was subsequently undertaken for each of these seven sites in terms of their suitability, availability, and achievability for the purposes of a potential Neighbourhood Plan allocation. 11 4.14 To support the consideration of the suitability of the shortlisted sites for a potential allocation of a type appropriate for the Neighbourhood Plan, the SEA process has undertaken a further appraisal of the seven available sites. This
8 Arun District Council (2018): ‘Arun Local Plan’, [online] available to access via:
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has considered the key constraints and opportunities present at each of the relevant sites. 4.15 In this context, the sites have been considered in relation to the SEA Framework of objectives and decision-making questions developed during SEA scoping (see Chapter 3, above) and the baseline information. These appraisals have been undertaken separately to the site assessments undertaken for the LCNDP.
Figure 4.1: Location of site options considered for the LCNDP
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Appraisal findings 4.16 Utilising the SEA Framework of objectives and assessment questions developed during the earlier scoping stage of the SEA, the appraisal has been presented through the seven SEA themes, as follows: • Biodiversity and Geodiversity; • Climate Change; • Landscape; • Historic Environment; • Land, Soil, and Water Resources; • Vibrant and Healthy Communities; and • Transportation 4.17 The appraisal considers the relative sustainability merits of each of the potential site options. Findings are presented as a commentary on effects. It is anticipated that this will provide the reader with a likely indication of the relative performance of the site options in relation to each theme considered. 4.18 Sources of information to support the appraisal has included (amongst others): Ordnance Survey maps, MAGIC Interactive Map12, the Environment Agency’s Flood Risk Maps for England13, Natural England’s Agricultural Land Classification maps1415, Google Earth16, reports and interactive mapping layers available on Arun District Council’s webpages17, the West Sussex Historic Environment Record (HER)18, and baseline studies provided by Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council (available to access via the LCNDP website)19. 4.19 Table 4.2 to Table 4.8 below present the findings of the appraisal of the site options for each of the SEA themes.
12 MAGIC (2021): ‘Interactive Map’, [online] available to access via: https://magic.defra.gov.uk/ 13 Environment Agency (2021): ‘Flood Map for Planning’, [online] available to access via: https://flood-map-for- planning.service.gov.uk/ 14 Natural England (2010): ‘Regional Agricultural Land Classification Maps and Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile Land’, [online] available to access via: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/5954148537204736 15 Natural England (2017): ‘Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land – Strategic Scale Map for the South East Region (ALC019)’, [online] available to access via: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/5208993007403008 16 Google (2021): ‘Google Earth’, [online] available to access via: https://earth.google.com/web/ 17 To include 18 Heritage Gateway (2021): ‘Detailed Search: West Sussex HER’, [online] available to access via: https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/ 19 To include
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Table 4.2: Site A
SEA theme Commentary, Site A: Land to the north of Church Lane, Lyminster
An allocation at this location is not likely to adversely impact any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. Whilst the site is within an SSSI Impact Risk Zone (IRZ) for residential development of 50 units or more, the number of homes potentially to be delivered on the site through the Neighbourhood Plan would be significantly fewer than this number. At the local level, there are no Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) Priority Habitats within or close to the site. However, there are trees and hedgerows located along the site boundaries. These features would need to be retained and Biodiversity and enhanced (where appropriate) within new development areas. Geodiversity In terms of the potential for net gains, the north western corner of the site is within a ‘Network Enhancement Zone’ (which is land identified by Natural England as connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which is likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat). The remaining 80% of the site is within a ‘Network Expansion Zone’, which comprises land beyond Network Enhancement Zones with the potential for expanding, linking/joining networks across the landscape. These have been identified by Natural England as areas where improved connections between existing habitat networks can be targeted. In terms of climate change mitigation, development of the site will lead to inevitable increases in greenhouse gas emissions from an increase in the built footprint of Lyminster and an intensification of uses at this location. Given the lack of services and facilities present locally in Lyminster, an allocation at this location is less likely to reduce the need to travel by car for accessing day-to- day services and facilities (and associated greenhouse gas emissions). The Climate Change site is however accessible to public transport links In terms of climate change adaptation, the north western corner of the site is within an area at ‘low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of between 0.1% and 1%. The remaining part of the site is within an area at ‘very low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%. Areas of surface water flood risk are not present in the site. As such, flood risk is not a significant constraint for the site.
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Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
SEA theme Commentary, Site A: Land to the north of Church Lane, Lyminster
The site is within the Arundel to Littlehampton Gap Between Settlements. This is an area defined by the Arun Local Plan 2011-2031 as generally open and with an undeveloped nature which should be protected to prevent coalescence and retain the settlements’ separate identity. The designation of gaps is not intended to rule out all development but to allow for appropriate, small scale development, which is in keeping with the rural nature of the gaps. Landscape An allocation at this location would result in the loss of an area of open greenfield land which contributes closely to Lyminster’s villagescape character at this location. Development would have significant effects on views from Church Lane/the centre of the village and on views from the north. A Tree Protection Order covers an area located adjacent to the site to the east. Potential impacts on the historic environment have been discussed below under the ‘Historic Environment’ theme below. The site is within the Lyminster Conservation Area. An allocation at this location would result in the loss of a large area of open land which contributes directly and indirectly to the significance of the conservation area at this location. Whilst a recent conservation area appraisal or management plan has not been prepared for the Lyminster Conservation Area, which would provide further information on the key elements which contribute to the significance of this part of the conservation area, the Arun District Council Conservation Areas Supplementary Planning Guidance (dating from 2000)20 highlights that an important feature of the conservation area is open space, with the Parish Church of St Mary Magdalen forming a focal point. The guidance also highlights the contribution of long-distance views to Arundel Castle and Park. In this context the development of open land to the north of Church Lane, Historic located in the immediate setting of the church, would be likely to lead to Environment substantial effects on the significance of the conservation area. As highlighted above, there are direct views to and from the potential development site from the Grade I listed Parish Church of St Mary Magdalen. The open perspective provided by the site provides an important component of the church’s historic setting. As such development at this location has the potential to have significant effects on the setting of this key feature of historic interest. The site is located next to a number of buildings identified through the Neighbourhood Plan’s development process as of local historic importance for the historic environment. These features, which are likely to be locally listed, include : Blossom Cottage, 251 Church Lane; 252 Church Lane; 253 Church Lane; Pauls House, 255 Church Lane; Tremeadow Cottage, 255 Church Lane; 256 Church Lane; Lilac Cottage, and 257 Church Lane. The site will lead to the loss of undeveloped greenfield land. A recent detailed agricultural land classification (ALC) assessment has not been completed for the undeveloped areas of land surrounding Lyminster. However, based on the Predictive Best and Most Versatile Land (BMV) Assessment, the site is Land, Soil and underlain by land with a ‘high’ likelihood of BMV land (>60% area BMV).21 Water Resources In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the site boundaries. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The site is not within a Minerals Safeguarding Area.
20 Arun District Council (October 2000) Conservation Areas Supplementary Planning Guidance https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n4617.pdf&ver=4290 21 Natural England (2017) Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land - Strategic scale map London and the South East (ALC019) http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6056482614804480
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SEA theme Commentary, Site A: Land to the north of Church Lane, Lyminster
Allocation of the site will contribute positively towards meeting local housing needs, although (given the provisions of Local Plan policy AH SP2) it is uncertain whether the delivery of the minimum housing number for the parish Vibrant and on the site would deliver affordable housing. Healthy As for other locations in Lyminster village, the site is located at some distance Communities from most key services and facilities, including schools, medical facilities and shops. In terms of health facilities, the nearest doctors/medical centres are in Littlehampton and Arundel. The site is accessible to Stagecoach bus service number 9, which runs hourly Transportation between 7:45am and 6pm in the evening and links Lyminster village with Arundel and Littlehampton. The bus stop is approximately 200m walk from the site. Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
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Table 4.3: Site B
SEA theme Commentary, Site B: Land east of Church Farm House Church Lane Lyminster
An allocation at this location is not likely to adversely impact any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. Whilst the site is within an SSSI Impact Risk Zone (IRZ) for residential development of 50 units or more, the number of homes potentially to be delivered on the site through the Neighbourhood Plan would be significantly fewer than this number. At the local level, there are no Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) Priority Habitats within or close to the site. However, there are trees and hedgerows located along the site boundaries, and a mature tree present in the centre of the site. Biodiversity and These features would need to be retained and enhanced (where appropriate) Geodiversity within new development areas. In terms of the potential for net gains, the site is covered by a ‘Network Expansion Zone’, which comprises land beyond Network Enhancement Zones (which is land identified by Natural England as connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which is likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat) with the potential for expanding, linking/joining networks across the landscape. These have been identified by Natural England as areas where improved connections between existing habitat networks can be targeted. Development of the site will lead to inevitable increases in greenhouse gas emissions from an increase in the built footprint of Lyminster and an intensification of uses at this location. Given the lack of services and facilities in Lyminster, an allocation at this location is less likely to reduce the need to travel by car for accessing day-to-day services and facilities (and associated Climate Change greenhouse gas emissions). The site is however accessible to public transport links. Flood risk is not a constraint for the site. The site is within an area at ‘very low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%. Areas of surface water flood risk are also not present in the site.
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Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Lyminster Environmental Report to accompany the Regulation and Crossbush Neighbourhood Development Plan 14 version of the Neighbourhood Development Plan
SEA theme Commentary, Site B: Land east of Church Farm House Church Lane Lyminster
The site is within the Arundel to Littlehampton Gap Between Settlements. This is an area defined by the Arun Local Plan 2011-2031 as generally open and with an undeveloped nature which should be protected to prevent coalescence and retain the settlements’ separate identity. The designation of gaps is not intended to rule out all development but to allow for appropriate, small scale development, which is in keeping with the rural nature of the gaps. Landscape An allocation at this location would result in the loss of an area of open greenfield land which contributes to villagescape character at this location. Development would have some impacts on views from surrounding properties and the public right of way which runs through the site. The site is however relatively enclosed within the wider landscape, being surrounded by development on three sites, and a row of trees to the south. A Tree Protection Order covers a large area located adjacent to the site to the north and the north east. The site is within the Lyminster Conservation Area. Whilst a recent conservation area appraisal or management plan has not been prepared for the conservation area, which would provide further information on the key elements which contribute to the significance of this part of the conservation area, the Arun District Council Conservation Areas Supplementary Planning Guidance (dating from 2000)22 highlights that an important feature of the conservation area is open space. In this context an allocation at this location would result in the loss of an area of open land which contributes directly and Historic indirectly to the significance of the conservation area at this location. Environment The site is located 50m to the east of the Grade II listed Church Farmhouse, which dates from the early C19th. Whilst the site is screened in many respects from the farmhouse, development of the site has the potential to separate the farmhouse from its agricultural context and setting to the east. The site is located adjacent to The Old Granary (adjoining Church Farm) Church Lane, which has been identified through the Neighbourhood Plan’s development process as being of local historic importance for the historic environment. The site will lead to the loss of undeveloped greenfield land. A recent detailed agricultural land classification (ALC) assessment has not been completed for the undeveloped areas of land surrounding Lyminster. However, based on the Predictive Best and Most Versatile Land (BMV) Land, Soil and Assessment. the site is underlain by land with a ‘high’ likelihood of BMV land Water Resources (>60% area BMV).23 In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the site boundaries. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The site is not within a Minerals Safeguarding Area. Allocation of the site will contribute positively towards meeting local housing needs, although (given the provisions of Local Plan policy AH SP2) it is uncertain whether the delivery of the minimum housing number for the parish Vibrant and on the site would deliver affordable housing. Healthy As for other locations in Lyminster village, the site is located at some distance Communities from most key services and facilities, including schools, medical facilities and shops. In terms of health facilities, the nearest doctors/medical centres are in Littlehampton and Arundel.
22 Arun District Council (October 2000) Conservation Areas Supplementary Planning Guidance https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n4617.pdf&ver=4290 23 Natural England (2017) Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land - Strategic scale map London and the South East (ALC019) http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6056482614804480
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SEA theme Commentary, Site B: Land east of Church Farm House Church Lane Lyminster
The site is accessible to Stagecoach bus service number 9, which runs hourly Transportation between 7:45am and 6pm in the evening and links Lyminster village with Arundel and Littlehampton. The bus stop is approximately 350m walk from the site. Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
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Table 4.4: Site C
SEA theme Commentary, Site C: North Barrack Field
An allocation at this location is not likely to adversely impact any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. The site does not overlap with a SSSI IRZ for the types of development potentially to be taken forward through the Neighbourhood Plan (i.e. residential, rural residential and rural non-residential). At the local level, there are no Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) Priority Habitats Biodiversity and within the site. However, there are trees and hedgerows located along the Geodiversity site boundaries. These features would need to be retained and enhanced (where appropriate) within new development areas. In terms of the potential for net gains, the site is within a ‘Network Enhancement Zone’. Identified by Natural England as areas where improved connections between existing habitat networks can be targeted, these zones have been identified as areas connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which are likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat. Development of the site will lead to inevitable increases in greenhouse gas emissions from an increase in the built footprint of Crossbush and an intensification of uses at this location. Given the lack of services and facilities close to the location (with the exception of the Beefeater and BP garage/McDonalds, the latter of which is not readily accessible by foot), an Climate Change allocation at this location is less likely to reduce the need to travel by car for accessing day-to-day services and facilities (and associated greenhouse gas emissions). The site is however accessible to public transport links. Flood risk is not a constraint for the site. The site is within an area at ‘very low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%. Areas of surface water flood risk are also not present in the site. The site is on the edge of the South Downs National Park. According to the South Downs National Park Landscape Character Assessment, the site is within the Upper Coastal Plain landscape character type. This comprises a gently undulating landscape lying at the foot of the chalk dipslope along the southern edge of the South Downs. Landscape The site is heavily influenced by the presence of the A27, which runs directly to the south and west of the site, and provides enclosure to the site. The trunk road has significant effects on tranquillity and visual amenity. As such, development at this location would not have a significant influence on landscape character. A Tree Protection Order covers the area adjacent to the northern boundary of the site.
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SEA theme Commentary, Site C: North Barrack Field
The site is not within the setting of a conservation area, no nationally listed buildings are present on the site and the site is not within the direct setting of Historic any listed buildings. No scheduled monuments or registered parks and Environment gardens are in the vicinity of (or have the potential to be affected by development on) the site. No features listed on the Historic Environment Record are located on or adjacent to the site. The site will lead to the loss of undeveloped greenfield land. A recent detailed agricultural land classification (ALC) assessment has not been completed for the undeveloped areas of land surrounding Crossbush. However, based on the Predictive Best and Most Versatile Land (BMV) Land, Soil and Assessment. the site is underlain by land with a ‘high’ likelihood of BMV land Water Resources (>60% area BMV).24 In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the site boundaries. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The site is not within a Minerals Safeguarding Area. Allocation of the site will contribute positively towards meeting local housing needs, including through the delivery of affordable housing. This is given Policy SD28 (Affordable Homes) of the South Downs Local Plan would require the delivery of at least 2 affordable homes, at least 1 of which is of a rented affordable tenure. Vibrant and As for other locations in Crossbush village, the site is located at some distance Healthy from most key services and facilities, including shops and schools. The site is Communities however located close to the Beefeater and BP garage/McDonalds, although the latter is located on the opposite site of the A27 and is not readily accessible by foot), In terms of health facilities, the nearest doctors/medical centres are in Arundel. The presence of the A27 immediately to the south and the west may lead to issues relating to noise quality for health and the quality of the living environment. The site is accessible to Stagecoach bus service number 9, which runs hourly between 7:45am and 6pm in the evening and links the location with Lyminster, Transportation Arundel and Littlehampton. The bus stop is approximately 180m walk from the site. Access to northbound services to Arundel however requires a crossing of the A27. Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
24 Natural England (2017) Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land - Strategic scale map London and the South East (ALC019) http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6056482614804480
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Table 4.5: Site D
SEA theme Commentary, Site D: Westlands Field, Crossbush Lane, Crossbush
An allocation at this location is not likely to adversely impact on any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. The site does not overlap with a SSSI IRZ for the types of development potentially to be taken forward through the Neighbourhood Plan (i.e. residential, rural residential and rural non-residential). The site is located between two areas of deciduous woodland BAP Priority Habitat, which are located to the west and the east. Whilst development at the Biodiversity and site would not lead to the direct loss of these habitats, it has the potential to Geodiversity lead to disturbance of these habitats from noise, light pollution or trampling from enhanced access. In terms of the potential for net gains, the site is within a ‘Network Enhancement Zone’. Identified by Natural England as areas where improved connections between existing habitat networks can be targeted, these zones have been identified as areas connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which are likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat. Development of the site will lead to inevitable increases in greenhouse gas emissions from an increase in the built footprint of Crossbush and an intensification of uses at this location. Given the lack of services and facilities close to the location, an allocation at this location is less likely to reduce the Climate Change need to travel by car for accessing day-to-day services and facilities (and associated greenhouse gas emissions). Flood risk is not a constraint for the site. The site is within an area at ‘very low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%. Very limited areas of surface water flood risk are present on the eastern boundary; this is not a constraint to development however. The site located within the South Downs National Park. According to the South Downs National Park Landscape Character Assessment, the site is within the Upper Coastal Plain landscape character type. This comprises a gently undulating landscape lying at the foot of the chalk dipslope along the southern edge of the South Downs. Given topography (the site is relatively flat) and screening provided by Landscape woodland to the north, east and west, and the adverse influence on landscape character from the A27 trunk road located 100m to the south, development at this location is unlikely to have significant impacts on wider landscape character. Development at this location would however have significant effects on visual amenity and landscape character in the immediate area through affecting the open perspective to the south of Crossbush Lane at this location. There are no Tree Protection Orders present on or adjacent to the site.
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SEA theme Commentary, Site D: Westlands Field, Crossbush Lane, Crossbush
The site is located opposite the Grade II listed Crossbush Lodge, which is located on the northern side of Crossbush Lane, and dates from the mid C19th. The site has ready visibility to and from this nationally designated feature, and development on the site would be likely to impact on its immediate setting. Historic Environment The site is not within the setting of a conservation area, and no scheduled monuments or registered parks and gardens are in the vicinity of (or have the potential to be affected by development on) the site. No further features listed on the Historic Environment Record are located on or adjacent to the site. The site will lead to the loss of undeveloped greenfield land, comprising grazing land. A recent detailed agricultural land classification (ALC) assessment has not been completed for the undeveloped areas of land surrounding Crossbush. However, based on the Predictive Best and Most Land, Soil and Versatile Land (BMV) Assessment. the site is underlain by land with a ‘high’ Water Resources likelihood of BMV land (>60% area BMV).25 In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the site boundaries. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The site is not within a Minerals Safeguarding Area. Allocation of the site will contribute positively towards meeting local housing needs, including through the delivery of affordable housing. This is given Policy SD28 (Affordable Homes) of the South Downs Local Plan would require the delivery of at least 2 affordable homes, at least 1 of which is of a rented Vibrant and affordable tenure. Healthy Communities As for other locations in Crossbush village, the site is located at some distance from key services and facilities, including shops and schools. In terms of health facilities, the nearest doctors/medical centres are in Arundel. There may be some implications for the quality of the living environment from noise associated with the presence of the A27 to the south. Located approximately 1km to the nearest bus stop, the site is not readily accessible to bus services. The nearest bus stop, located at the at the end of Transportation Crossbush Lane, is served by Stagecoach bus service number 9, which runs hourly between 7:45am and 6pm in the evening and links the location with Lyminster, Arundel and Littlehampton. Access to northbound services to Arundel however requires a crossing of the A27. Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
25 Natural England (2017) Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land - Strategic scale map London and the South East (ALC019) http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6056482614804480
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Table 4.6: Site E
SEA theme Commentary, Site E: Field adjacent to Wolstanton
An allocation at this location is not likely to adversely impact on any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. Whilst the site is within an SSSI Impact Risk Zone (IRZ) for residential development of 50 units or more, the number of homes potentially to be delivered on the site through the Neighbourhood Plan would be significantly fewer than this number. The site is located adjacent to an area of deciduous woodland BAP Priority Habitat, which is located to the north, and an area of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh BAP Priority Habitat, which is located to the north east. Whilst Biodiversity and development at the site would not lead to the direct loss of these habitats, it Geodiversity has the potential to lead to disturbance of these habitats from noise, light pollution or trampling from enhanced access. In terms of the potential for net gains, the northern edge of the site is covered by a ‘Network Expansion Zone’, which comprises land beyond Network Enhancement Zones (which is land identified by Natural England as connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which is likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat) with the potential for expanding, linking/joining networks across the landscape. These have been identified by Natural England as areas where improved connections between existing habitat networks can be targeted. Development of the site will lead to inevitable increases in greenhouse gas emissions from an increase in the built footprint of Lyminster and an intensification of uses at this location. Given the lack of services and facilities in Lyminster, an allocation at this location is less likely to reduce the need to travel by car for accessing day-to-day services and facilities (and associated Climate Change greenhouse gas emissions). The site is however readily accessible to public transport links. Flood risk is not a constraint for the site. The site is within an area at ‘very low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%. Areas of surface water flood risk are also not present in the site. The site is within the Arundel to Littlehampton Gap Between Settlements. This is an area defined by the Arun Local Plan 2011-2031 as generally open and with an undeveloped nature which should be protected to prevent coalescence and retain the settlements’ separate identity. The designation of gaps is not intended to rule out all development but to allow for appropriate, small scale development, which is in keeping with the rural nature of the gaps. Landscape The loss of a significant area of greenfield land at this location has the potential to have impacts on landscape character to the east of Lyminster. However it should be noted that the route of the Lyminster Bypass will pass directly to the east of the site; this will have a negative influence on landscape character in the area and limit the impacts of development at this location on views to and from the site, including (in particular) from the east. There are no Tree Protection Orders present on or adjacent to the site.
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SEA theme Commentary, Site E: Field adjacent to Wolstanton
The site is not within the setting of a conservation area, no nationally listed buildings are present on the site and the site is not within the direct setting of any listed buildings. No scheduled monuments or registered parks and gardens are in the vicinity of (or have the potential to be affected by Historic development on) the site. Environment The site is located next to two buildings identified through the Neighbourhood Plan’s development process as of local historic importance for the historic environment: the Old Vicarage, Lyminster Road; and Vicarage Cottage, Lyminster Road. These are likely to be locally listed through the Neighbourhood Plan. The site will lead to the loss of undeveloped greenfield land. A recent detailed agricultural land classification (ALC) assessment has not been completed for the undeveloped areas of land surrounding Lyminster. However, based on the Predictive Best and Most Versatile Land (BMV) Land, Soil and Assessment. the site is underlain by land with a ‘high’ likelihood of BMV land Water Resources (>60% area BMV).26 In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the site boundaries. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The site is not within a Minerals Safeguarding Area. Allocation of the site will contribute positively towards meeting local housing needs, although (given the provisions of Local Plan policy AH SP2) it is uncertain whether the delivery of the minimum housing number for the parish on the site would deliver affordable housing. Vibrant and As for other locations in Lyminster village, the site is located at some distance Healthy from most key services and facilities, including schools, medical facilities and Communities shops. In terms of health facilities, the nearest doctors/medical centres are in Littlehampton and Arundel. The site is located adjacent to the course of the future Lyminster bypass. Potential noise issues from this major road on the site may have impacts on the quality of the living environment and health and wellbeing. The site is accessible to Stagecoach bus service number 9, which runs hourly Transportation between 7:45am and 6pm in the evening and links Lyminster village with Arundel and Littlehampton. The Old Vicarage bus stop is located adjacent to the site. Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
26 Natural England (2017) Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land - Strategic scale map London and the South East (ALC019) http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6056482614804480
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Table 4.7: Site F
SEA theme Commentary, Site F: Land north of Crossbush Lane
An allocation at this location is not likely to adversely impact on any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. The site does not overlap with a SSSI IRZ for the types of development potentially to be taken forward through the Neighbourhood Plan (i.e. residential, rural residential and rural non-residential). The site comprises a number of semi-mature trees, including on the southern Biodiversity and site boundary. Whilst a number of trees have recently been cleared on the Geodiversity site, reducing its biodiversity value, development would need to retain these trees to limit additional impacts of development on the site’s biodiversity value. In terms of the potential for net gains, the site is within a ‘Network Enhancement Zone’. Identified by Natural England as areas where improved connections between existing habitat networks can be targeted, these zones have been identified as areas connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which are likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat. Development of the site will lead to inevitable increases in greenhouse gas emissions from an increase in the built footprint of Crossbush and an intensification of uses at this location. Given the lack of services and facilities close to the location, an allocation at this location is less likely to reduce the Climate Change need to travel by car for accessing day-to-day services and facilities (and associated greenhouse gas emissions). Flood risk is not a constraint for the site. The site is within an area at ‘very low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%. Areas of surface water flood risk are also not present in the site. The site located within the South Downs National Park. According to the South Downs National Park Landscape Character Assessment, the site is within the Major Chalk Valley Sides landscape character type. This encompasses the valley sides/slopes which enclose and provide the setting for the major valley floodplains. The boundaries are defined by the change in slope to the flat floodplain and by the crest of the slope, as seen in the view from the valley floor. Landscape Whilst development of the site would likely be small scale, and existing trees will provide some screening from the lane, development at this location would impact on the street scene of Crossbush Lane. This is given existing development is predominantly located to the south of Crossbush Lane at this location. Development of the site, which is at the bottom of a slope, would also impact on views from the north. There are no Tree Protection Orders present on or adjacent to the site.
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SEA theme Commentary, Site F: Land north of Crossbush Lane
The site is not within the setting of a conservation area, no nationally listed buildings are present on the site and the site is not within the direct setting of any listed buildings. No scheduled monuments or registered parks and gardens are in the vicinity of (or have the potential to be affected by Historic development on) the site. Environment Whilst development of the site would likely be small scale, and existing trees will provide some screening from the lane, development at this location would impact on the historic street scene of Crossbush Lane. This is given existing development is predominantly located to the south of Crossbush Lane at this location. The site will lead to the loss of undeveloped greenfield land. A recent detailed agricultural land classification (ALC) assessment has not been completed for the undeveloped areas of land surrounding Crossbush. However, based on the Predictive Best and Most Versatile Land (BMV) Land, Soil and Assessment. the site is underlain by land with a ‘high’ likelihood of BMV land Water Resources (>60% area BMV).27 In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the site boundaries. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The site is not within a Minerals Safeguarding Area. Given the limited capacity of the site, development on this site would deliver Vibrant and in the region of only 2-3 homes. Healthy As for other locations in Crossbush village, the site is located at some distance Communities from key services and facilities, including shops and schools. In terms of health facilities, the nearest doctors/medical centres are in Arundel. The site is located 650m walk to the nearest bus stop which is located at the at the end of Crossbush Lane. This provides services via Stagecoach bus Transportation service number 9, which runs hourly between 7:45am and 6pm in the evening and links the location with Lyminster, Arundel and Littlehampton. Access to northbound services to Arundel however requires a crossing of the A27. Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
27 Natural England (2017) Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile (BMV) Agricultural Land - Strategic scale map London and the South East (ALC019) http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6056482614804480
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Table 4.8: Site G
SEA theme Commentary, Site G: Formers Travis Perkins yard next to Arundel Station
An allocation at this location is not likely to adversely impact on any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. Whilst the site is within an SSSI Impact Risk Zone (IRZ) for residential development of 50 units or more, the number of homes potentially to be delivered on the site through the Neighbourhood Plan would be significantly fewer than this number. The site is located adjacent to an area of deciduous woodland BAP Priority Habitat, which is located to the south west. Whilst development at the site Biodiversity and would not lead to the direct loss of this habitat, it has the potential to lead to Geodiversity disturbance of these habitats from noise, light pollution or trampling from enhanced access (although it should be noted that former uses of the site would be likely detrimental in this regard). In terms of the potential for net gains, the site is within a ‘Network Enhancement Zone’. Identified by Natural England as areas where improved connections between existing habitat networks can be targeted, these zones have been identified as areas connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which are likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat. The site is readily accessible to Arundel railway station, which is a key public transport node for the Neighbourhood Plan area. As such, development in this location will help limit the need to travel by the private car, helping to limit emissions from transportation. Climate Change In terms of climate change adaptation, most of the site is within an area at ‘low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of between 0.1% and 1%. The western edge of the site is however within an area at ‘medium’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of between 1% and 3.3%. Areas of surface water flood risk are not present in the site. The site is not within, or within the direct setting of the South Downs National Park. Given the site comprises a previously developed employment site, which consists of a builders’ merchant yard, the site currently detracts from Landscape landscape character in the area. The site is also enclosed within the landscape by topography, woodland located to the west, and the presence of the railway station. As such, development at this location would not lead to significant negative effects on landscape character. There are no Tree Protection Orders present on or adjacent to the site.
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SEA theme Commentary, Site G: Formers Travis Perkins yard next to Arundel Station
The site contains a Grade II listed building, which dates from the mid C19th, and was originally a goods shed in the railway yard. Given existing uses on the site, there is significant potential for the historic significance of the feature to be better revealed, and for the setting of the building to be enhanced. This Historic however depends on the design and layout of development taken forward on Environment the site. The site is not within the setting of a conservation area and no scheduled monuments or registered parks and gardens are in the vicinity of (or have the potential to be affected by development on) the site. The site is not within a Minerals Safeguarding Area. The site comprises previously developed land. As such, development at this Land, Soil and location will support the efficient use of land. Water Resources In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the site boundaries. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. Allocation of the site will contribute positively towards meeting local housing needs, although (given the provisions of Local Plan policy AH SP2) it is uncertain whether the delivery of the minimum housing number for the parish on the site would deliver affordable housing. Vibrant and Healthy Located adjacent to Arundel railway station, the site has good accessibility to Communities regional services, facilities and employment opportunities. The site is also accessible (via a pedestrian/cycle route) to the services and facilities in Arundel town centre, which are located approximately 1km away. Development of the site would lead to the loss of existing (albeit recently disused) employment land. The site has excellent connectivity by rail and bus, given its location adjacent Transportation to Arundel railway station. The site is also connected via a pedestrian/cycle route to the services and facilities in Arundel town centre, which are located approximately 1km away. Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
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Summary of appraisal findings Table 4.9: Summary of SEA site appraisal findings
Biodiversity Land, Soil Vibrant and and Climate and Water Healthy Site Geodiversity Change Landscape Historic Env. Resources Communities Transport Site A Site B Site C Site D Site E Site F Site G Key Likely adverse effect (without mitigation Likely positive effect measures)
Neutral/no effect Uncertain effect
Current approach in the Neighbourhood Development Plan and the development of Neighbourhood Development Plan policies Choice of sites taken forward for the purposes of the Neighbourhood Plan 4.20 The LCNDP seeks to deliver the housing target provided by ADC at a site allocation corresponding to Site E considered above (“Field adjacent to Wolstanton”. 4.21 The site allocation, which has been renamed for the purposes of consultation on the Neighbourhood Plan to “Land east of Lyminster Road”, will deliver seven homes. Neighbourhood Plan policies 4.22 To support the implementation of the vision statement for the Neighbourhood Plan, the Regulation 14 version of the LCNDP puts forward 25 policies to guide new development within the LCNDP area. 4.23 Policies were developed following extensive community consultation and evidence gathering and are listed below in Table 4.10.
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Table 4.10: Neighbourhood Plan policies
Reference Policy Name Housing Policy H1 Housing Policy H2 Housing density Policy H3 Windfall Sites Policy H4 Integration of new housing into surroundings Environment and Heritage Policy EH1 Village envelope Policy EH2 Development on Agricultural Land Policy EH3 Surface Water Management Policy EH4 Protection of trees and hedgerows Policy EH5 Renewable and Low Carbon Energy Policy EH6 Conserving and enhancing local heritage assets Policy EH7 Conservation Area Policy EH8 Dark night skies Policy EH9 South Downs National Park Getting Around Policy GA1 Promoting sustainable movement Policy GA2 Footpath, bridlepath, and Cycle Path network Policy GA3 Parking and new development Employment and Enterprise Policy EE1 Supporting Existing Employment and Retail Policy EE2 Retention of employment land Policy EE3 Support For new commercial uses Policy EE4 Communications infrastructure Policy EE5 Sustainable Commercial and Employment Buildings Leisure and Community Policy LC1 Support Independent Living Policy LC2 Provision of allotments Policy LC3 Designation of Local Green Space Policy LC4 Community Building
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5. What are the appraisal findings at this current stage? Introduction 5.1 The aim of this chapter is to present appraisal findings and recommendations in relation to the Regulation 14 consultation version of the LCNDP. This chapter presents: • An appraisal of the current version of the LCNDP under the seven SEA theme headings; and • The overall conclusions at this current stage and recommendations for the next stage of plan-making. Approach to this appraisal 5.2 The appraisal is structured under the eight themes taken forward for the purposes of the SEA. 5.3 For each theme, ‘significant effects’ of the current version of the plan on the baseline are predicted and evaluated. Account is taken of the criteria presented within Schedule 2 of the Regulations. So, for example, account is taken of the probability, duration, frequency, and reversibility of effects as far as possible. These effect ‘characteristics’ are described within the assessment as appropriate. 5.4 Every effort is made to identify / evaluate effects accurately; however, this is inherently challenging given the high-level nature of the plan. The ability to predict effects accurately is also limited by understanding of the baseline and the nature of future planning applications. Because of the uncertainties involved, there is a need to exercise caution when identifying and evaluating significant effects and ensure all assumptions are explained. In many instances it is not possible to predict significant effects, but it is possible to comment on merits (or otherwise) in more general terms. Biodiversity and Geodiversity 5.5 Regarding the proposed allocation at ‘Land east of Lyminster Road’ through Policy H1 (Housing), the site is not likely to directly impact on any internationally or nationally designated sites for biodiversity. Whilst the site is within an SSSI Impact Risk Zone (IRZ) for residential development of 50 units or more, the number of homes potentially to be delivered on the site through the LCNDP would be significantly fewer than this number. 5.6 In the wider context, there are three internationally designated sites located approximately 6km to the north of the LCNDP area, including: Arun Valley Ramsar (and SPA) and Arun Valley SAC. In this respect, correspondence from Arun District Council advises that the LCNDP’s proposals have the potential to impact the integrity of these sites indirectly and adversely, triggering a
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requirement for a Habitats Regulations Assessment (HRA)28. It is expected that the conclusions and recommendations of the HRA will be reflected in the submission version of the LCNDP. 5.7 Through changes in land management, one of the key initiatives within the UK Government’s Environment Bill (2020) is to develop a Nature Recovery Network, providing 500,000 hectares of additional wildlife habitat, more effectively linking existing protected sites and landscapes, as well as urban green and blue infrastructure29. An environmental net gain principle for development is also embedded within the goals and policies of the UK Government’s 25-Year Environment Plan30 (which was published in January 2018) and the Planning White Paper (published in August 2020)31. 5.8 In this regard, Policy EH4 within the LCNDP outlines that proposals should protect and enhance flora and fauna, including habitats, trees, and hedgerows. Policy EH4 also confirms that development proposals must enhance biodiversity and ecological networks, aiming to deliver net gains for nature. Nonetheless, the SEA recommends that developers also consider utilising the Government’s latest available biodiversity metric tools (e.g. at the current time, the latest version is v3.0, which was published by Natural England and Defra in July 2021). This includes a specific metric for smaller development sites and an ‘environmental benefits from nature tool’ which aims to maximise the benefits from delivering net gains. 5.9 As key components of local ecological networks, BAP priority habitats provide an important network of waterways, trees and hedgerows within the LCNDP area. Whilst the loss of these natural features to development is unlikely, disturbance at these locations has the potential to take place from noise, light pollution or trampling from enhanced access. This is potentially likely in relation to the proposed allocation at ‘Land east of Lyminster Road’ as the site is located adjacent to an area of deciduous woodland BAP Priority Habitat (to the north), and an area of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh BAP Priority Habitat (to the north east). In this respect, Policy H1 affirms that the mature trees and hedges on the northern and western boundaries must be retained and enhanced. 5.10 It is important to note that the proposed site allocation (particularly its northern edge which is covered by a ‘Network Expansion Zone’) also has the potential to provide enhancements to ecological networks. This could include retaining and enhancing habitats, improving ecological connectivity to create biodiversity networks with the surrounding landscape, and including measures to attract wildlife to new development areas such as: planting wildflower meadows and native hedgerows; bridges / tunnels for small mammals; the use of boxes / bricks for birds, bees and invertebrates; ponds and drainage ditches. 5.11 In the context of the above, Policy H1 (Housing) and Policy H4 (Integration of new housing into surroundings) states that planning proposals for new
28 The HRA will consider in detail the potential impact pathways between the proposed site allocation and the internationally designated sites. Recommendations in the form of additional policy wording are likely to be made to sure that adequate mitigation measures are delivered by developers at the planning application stage. 29 GOV.UK (2020): ‘Environment Bill – Policy Statement’, [online] available to access via: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environment-bill-2020/30-january-2020-environment-bill-2020-policy-statement 30 DEFRA (2018): ‘A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment’, [online] available to access via:
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residential developments should seek to retain existing mature vegetation, enhancing where appropriate to complement and contribute to the biodiversity of the sites. Policy EH5 (Renewable and Low Carbon Energy) is supportive of development proposals for energy generating infrastructure providing that its siting, scale, and design avoids any harmful impacts on wildlife. For any small residential developments on infill or redevelopment sites which come forward during the plan period, Policy H3 (Windfall Sites) stipulates that wildlife, habitats, green corridors, and the natural environment should be conserved and enhanced to protect biodiversity. 5.12 The integrity of protected species (particularly nocturnal species) will be indirectly supported through the provisions of Policy EH8 (Dark night skies) which seeks to avoid any adverse impacts on the unlit environment within the parish by using low-level lighting. In this respect, proposals will be expected to conform to the highest standard of light pollution restrictions in force at the time, and not detract from the unlit environments within the LCNDP area. This is likely to safeguard areas which provide roosting and foraging sites for protected species, maintaining habitat connectivity and reducing fragmentation. 5.13 Overall, LCNDP policies should ensure that ecological sensitivities are appropriately considered during the planning, construction, and operational phases for new development proposals which come forward during the plan period, whilst also delivering net gains. Climate Change 5.14 In terms of climate change mitigation, per capita greenhouse gas emissions generated in the Neighbourhood Plan area may continue to decrease with the wider adoption of energy efficiency measures, renewable energy production and new technologies. However, increases in the built footprint of the Neighbourhood Plan area would contribute to increases in the absolute levels of greenhouse gas emissions. 5.15 Whilst the delivery of in the region of 7 homes through the LCNDP will increase greenhouse gas emissions either directly through construction, or indirectly through an increase in population, the built footprint of the area and associated travel and consumption behaviours, this level of housing would likely be mirrored by the approval of planning applications. As such, the level of development proposed through the Neighbourhood Plan will be unlikely to lead to increases in greenhouse gas emissions over and above that would be seen otherwise. 5.16 In terms of the site allocation at the Land east of Lyminster Road site, given the lack of services and facilities in Lyminster, an allocation at this location is less likely to reduce the need to travel for accessing day-to-day services and facilities. Whilst this will encourage travel, and car use (with implications for greenhouse gas emissions from transport), the site is readily accessible to relatively frequent public transport links (via Stagecoach service 9) via the bus stop located adjacent to the site. 5.17 More broadly, the LCNDP sets out a number of provisions which will support climate change mitigation. Policy H1 (Housing) encourages the energy efficiency of new homes through supporting a Home Quality Mark (HQM) minimum 3 to 4 star rating for new residential development at final stage
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certificate and Level 4 in the ‘My Footprint’ indicator. Given this aligns with the Code for Sustainable Homes level 4 energy requirement, this will help improve the energy efficiency of new development areas in the parish. Policy EH5 (Renewable and Low Carbon Energy) and Policy EE5 (Sustainable Commercial and Employment Buildings) also supports the provision of renewable and low carbon energy provision in the parish. 5.18 Supporting climate change mitigation further, the Neighbourhood Plan has a focus on supporting active travel modes and public transport use . Discussed in more detail under the ‘Transportation’ SEA theme below, this will help limit emissions from transport in the parish. 5.19 In terms of climate change adaptation, flood risk is not a constraint for the allocated Land east of Lyminster Road site. The site is within an area at ‘very low’ risk of flooding, meaning that each year this area has a chance of flooding of less than 0.1%. Areas of surface water flood risk are also not present on the site. Flood risk present elsewhere in the parish is however recognised by Policy EH3 Surface Water Management, which seeks to ensure that new development within areas at risk from flooding is not permitted unless it is supported by a site-specific Flood Risk Assessment which demonstrates that development does give rise to additional risk of flooding, either to the development site or to other land. It also seeks to ensure that development makes appropriate provision for accommodating the surface water and foul water arising from the development. Policy H3 (Windfall Sites) also seeks to ensure that development proposals for windfall sites clearly demonstrate that any potential surface water flood risk issues are appropriate considered and mitigated through design. 5.20 More broadly (and as highlighted by the NPPF), well planned green infrastructure can help an area adapt to and manage the risks of climate change (including flood risk). Enabling and providing for green infrastructure within the Neighbourhood Plan area is therefore a key way in which the Neighbourhood Plan can help to promote climate change adaptation measures. In this respect, the Neighbourhood Plan policies which support green infrastructure provision and the protection and enhancement of natural features within the villagescape will support climate change adaptation in the Neighbourhood Plan area. Policies include in this regard Policy EH4 (Protection of Trees and Hedgerows) and Policy LC3 (Designation of Local Green Space). Landscape 5.21 In terms of landscape sensitivity, the proposed site allocation through Policy H1 (Housing) at ‘Land east of Lyminster Road’ is not within the boundaries of the South Downs National Park. It is also unlikely to have impacts on the direct setting of the National Park. Therefore, an allocation at this location is not likely to have any significant impacts on the special qualities of this nationally designated landscape. Policy EH9 (South Downs National Park) within the LCNDP states that development within the South Downs National Park will only be supported where it contributes to its special qualities, safeguards its natural beauty, and does not detract from its visual qualities or essential characteristics. The provisions of this policy (alongside those of the South
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Downs Local Plan) should also help ensure that this nationally important landscape is safeguarded from inappropriate development. 5.22 Landscape and villagescape character play an important part in understanding the relationship between people and place, identifying recognisable and distinct patterns which make one area different from another. And understanding of landscape and villagescape character can assist in the assessment of the likely significance of effects of change resulting from new development areas, both in visual and amenity terms. 5.23 In this context, a summary of the local landscape and villagescape sensitivity in relation to the proposed site allocation at ‘Land east of Lyminster Road’ is provided below: • The loss of a significant area of greenfield land at this location has the potential to have impacts on landscape character to the east of Lyminster. However it should be noted that the route of the Lyminster Bypass will pass directly to the east of the site; this will have a negative influence on landscape character in the area and limit the impacts of development at this location on views to and from the site, including (in particular) from the east. • The site is within the Arundel to Littlehampton Gap Between Settlements. This is an area defined by the Arun Local Plan 2011-2031 as generally open and with an undeveloped nature which should be protected to prevent coalescence and retain the settlements’ separate identity. The designation of gaps is not intended to rule out all development but to allow for appropriate, small scale development, which is in keeping with the rural nature of the gaps. 5.24 Reflecting these sensitivities, development proposals should include measures which demonstrate how any impacts would be appropriately mitigated through the application of sensitive design. This could include measures which seek to conserve and enhance the special qualities of the local landscape and villagescape, retain and enhance locally important viewpoints, protect the integrity of the Arundel to Littlehampton Gap Between Settlements, incorporate local materials into the design to respond to local architectural styles, and incorporate visual screening from the surrounding landscape (including from nearby residential areas). 5.25 For example, Policy H4 (Integration of New Housing into Surroundings) stipulates that where greenfield development creates a new edge to the parish, the interface between the built edge and surrounding countryside should be screened by hedgerows and tree planting to soften the appearance of new development areas. This is particularly relevant for the proposed site allocation at ‘Land east of Lyminster Road’, given its location at the eastern edge of Lyminster village and within the Arundel to Littlehampton Gap Between Settlements. Furthermore, Policy EH1 (Village Envelope) seeks to contain development within proximity to existing settlements to prevent sprawl into to the open countryside. Proposals for development outside of the recognised village envelopes (as shown in Map E accompanying the LCNDP) will only be permitted in the exceptional circumstances as listed within the policy. Given the scale of development to be taken forward at ‘Land east of Lyminster Road’ (totalling seven dwellings), and the future presence of the Lyminster Bypass it is not anticipated that the proposed site allocation will significantly change the
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character of the existing village or result in erosion of the integrity of the Arundel to Littlehampton Gap Between Settlements. 5.26 More broadly in relation to landscape and villagescape character, Policy H1 (Housing) states that proposals for new residential development must respect and enhance the built character of the parish and its high-quality countryside setting, including via the use of innovative and contemporary design. To ensure that new development does not harm the established character and appearance of surrounding areas, Policy H2 (Housing Density) goes on to state that the density of new development shall be appropriate to its location by virtue of size, siting, and relationship to existing properties. This is reaffirmed through Policy H3 (Windfall Sites) and Policy LC1 (Support Independent Living) which confirms that the scale and design of development should be appropriate to the size, character, and role of the settlement. 5.27 Regarding locally important landscape and villagescape features of interest, Policy EH6 (Conserving and Enhancing Local Heritage Assets) confirms that development proposals affecting the twelve buildings of local character as listed within the policy (and shown in Map A accompanying the LCNDP) must retain their significance and their contribution to local distinctiveness. Arun District Council have also designated Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) in the interest of their amenity value. However, it is anticipated that these features can be retained through new development areas, with their protection also encouraged through Policy EH4 (Protection of Trees and Hedgerows). This will help to limit potential effects from new development on local landscape and villagescape features of interest. 5.28 In terms of visual amenity, Policy EH7 (Conservation Area) highlights that all development proposals affecting the conservation area should preserve the attributes of significant views and vistas, and sustain and enhance the visual connections between the settlement, conservation area, and the rural hinterland (including longer views to the South Downs National Park). Policy EH5 (Renewable and Low Carbon Energy) is supportive of development proposals for energy generating infrastructure providing that its siting, scale, and design avoids any harmful impacts on the landscape and views. Additionally, Policy EH8 (Dark Night Skies) seeks to ensure that development proposals do not detract from the unlit environments of the parish or reduce the visual quality of the night sky. These policies will support a limitation of effects on the open countryside and safeguard these areas from inappropriate types and scales of development. 5.29 Delivering net gains in biodiversity and green infrastructure enhancements also have the potential to help conserve and enhance landscape and villagescape character, including its special qualities and sense of place. For example, enhanced habitats (trees, hedgerows, grass, shrub, etc.,) can form important parts of the landscape, and provide a role in landscape buffering and planting, providing screening to restrict undesirable views. They can also play a role in contributing towards local distinctiveness and a sense of place. In this regard, Policy EH4 stipulates that development proposals must be designed to incorporate and enhance biodiversity, seeking to retain ancient trees, hedgerows, and trees of good arboricultural and amenity value. This is further discussed in the Biodiversity and Geodiversity appraisal, presented above.
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Historic Environment 5.30 The Neighbourhood Plan area has a distinctive historic environment, with 18 nationally listed buildings and one scheduled monument present in the parish, and the Lyminster Conservation Area covering much of Lyminster village. 5.31 The site allocation at the Land east of Lyminster Road site is not within an area with significant sensitivity for the historic environment. It is not within the setting of the Lyminster Conservation Area, no nationally listed buildings are present on the site and the site is not within the direct setting of any listed buildings. In addition, no scheduled monuments or registered parks and gardens are in the vicinity of (or have the potential to be affected by development on) the site. The site allocation is however located in the setting of two buildings identified through the Neighbourhood Plan process as being locally important for the historic environment, incorporating the Old Vicarage and Vicarage Cottage located on Lyminster Road. 5.32 In recognition of the value of locally important features of historic environment interest in the parish, Policy EH6 (Conserving and Enhancing Local Heritage Assets) identifies 12 buildings of local historic environment importance, and sets out provisions for their conservation. This includes through seeking to ensure that development proposals affecting these features retain their significance including their contribution to local distinctiveness. In this respect the policy stipulates that all proposals that have the potential to directly impact the asset and/or its setting must provide a heritage statement demonstrating that the potential harmful impacts to the asset’s significance has been clearly identified and avoided or minimised. These provisions will therefore help limit impacts of the LCNDP’s site allocation for seven homes at the Land east of Lyminster Road site on the Old Vicarage and Vicarage Cottage. 5.33 The LCNDP also has a close recognition of the significance of the Lyminster Conservation Area for the parish’s historic environment. In this respect Policy EH7 (Conservation Area) sets out a number of provisions for its protection and enhancement. This includes through recognising the significance of the conservation area’s link with the wider landscape and views to and from the South Downs, and the contribution to historic significance of the open nature of much of the conservation area. It also seeks to implement enhancements identified in Arun District Council’s Conservation Areas Supplementary Planning Guidance. Whilst this guidance is dated32 it is still in many respects relevant, and provides a relatively detailed perspective on the Lyminster Conservation Area in the absence of an up to date appraisal or management plan for the conservation area. 5.34 A number of further LCNDP policies directly or indirectly support the conservation and enhancement of the parish’s historic environment. In this respect Policy H1 (Housing), Policy H2 (Housing Density), Policy H3 (Windfall Sites) and Policy H4 (Integration of New Housing into Surroundings) seek to ensure that new residential development reflects local historic character and local distinctiveness. This will be further supported by Policy EE1 (Supporting Existing Employment and Retail) and Policy EE3 (Support for New Commercial Uses) which seek to ensure that commercial and retail usages reflect local
32 Arun District Council (October 2000) Conservation Areas Supplementary Planning Guidance https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n4617.pdf&ver=4290
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character, and Policy EH5 (Renewable and Low Carbon Energy), which seeks to minimise the impacts of renewable energy provision on the historic environment and local character. 5.35 In addition, the policies which support landscape character in the parish (as discussed under the ‘Landscape’ SEA theme above) will support and better reveal the significance of heritage assets in the Neighbourhood Plan area. Land, Soil, and Water Resources 5.36 The LCNDP allocation at the Land east of Lyminster Road site will lead to the loss of greenfield land. A recent detailed agricultural land classification (ALC) assessment has not been completed for the location. However, based on the Predictive Best and Most Versatile Land (BMV) Assessment. the site is underlain by land with a ‘high’ likelihood of BMV land (>60% area BMV). 5.37 In terms of other proposals take forward in the Neighbourhood Plan area, Policy EH2 (Development on Agricultural Land) seeks to limit the loss of BMV land through stipulating that its loss will be resisted unless proposals support the diversification of an agricultural enterprise or other land-based rural business, and/or the need for the development clearly outweighs the harm. The efficient use of land is also supported through Policy H3 (Windfall Sites), which seeks to direct infill and redevelopment sites within the recognised village envelope towards previously developed land, and encourage the efficient use of land within the village envelope. 5.38 Additionally, in terms of soils resources, Policy LC2 (Provision of Allotments) will support the productivity of land through encouraging the development of allotments alongside new development areas. This also recognises the lack of existing allotment provision in the parish. 5.39 In terms of the water environment, there are no watercourses passing through the boundaries of the site allocation at the Land east of Lyminster Road site. The site does not overlap with a groundwater Source Protection Zone, but like elsewhere in the parish, is within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. 5.40 A number of the policies seek to protect key areas of open space and promote high quality landscaping and green infrastructure enhancements. While these policies do not specifically seek to address land, soil and water resources, the policies will indirectly help promote and protect these resources, including through the promotion of high-quality green networks in the Neighbourhood Plan area and the protection and enhancement of key villagescape and landscape features. This will help support the capacity of the villagescape and landscape to regulate soil and water quality. Vibrant and Healthy Communities 5.41 The Regulation 14 consultation version of the LCNDP contains several policies which seek to support and enhance residents’ quality of life in Lyminster & Crossbush. 5.42 Policy H1 (Housing) allocates seven homes at the Land east of Lyminster Road site. Meeting the housing requirement for the parish set out by ADC, it is assumed that this quantum of dwellings will help meet objectively assessed local housing needs in the Neighbourhood Plan area.
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5.43 More broadly in relation to housing provision, the LCNDP seeks to deliver homes of a range of types and tenures to meet the general and specialist needs for housing. In this regard Policy H1 highlights that at least 25% of affordable housing units should be First Homes discounted market sale units. Proposals for market housing over 5 dwellings are also expected to demonstrate that evidence of local need for older persons housing is reflected in the type and mix of homes proposed. This reflects local housing needs relating to an ageing population, including local demand from those living in larger properties in the parish to downsize. Meeting the housing needs of an older population will also be supported by Policy LC1 (Support Independent Living) which seeks to facilitate the delivery of new, converted and extended independent living and care homes within the recognised village envelopes. 5.44 The Neighbourhood Plan also has a focus on delivering high quality, energy efficient housing. In this respect Policy H1 (Housing) seeks to ensure that new homes are delivered to Home Quality Mark (HQM) minimum 3 to 4 star rating at final stage certificate and Level 4 in the ‘My Footprint’ indicator. As discussed in the background text for the policy, the HQM is a customer-focused, third- party assessment and certification scheme. It recognises new homes where performance meets best-practice standards that are often significantly above those required by regulation and is intended to be a rigorous, evidence-based, relevant and independent voluntary standard for new homes. As such, the delivery of new homes to this standard should deliver high quality, energy efficient homes in the parish. 5.45 A further element to note regarding the allocation is that the allocated site is located adjacent to the course of the future Lyminster bypass. In this context potential noise issues from this major road on the site may have impacts on the quality of the living environment and health and wellbeing. This is recognised through the LCNDP, specifically through Policy H4 (Integration of New Housing into Surroundings), which seeks to limit issues relating to noise pollution, and the Neighbourhood Plan’s wider focus on retaining trees and hedgerows and the planting of new trees and vegetation. 5.46 Otherwise, and as discussed under the Landscape and Historic Environment SEA themes, the Neighbourhood Plan has a strong focus on conserving and enhancing the quality of the public realm and supporting local distinctiveness. This will help reinforce the quality of neighbourhoods as places to live and work. 5.47 Accessibility to services and facilities is a key contributor to the quality of life of residents. As for other locations in Lyminster village, the allocated site at the Land east of Lyminster Road site is located at some distance from most key services and facilities, including schools, medical facilities and shops. The site is though accessible via the adjacent Old Vicarage bus stop to Stagecoach bus service number 9, which links Lyminster village with Arundel and Littlehampton. Accessibility (and health and wellbeing) will be further supported by the LCNDP policies which support the use of sustainable modes of transport, including active travel modes. This has been discussed in more detail under the ‘Transportation’ SEA theme. 5.48 Linked to availability of community facilities, the Neighbourhood Plan recognises that the parish has no community meeting place. As such, Policy LC4 (Community Building) supports the conversion of the building south of
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Tremeadow Cottage to a community facility for the use of all the community. In addition, and recognising the lack of existing allotment provision in the parish, Policy LC2 (Provision of Allotments) encourages the development of allotments alongside new development areas. These provisions will provide benefits for community vitality, and support health and wellbeing. 5.49 The Neighbourhood Plan also supports the economic vitality of the parish and local employment opportunities. In this respect Policy EE1 (Supporting Existing Employment and Retail supports development proposals for new buildings for employment use, or proposals for upgrading or extend existing employment sites and retail units if a set of criteria are met. Economic vitality and employment opportunities will also be supported by Policy EE2 (Retention of Employment Land), which seeks to preclude the unnecessary loss of employment land, and Policy EE3 (Support for New Commercial Uses) which supports change of use to Class E uses (including light industry) and facilitates new Class E development, where the impact on surrounding residential and community amenity is acceptable. Policy EE4 (Communications Infrastructure) will also support economic vitality through enhancing access to high quality mobile telecommunication networks. This will in particular facilitate running a business from home and working from home. 5.50 Overall, therefore, the LCNDP has the potential to have significant positive effects in relation to this SEA theme through delivering housing which meets local needs, by supporting accessibility, and securing enhancements to the quality of the public realm and living environment. Transportation 5.51 As for other locations in Lyminster village, the allocated site at the Land east of Lyminster Road site is located at some distance from most key services and facilities, including schools, medical facilities and shops. This will increase the need to travel. The site is though accessible to public transport networks via the Old Vicarage bus stop, which is adjacent to the site and provides access to Stagecoach bus service number 9. This service runs hourly between 7:45am and 6pm and links Lyminster village with Arundel and Littlehampton. 5.52 A number of the policies seek to improve residents’ access via active travel networks. In this context Policy GA2 (Footpath, Bridlepath and Cycle Path Network) supports proposals which improve and extend the existing footpath, bridlepath and cycle path network and resists the loss of existing footpaths, bridlepaths and cycle paths, and Policy H3 (Windfall Sites) supports proposals which create safe and accessible environments that offer good access to facilities via a range of transport modes. Policy GA1 (Promoting Sustainable Movement) also seeks to ensure that development proposals with a significant transport impact demonstrate how these impacts are mitigated, including as appropriate through the extension of active travel networks, supporting improvements to public and community transport and avoiding the loss of any existing footpaths or cycle routes.
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Conclusions at this current stage 5.53 The assessment has concluded that the current version of the LCNDP is likely to lead to significant positive effects in relation to the ‘Vibrant and Healthy Communities’ SEA theme. These benefits largely relate to the Neighbourhood Plan’s focus on delivering high quality housing which meets local needs, its focus on improving the quality of life of residents and its support for the economic and community vitality of the parish. 5.54 The LCNDP will bring positive effects in relation to the ‘Biodiversity and Geodiversity’ SEA theme through retaining habitats, enhancing ecological networks, and delivering net gains. However, given the approaches taken forward through the LCNDP will help limit potential effects from new development areas rather than secure significant enhancements, these impacts are less likely to comprise significant positive effects overall. Furthermore, to protect the integrity of European designated sites (and their qualifying features), the LCNDP should appropriately consider and address the recommendations within the HRA. In this respect it is expected that the conclusions and recommendations of the HRA will be reflected in the submission version of the LCNDP. 5.55 In terms of the ‘Land, Soil and Water Resources’ SEA theme, the allocation taken forward through the Neighbourhood Plan will lead to negative effects on soils resources. This is due to the required landtake on land likely to be classified as the ‘best and most versatile’ agricultural land. This loss should however be seen in the context of the lack of available previously developed land in Lyminster village. 5.56 With regards to the ‘Landscape’ theme, whilst the allocation of the preferred site has the potential to lead to impacts on landscape character locally, the policies of the LCNDP have a close focus on conserving key views, protecting villagescape character, and on green infrastructure provision. This provides an appropriate means of protecting and reinforcing local character in association with the delivery of ADC’s development requirement for the parish. The potential impacts of the allocated site on landscape character should also been seen in the context of the likely impacts on landscape character from the forthcoming Lyminster Bypass. 5.57 The LCNDP is also likely to lead to positive effects in relation to the ‘Historic Environment’ SEA theme. These benefits largely relate to the Neighbourhood Plan’s emphasis on conserving and enhancing the significance of heritage assets, supporting the historic significance of the Lyminster Conservation Area, identifying and protecting locally important heritage assets, and through incorporating high-quality and sensitive design within new development areas. 5.58 The Neighbourhood Plan will also initiate a range of beneficial approaches regarding the ‘Transportation’ and ‘Climate Change’ SEA themes. However, these are not considered to be significant in the context of the SEA process given the scope of the Neighbourhood Plan.
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6. What are the next steps?
6.1 This Environmental Report accompanies the LCNDP for Regulation 14 consultation. 6.2 Following consultation, any representations made will be considered by Lyminster & Crossbush Parish Council, and the LCNDP and Environmental Report will be updated as necessary. The updated Environmental Report will then accompany the LCNDP for submission to the Local Planning Authority, Arun District Council, for subsequent Independent Examination. 6.3 At Independent Examination, the LCNDP will be considered in terms of whether it meets the Basic Conditions for Neighbourhood Plans and is in general conformity with local planning policy. 6.4 If the Independent Examination is favourable, LCNDP will be subject to a referendum, organised by Arun District Council. If more than 50% of those who vote agree with the LCNDP, then it will be ‘made’. Once made, LCNDP will become part of the Development Plan for the parish of Lyminster & Crossbush.
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Appendix A Context Review and Baseline A.1 Air Quality Policy Context Table A1.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A1.1: Plans, policies, and strategic reviewed in relation to air quality
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 The Clean Air Strategy 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air- strategy-2019 UK plan for tackling roadside 2017 gov.uk/government/publications/air-quality-plan- nitrogen dioxide concentrations for-nitrogen-dioxide-no2-in-uk-2017 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/25-year- to Improve the Environment environment-plan South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local-plan/ (ADLP) Air Quality Annual Status Report 2019 https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=doc (ASR) for Arun District m93jijm4n14175.pdf&ver=14424 West Sussex Transport Plan 2011 https://www.arun.gov.uk/transport-planning- policy/
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised below: • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF, which predominantly seeks early planning to reduce/ mitigate air quality impacts in development and to take advantage of opportunities to improve air quality. Measures to improve air quality include traffic and travel management and green infrastructure provision. Strategic development is expected to be focused in locations that have or will be provided with high levels of accessibility; supporting both a reduced need to travel and offering a genuine choice of transport modes. Smaller-scale development should consider the potential for cumulative effects in relation to air quality. • To improve air quality across the UK, national strategies have, in the last few decades, focused on regulatory frameworks, investment by industry in cleaner processes and a shift in the fuel mix towards cleaner forms of energy (largely at point sources). Whilst there are dedicated strategies to reducing roadside emissions (as a significant source of nitrogen dioxide emissions), recent objectives outlined in the Clean Air Strategy seek to recognise wider sources (including smaller contributors and diffuse sources) that contribute to poor air
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quality. These include power generation, heating homes, producing food, manufacturing consumer goods, and powering transport. • The South Downs Local Plan outlines guidance for development in line with air quality issues in the Part of the Neighbourhood Plan area within the National Park through Policy SD54 (Pollution and Air Quality) of the Local Plan. • The LCNDP will also be required to be in general conformity with the Arun District Local Plan which contains policies which will influence air quality including related to green infrastructure provision, accessibility and other elements which have the potential to relate to this theme. • Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared in areas which exceed national objectives for levels of particulates, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, butadiene, carbon monoxide, lead and/ or nitrogen oxides. Current Baseline As per the Air Quality Annual Status Report ASR (2019), there are no AQMAs within Arun District. Air Quality within the Neighbourhood Plan area is generally very good.33 Despite pollution levels being generally low in the district, road traffic exhaust emissions are the greatest source of pollution in the area and have the potential to cause excessive levels of NO2 when large volumes of road traffic are queuing. The Lyminster and Crossbush Bypass route is designated to enhance access to Littlehampton and Bognor Regis via the A284, an important link between the A27 and Littlehampton (discussed further in Chapter A.9, Transportation). The scheme bypasses Lyminster village 600m to the east and is designed to improve safety and accessibility as well as contributing to regeneration in the Littlehampton and Bognor Regis. The bypass will help alleviate traffic congestion issues through Lyminster village, with benefits for air and noise quality. The South Downs Local Plan details several ecosystem services associated with the National Park. One of the services noted by the Plan group is the potential for habitats to provide air quality benefits through air purification processes. Table A1.2 (below) shows air purification capacity, demand, and management zones for Lyminster and Crossbush. Areas with highest demand for air purification are limited to sections of the A27 at, and east of the Crossbush settlement. Additionally, there is a relatively low capacity for habitats at these areas to absorb air pollutants.
33 Arun District Council (2019): ‘ASR’ [online] available at: https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n14175.pdf&ver=14424
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Table A1.2. Air purification capacity, demand, and management zones34
Ecosystem Description Location services Air Air Purification occurs where Purification habitats help to intercept or absorb airborne pollutants produced from road traffic. Figure A1.1 shows estimates of potential air purification ability per habitat type. High values represent areas where habitats have a predicted higher capacity to intercept or absorb airborne pollutants. Scores are on a 1 to 100 scale, whereby darker areas show a higher capacity. Areas within the settlements of Crossbush and Lyminster demonstrate a relatively low capacity to absorb air pollutants (< 20%).
Figure A1.1. Air purification capacity
High demand for air purification is determined by a combination of higher population density, higher health deprivation scores and higher predicted air pollution levels, based on proximity to roads. These scores are ranked on a 1-100 scale, where darker colours indicate higher demand. As per Figure A1.2, parts of the A27 at the Crossbush settlement have the highest demand for air purification (40- 60%).
Figure A1.2 Demand for air purification
34 South Downs National Park (2021): ‘Ecosystem Services Map’ [online] available at: https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- policy/south-downs-local-plan/policies-map/ecosystems-services-map/
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Ecosystem Description Location services Air purification management areas estimate the management interventions that could maintain or increase the benefits delivered to people. Red areas show high demand to create habitats to benefit air quality. As shown in Figure A1.3, areas of highest demand in the Plan area are at discrete areas along the A27 at the Crossbush settlement.
Figure A1.3 Air purification management zones
Future Baseline Air quality within the district is good, including Lyminster and Crossbush parish. However, new housing and employment provision within the parish, including through the Arun Local Plan, as well as, wider subregional growth, has the potential for adverse effects on air quality through increasing traffic flows and associated levels of pollutants such as NO2, particularly along the main routes through the Neighbourhood Plan area such as the A27 and A284. The opening of the Lyminster Bypass will support air quality in Lyminster village through diverting traffic from the existing A284. Implementation of the aims, objectives and policies contained in the ADLP and the West Sussex Transport Plan (discussed in Chapter A.9), and Policy SD54 (Pollution and Air Quality) of the South Downs Local Plan present opportunities to continue to improve air quality within both the Neighbourhood Plan area and the wider district. A.2 Biodiversity Policy Context Table A2.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A2.1: Plans, policies, and strategies reviewed in relation to biodiversity and geodiversity
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/25-year- to Improve the Environment environment-plan
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Document Title Year of Weblink publication The Sussex Biodiversity and n.d. https://assets.sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/Files/swt Planning Document -planning-guidance-2014.pdf The South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local-plan/ (ADLP)
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised below: • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF, which provides significant emphasis on improving biodiversity and securing measurable net gains in development, alongside protection and conservation of designated sites and important species and habitats. This includes utilising a strategic approach to maintaining and enhancing networks of habitats and green infrastructure at the wider catchment or landscape scale. Support is given to establishing coherent ecological networks that are more resilient to current and future pressures, particularly in consideration of climate change. • Over the past decade policy (e.g. The Natural Environment White Paper and Biodiversity 2020) has demonstrated a move away from the traditional approach of protecting biodiversity, to a wider landscape approach to enhancing biodiversity, as part of the overall aims to halt biodiversity loss. The 25 Year Environment Plan places emphasis on improvements to the natural environment; identifying the need to “replenish depleted soil, plant trees, support wetlands and peatlands, rid seas and rivers of rubbish, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, cleanse the air of pollutants, develop cleaner, sustainable energy and protect threatened species and habitats.” Working at a landscape scale transformation is expected to connect habitats into larger corridors for wildlife. • The emerging Environment Bill will provide further provisions in relation to biodiversity when granted royal assent. The Bill will set parameters for biodiversity gain as a condition of planning permission, as well as biodiversity gain site registers and biodiversity credits. The Bill identifies a general duty to conserve and enhance biodiversity, including through biodiversity reports and local nature recovery strategies. Local nature recovery strategies will identify biodiversity priorities for the strategy area as well as a local habitat map. Furthermore, habitat maps are expected to include recovery and enhancement areas which are or could become of importance for biodiversity. • The LCNDP will also be required to be in general conformity with the ADLP which contains policies directly relating to biodiversity and geodiversity. • The Sussex Biodiversity and Planning Document provides information from the National Planning Policy Framework to guide the protection of wildlife in the region.35 • The South Downs Local Plan sets out several core policies for guiding development within parts of the South Downs Local Plan area, including Lyminster and Crossbush. Core Policy SD1 (Sustainable Development and Policy SD2 (Ecosystem Services) identify principles for the long-term protection
35 Sussex Wildlife Trust (n.d.): ‘Biodiversity and Planning in Sussex’ [online] available at: https://assets.sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/Files/swt-planning-guidance-2014.pdf
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of key biodiversity assets, with a focus on environmental stewardship and ecosystem services. • At the local level, policies within the ‘Natural Environment’ section of the ADLP directly relate to the biodiversity and geodiversity SEA theme. Current Baseline Internationally designated sites There are no internationally designated sites within the Plan area. The nearest site is Arun Valley (Ramsar site, Special Protection Area (SPA) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC)), situated approximately 5.9km from the northernmost boundary of the Plan area. Nationally designated sites With regards to nationally designated sites, Arundel Park Site of Special Scientific Significance (SSSI) is situated 1km from the northern boundary of the Plan area. Arundel Park is recognised as one of the most important sites in the country for invertebrates, including a number of rare and notable species such as the Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), and 25 breeding butterflies, including the Duke of Burgundy fritillary Hamearis lucina, brown argus Aricia agestis and chalk hill blue Lysandra coridon. In particular, a rare mollusc (Pseudamnicola confuse) is present in the reedbed along the riverbank.36 In addition, the SSSI supports several habitats, including species-rich chalk grassland, containing several plants uncommon in Sussex and a variety of woodland (Mature beech, holly, ash and rare box). Dense areas of hawthorn scrub occur in places. Recent beech and conifer plantations still contain remnants of scrub and chalk woodland flora including stinking hellebore (Helleborus foetidus).37 The breeding bird community in Arundel Park includes birds of woodland and scrub such as hobby, tawny owl, nightingale and all three British species of woodpecker. At Swanbourne Lake, shelduck, little grebe and tufted duck can be found. There are also important numbers of wintering wildfowl such as gadwall and pochard. The reedbed in the Wildfowl Reserve supports a locally notable population of breeding sedge and reed warblers.38 The site’s condition is primarily ‘favourable’ (58.6%), however 40.9% of the site is ‘unfavourable’ (‘recovering’), whilst 0.39% of the site (the field cricket) has been destroyed. These recovering areas have been identified as calcareous grassland (lowland and fen), marsh and swamp (lowland).39 Though the Plan area falls within several Impact Risk Zones (IRZs) for the Arundel Park SSSI, development being brought forward through the Neighbourhood Plan is not anticipated to meet the threshold for these IRZs, given the scale of residential units proposed (< 10 dwellings).
36 Natural England (n.d.): ‘Arundel Park Summary’ [online] available at: https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1004038.pdf 37 Natural England, Ibid, p. 2. 38 Natural England, Ibid, p. 2. 39 Natural England (2021): ‘SSSI Unit Condition’ [online] available at: https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/ReportUnitCondition.aspx?SiteCode=S1004038&ReportTitle=Arundel%20Park% 20SSSI
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National Parks are designated for their special biodiversity significance and are monitored by National Park authorities.40 The South Downs National Park covers the northern part of the Plan area (shown in Figure A2.1, below). The park supports 160 hectares of chalk grassland, scrub, mixed woodland and ancient yew forest and a number of important species, including41: • 11 different orchids or 39 species of butterfly; • evidence of badgers, weasels, stoats, and roe or fallow deer; • 23 species of dragonfly; and • adders, smooth snakes, great crested newts, and sand lizards. The Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan includes provision for a Nature Recovery Network (NRN), states that it will deliver on the recommendations of the Lawton Report, and that recovering wildlife will require more habitat; in better condition; in bigger patches that are more closely connected. In this respect, a series of habitat network maps have been collated by Natural England to provide a baseline for habitat creation, enhancement and restoration. In this regard, a number of ‘Network Enhancement Zones’ have been presented using Magic Map software. The following parts of the Plan area fall within Network Enhancement Zone 1 (‘land connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which is likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat’): • The main part of Crossbush at Batworth Park; and • Southwestern parts of the Plan area, including the land at Knucker Hole and north of Old Mead House. Areas of local biodiversity importance The Priority Habitat Inventory42 describes the geographic extent and location of Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (2006) Section 41 habitats of principal importance. A number of priority habitats fall within the Plan area: coastal and floodplain grazing marsh, deciduous woodland, broadleaved woodland, ancient & semi-natural woodland, coastal saltmarsh. Biodiversity Opportunity Areas (BOAs) are areas which present an opportunity to conserve biodiversity and create and/or enhance ecological networks.43 In this regard, there are a number of BOAs within the Plan area
40 National Parks England (2021): ‘What is a National Park?’ [online] available at: https://www.nationalparks.uk/what-is-a- national- park/#:~:text=There%20are%2010%20National%20Parks,South%20Downs%20and%20Yorkshire%20Dales.&text=Scotland%2 0%E2%80%93%20Cairngorms%20and%20Loch%20Lomond%20%26%20The%20Trossachs. 41 South Downs National Park Authority (2021): ‘Habitats’ [online] available at: https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/wildlife-habitats The Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan includes provision for a Nature Recovery Network (NRN) and states that it will deliver on the recommendations of the Lawton Report, and that recovering wildlife will require more habitat; in better condition; in bigger patches that are more closely connected. In this respect, a series of habitat network maps have been collated by Natural England to provide a baseline for habitat creation, enhancement and restoration . In this regard, a number of ‘Network Enhancement Zones’ have been presented using Magic Map software. The following parts of the Plan area fall within Network Enhancement Zone 1 (‘land connecting existing patches of primary and associated habitats which is likely to be suitable for creation of the primary habitat’):/habitats/ 42 Gov data (2020): ‘Priority habitat inventory’ [online] available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/4b6ddab7-6c0f-4407-946e- d6499f19fcde/priority-habitat-inventory-england 43 Sussex Biodiversity Partnership (2009): ‘Biodiversity Opportunity Areas’ [online] available at: https://ww3.brighton- hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/SP060%20Sussex%20Biodvsty%20Opp%20Areas.pdf
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Figure A2.1: South Downs National Park (extent within the Plan area in blue)44 Future Baseline Habitats and species will potentially face increasing pressures from future development within the Neighbourhood Plan area, with the potential for negative impacts on the wider ecological network. This may include a loss of habitats and impacts on biodiversity networks, which may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change, which has the potential to lead to changes in the distribution and abundance of species and changes to the composition of habitats. Policies ENV SM1 and ENV DM5 of the ADLP specify the importance of preserving these areas from the impacts of future development. The Neighbourhood Plan presents an opportunity to maximise benefits for biodiversity by including consideration of important habitats, species, and designated sites at an early stage of planning for future growth, especially with recognition of BOAs and Network Enhancement Zones. To maintain and improve the condition of biodiversity in the future, it will be important to not only protect and enhance important habitats but the connections between them. It will be crucial to effectively coordinate the delivery of housing, employment, and infrastructure to ensure that opportunities to improve green infrastructure and ecological corridors are maximised both within the Neighbourhood Plan area and in the surrounding areas.
44 South Downs National Park (2021): ‘Lyminster and Crossbush Neighbourhood Plan Area’ [online] available at: https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Lyminster-and-Crossbush-Neighbourhood-Area-Designation- Map-1.pdf
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A.3 Climate Change Policy Context Table A3.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A3.2: Plans, policies, and strategies reviewed in relation to climate change
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 The Clean Air Strategy 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air- strategy-2019 The Clean Growth Strategy 2017 gov.uk/government/publications/clean-growth- strategy A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/25-year- to Improve the Environment environment-plan Decarbonising Transport: Setting 2020 gov.uk/government/publications/creating-the- the Challenge transport-decarbonisation-plan UK (second) National Adaptation 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/climate-change- Programme 2018 to 2023 second-national-adaptation-programme-2018- to-2023 The South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local-plan/ (ADLP)
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised below: • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF, which requires proactive planning to both mitigate and adapt to climate change. Planning policies are expected to improve the resilience of communities and infrastructure to climate change impacts, avoid inappropriate development in the flood plain, and support the move to a low carbon economy. The NPPF recognises the potential for planning to shape places in ways that contribute to radical reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and deliver long-term resilience; including through reuse, regeneration and conversion. • The Clean Growth Strategy, Clean Air Strategy and the 25-year Environment Plan are a suite of documents which seek to progress the government’s commitment under the UK Climate Change Act to becoming net zero by 2050. The documents set out detailed proposals on how the government will tackle all sources of air pollution, whilst maintaining an affordable energy supply and increasing economic growth. This parallels with the 25-year Environment Plan, which further seeks to manage land resources sustainably, recover and reinstate nature, protect soils and habitats, increase resource efficiency, improve water quality, and connect people with the environment. The documents also interlink with the government’s commitment to decarbonising transport, a recognised challenge that needs more work in a timely manner if government are to achieve net zero targets. Furthermore, the decarbonisation plan recognises the twinned
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need to undertake action to adapt the transport sector and increase resilience to climate change risks; and this challenge is more directly addressed through the UK’s National Adaptation Programme. • The LCNDP will also be required to be in general conformity with the ADLP and South Downs Local Plan, which contain policies relating to climate change mitigation and adaptation, including flood risk, green infrastructure (GI) development, resource efficiency, air quality, water quality, sustainable transport, and accessibility. Current Baseline Climate change mitigation Arun District Council declared a climate emergency in January 2020. As recommended by the council, an action plan containing key priorities to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030 will be produced. 45 Carbon dioxide emissions for Arun District are presented in Figure A3.1 (below). Emissions in the district are higher than comparative figures for West Sussex, the South East and England as a whole. However, emissions have shown a decreasing trend, in line with figures for West Sussex, the South East and England as a whole. Over the period of 2014- 2018, emissions in the district have steadily decreased by 12.4%. However, this smaller than the decrease over the same time period for West Sussex (11.6%), the South East (12.6%) and England as a whole (14.2%). This is shown in Table A3.2, below.
Figure A3.1: Carbon Emissions (2005- 2018)46
45 Arun District Council (2020): ‘Arun District Council Report To And Decision Of The Environment & Leisure Working Party’ [online] available at: https://democracy.arun.gov.uk/documents/s5814/Item%208%20- %20Climate%20Change%20Emergency%20Update%20Report%20ELWG%202012%20Final.pdf 46 Gov (UK): ‘CO2 emissions’ [online] available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-local-authority-and-regional- carbon-dioxide-emissions-national-statistics-2005-to-2018
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47 Table A3.2: Percentage change in CO2 emissions (2014- 2018)
Area Arun West Sussex South East England Percentage change -12.4% -11.6% -12.6% -14.2%
Figure A3.2 (below) shows levels of carbon dioxide in Arun District in differing sectors. The largest contributing sector in 2018 was the domestic sector (40.8%). However, figures have been decreasing over the recording period, whilst emissions from the transport sector have increased by 5.8% over the past 4 years (2014- 2018).
48 Figure A3.2: CO2 emissions per sector (2014- 2018) With regards to transport emissions, the uptake of Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEVs) will contribute positively towards the reduction of road transport related emissions. In line with assumptions made by the Department for Transport’s ‘Road to Zero’ Report (2018)49, it is assumed that ULEV uptake will increase rapidly in the coming decade and aside from Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs), all vehicles could be ultra-low emission (powered either by hydrogen or electricity) by 2030. Electric Vehicles (EVs) do not burn fuel and create almost no noise. They are battery powered and have the potential to be ‘zero-emission vehicles’ (ZEVs) if powered by renewable electricity. As of May 2021, there are currently two electric charging points within the Plan area, and one within 1km of the south border (shown in Figure A3.3 below).
47 Gov (UK), Ibid. 48 Gov (UK), Ibid. 49 HM Gov (2018) The Road to Zero – Next steps towards cleaner road transport and delivering our Industrial Strategy [online] available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/739460/road-to- zero.pdf
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Figure A3.3: EV Charging points50 In terms of renewable energy, the Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy publishes annual statistics on renewable energy generation, disaggregated by Local Authority.51 The most recent data (2019) shows that Arun has a total of 2,063 renewable energy (electricity) installations. The majority of these installations are photovoltaics and they amount to a total renewable electricity capacity of 63199 MWh. Climate change adaptation Research on the probable effects of climate change in the UK was released in 2018 by the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) team. UKCP18 gives climate information for the UK up to the end of this century and projections of future changes to the climate are provided, based on simulations from climate models. Projections are broken down to a regional level across the UK and are shown in probabilistic form, which illustrate the potential range of changes and level of confidence in each prediction. As highlighted by the research, the effects of climate change for the South East of England by 2040 in a ‘medium emissions’ scenario are likely to be as follows:52 • An increase in winter mean temperature of 1oC and an increase in summer mean temperature of 2oC; and
50 Zap map (2021): ‘EV charging points’ [online] available at: 51 DBEIS (2020) Regional Renewable Statistics – Renewable electricity by local authority 2014 to 2019 [online] available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/regional-renewable-statistics 52 Met Office (2019) Land Projection Maps: Probabilistic Projections [online] available at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/land-projection-maps
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• A change in winter mean precipitation up to +10% and summer mean precipitation up to -10%. Resulting from these changes, a range of risks exist for the Plan area, including: • Effects on water resources, such as a reduction in availability of groundwater for extraction and a need to increase capacity of wastewater treatment plants and sewers; • Adverse effect on water quality from low stream levels and turbulent stream flow after heavy rain; • Increased risk of flooding and a need to upgrade flood defences; • Soil erosion due to flash flooding; • Loss of species that are at the edge of their southerly distribution and spread of species at the northern edge of their distribution; • Increased demand for air-conditioning; and • Heat stress related issues with infrastructure due to increased temperature. Fluvial flood risk in the Plan area is notably high in areas adjacent to the Black Ditch River (south) and the River Arun (west). In these areas, land falls within Flood Zone 3 (greater than 1% of annual flooding). Surface water flood risk is highest in areas outside of the main settlements of Lyminster and Crossbush except for the area around Arundel Drive in the southern part of the Plan area. Future Baseline In line with UK trends and national commitments, emissions are likely to continue to fall as energy efficiency measures, renewable energy take-up and new technologies, such as EVs and solar PV, become more widely adopted. Notably, the Government has consulted on changes to England’s Building Regulations introducing a ‘Future Homes Standard’ and the Department for Transport recently published ‘Decarbonising Transport; setting the challenge’ a first step towards publishing a full transport decarbonisation plan. In the future, new development could have the potential to increase flood risk through factors such as changing surface and ground water flows, overloading existing inputs to the drainage and wastewater networks or increasing the number of residents exposed to areas of existing flood risk. It is further recognised that climate change has the potential to increase the occurrence of extreme weather events. This has the potential to put residents, property, and development at a high risk of flood exposure. However, in line with the NPPF (2019) sequential testing is likely to ensure that development within areas at highest risk of flooding is largely avoided, and development is likely to deliver mitigation such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). There will be a need to develop resilient landscapes to offset rising temperatures, to respond to the shortage of freshwater and increased tidal inundation and to strengthen ecological connectivity, particularly along the Coast to Downs GI Corridor. Additionally, the role of the strategic GI corridors in providing flood storage should be recognised and their ability to provide this role should be enhanced, in line with Policy GI SP1 (Green Infrastructure and Development’) of the ADLP.
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A.4 Landscape Policy Context Table A4.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A4.1: Plans, policies, and strategies reviewed in relation to landscape
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/25-year- to Improve the Environment environment-plan The National Design Guide 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national-design- guide The South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local-plan/ (ADLP) South Downs Partnership 2020 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/wp- Management Plan content/uploads/2020/04/SD_PMP_2019_F_22- FINAL.pdf
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised below: • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF which gives great weight to conserving and enhancing protected landscapes, as well as landscape character and scenic beauty. The NPPF recognises the role of green infrastructure in landscape settings, as well as the importance of designated biodiversity sites, habitats, woodland, historic features, agricultural land and cultural landscapes. The positive contribution that land remediation can make in terms of addressing despoiled, degraded, derelict, contaminated and unstable land is also recognised. • The 25-year Environment Plan and National Design Guide complement each other with their aims for a cleaner, greener country which puts the environment first and celebrates the variety of natural landscapes and habitats. Design is focused on beautiful, enduring and successful places, which respond to local character and provide a network of high quality green open spaces. • The LCNDP will also be required to be in general conformity with the ADLP and South Downs Local Plan which contains policies directly relating to valued landscapes, landscape character, settlement identity, green infrastructure and design. • The South Downs Partnership Management Plan sets out the overarching five- year strategy for the management of the South Downs National Park, including the preservation of its key landscape features.
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Current Baseline West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment The West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment53 was conducted in 2003 and outlines 42 character areas within the county, grouped by similar characteristics. In this regard, the Plan area falls within two character areas, the ‘upper arun valley’ and ‘built up areas’. Alongside the Character Assessment, the Strategy for the West Sussex Landscape54, implemented in 2005, aims to protect and enhance the landscape as an asset for future generations, outlining visions for the five national character areas (NCAs) which characterise the county. In the context of the Neighbourhood Plan area, the vision statements for the ‘South Coast Plan’ are to ensure that: • High-quality new development is well-integrated with existing towns and the wider landscape; • The urban fringe combines a distinctive landscape character (including a combination of open spaces, woodlands, and hedgerows) with well-managed land uses which benefit residents and visitors in town and country alike; • A strong network of woodlands and hedgerows forms green corridors within the gaps between the coastal towns, providing informal recreational opportunities and helping to connect the towns and their residents within the wider landscape; • Productive farmland and permitted horticultural uses are set within a strong landscape framework of woodlands, shelterbelts and hedgerows. Agriculture adopts sympathetic farming and land management methods, contributing to landscape renewal and biodiversity, including conserving wetlands and pastureland; • Extensive new areas of mudflats, salt marsh and coastal grazing marsh are established within coastal inlets, as an important part of coastal retreat schemes; • The local distinctiveness of villages and their settings continues to be evident, with a return to the greater availability and use of traditional local materials. The South Downs National Park The South Downs is a designated National Park, which is known for its distinctive landscape diversity. Designated in 2009, the SDNP is one of England’s newest national parks, and covers an area of approximately 1,653 km2. The park contains a “rich mosaic of habitats”, including ancient woodland, heathland ridges, river valleys, chalk cliffs and farmland”55. A large proportion of the northernmost part of the Plan area falls within the National Park. The South Downs Character Assessment (LCA)56 identifies several landscape character types (LCTs), which are distinct types of landscape that are relatively homogeneous in character. These are detailed in Table A4.2 below.
53 West Sussex County Council (2003): ‘West Sussex Landscape Character Assessment’ [online] available at: https://www.westsussex.gov.uk/land-waste-and-housing/landscape-and-environment/landscape-character-assessment-of-west- sussex/ 54 West Sussex County Council (2005): ‘Strategy for the West Sussex Landscape’, [online] available to download via: https://www.westsussex.gov.uk/land-waste-and-housing/landscape-and-environment/landscape-character-assessment-of-west- sussex/ 55 South Downs National Park Authority (2013) ‘South Downs National Park Partnership Management Plan’, [online] available at: https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/SDNP-Partnership-Management-Plan-2014-19.pdf 56 South Downs National Park Authority (2020): ‘South Downs LCA’ [online] available at: https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/landscape-design-conservation/south-downs-landscape-character-assessment/
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Table A4.2: LCTs within Lyminster and Crossbush57
LCT Summary Key features Sensitivities F: Major Chalk LCT F is a landscape of • Wide flat valley floodplains forming the base of distinctive • The flat, open and undeveloped character of the River Floodplains large and expansive U-shaped valleys cutting through the chalk - valley floors, which are particularly vulnerable to scale as a result of the topographically and visually distinct from the sloping introduction of built elements, particularly large scale flat landform, lack of valley sides. linear/vertical developments. vertical elements and far- • The valleys have historically formed a link between the • Inter-visibility with adjacent settled valley sides and reaching open views. Weald, downland and sea. downs enhances the visual sensitivity Views are contained and • Rivers meander across the floodplains in broad loops. • The remnant meandering channels of the rivers and channelled by the rising Some sections are embanked with artificially straightened tributary streams that provide a sense of naturalness valley sides and wooded courses. Historically the rivers were navigable. in an otherwise regimented pattern of artificial fringe of the floodplain. It drainage channels. is a simple and uniform • Extensive open valley floor, with long views, enclosed and landscape type as a contained by the rising valley sides. Tree and woodland • The unified pastoral character of the floodplains, result of the consistency cover frequently mark the edge of the floodplain where which are vulnerable to changes in land use and in pasture land use. contours begin to rise. management including the introduction of horse • There is land cover of small-scale grazed pastures, paddocks. reclaimed from the former marshy margins of the river • Riverside willows and alders which mark the courses from the medieval period onwards. of the rivers and contribute to the biodiversity of the • Remnant areas of wetland, reedbeds, fen, floodplain floodplain landscapes. grassland and marsh – of high biodiversity interest and • Semi-natural floodplain habitats such as ponds, supporting large numbers of birds. reedbeds, meadows, and grazing marsh. • Fields are bound by ditches and occasional hedgerows. Groups of willows and alders occur sporadically alongside the river and drainage channels.
G: Major Chalk LCT G encompasses the • Valley sides of varying steepness enclosing the major • Intact chalk valley sides and occasional steep chalk Valley Sides valley sides/slopes which river floodplains and linking to the adjacent downland. cliffs that are vulnerable to quarrying operations. enclose and provide the The sides are often indented by dry valleys, and • The rural road network that is vulnerable to heavy setting for the major occasionally form steep chalk cliffs. traffic and pressures relating to road upgrades. valley floodplains (LCT F, • An expansive large-scale landscape containing, and • The nucleated villages that are indicative of the above). The boundaries providing the setting for, the floodplain. Some slopes medieval ‘manorial’ system. are defined by the provide excellent views down onto the floodplain
57 South Downs National Park Authority (2020): ‘South Downs National Park Landscape Character Assessment – Interactive Mapping Tool’ [online] available at: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/collections/b6120985f1184c3bb3d1c5df317478b2?item=1
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LCT Summary Key features Sensitivities change in slope to the flat revealing the patterns of the river channel and meanders • The consistency in building materials including flint, floodplain and by the that are not perceptible at ground level. red brick, timber and clay tiles which create a crest of the slope, as • Soils support arable land on shallower slopes, where consistent, unified and intact character. seen in the view from the large 20th century fields represent extensive re- • The remnant areas of chalk grassland on steeper valley floor. organisation of the landscape. A mix of pasture/chalk slopes that are of great biodiversity interest and are grassland, scrub and woodland occupies steeper slopes. vulnerable to changes in management particularly • The valley sides frequently contain rural roads running decline in grazing. along the contour above the floodplain and have formed a • The deciduous woodlands and network of hedgerows link between the Weald and the sea from the earliest on the lower slopes that form a strong wooded edge prehistoric periods up to the present day. Minor lanes and to the floodplain. unsurfaced tracks typically descend the valley sides. LCT R: Upper LCT R is a gently • Low lying undulating landscape at the foot of the chalk • The rural character of the landscape which could be Coastal Plain undulating landscape dipslope forming a transition between the chalk downs vulnerable to further built development. lying at the foot of the and the flat lower coastal plain. • The wetland habitats associated with springs and chalk dipslope along the • The underlying geology (upper chalk) is masked by drift streams. southern edge of the deposits of ‘Head’ (weathered and broken up material) at • The strong network of hedgerows, hedgerow oaks South Downs. This the foot of the dipslope which gives rise to stony fertile and small woodlands which form important visual and landscape type extends soils. ecological links. outside the National Park • Drained by a series of streams running southwards boundary to the south. • Former common land remnants of which persist if only towards the sea, some dammed to form ponds. in place name. • A strong network of hedgerows, hedgerow oaks and • Early field enclosure patterns which could be woodlands create structure – woodlands form links with vulnerable to field amalgamation or expansion. the wooded downs to the north. • Nucleated historic villages exhibiting local building • Mixture of field sizes and shapes supporting a mixture of materials including flint and brick whose character and pasture and arable - regular fields represent settings are vulnerable to change. reorganisation of earlier field systems and recent • Avenues, parkland trees, and woodland associated enclosure of former commons. with historic parklands which contain key ecological • The coastal plain is well settled - nucleated historic towns features, and which are vulnerable to ageing and and villages are located along the foot of the dipslope. piecemeal change. characteristic building materials include flint and brick. • The rural character of the unmarked roads which • Extensive and complex sub-surface archaeology could be vulnerable to ‘improvements’ indicates that the fertile upper coastal plain has been • Visibility of the landscape from the adjacent downs. intensively exploited by numerous farming settlements.
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These LCTs are subdivided into three character areas that describe differing features of the landscape within the Lyminster and Crossbush Plan area. These are shown in Figure A4.1 and listed below. • Arun floodplain (shown in dark blue); • Arun valley sides (shown in light blue); and • The South Downs upper coastal plain (shown in yellow).
Figure A4.1: Landscape Character Areas (South Downs LCA)58 Arun Landscape Study (2008) Arun District Council completed a landscape study for the District in August 2006. The neighbourhood Plan area falls within several landscape types, detailed below, and presented in Figure A4.2 below. • V2 (Open valley floor); • L1b (Large scale open arable); • L3 (Coastal plain enclosed pasture); • L2 (Medium/small scale arable); • L15 (Apparently unmanaged land); • L10a (Glass houses);
58 South Downs National Park Authority (2020): ‘South Downs National Park Landscape Character Assessment – Interactive Mapping Tool’ [online] available at: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/collections/b6120985f1184c3bb3d1c5df317478b2?item=1
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• M1 (Mobile home/caravan park); • T1 (Amenity/recreation); • V5b (Shallow minor valley); • U1 (Utilities); and • L14 (Paddock).
Figure A4.2: Arun LCTs within the Lyminster and Crossbush Plan area
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Tree Preservation Orders Implemented by local planning authorities, Tree Preservation Orders (TPOs) are designated to protect specific trees, groups of trees or woodlands in the interests of their amenity value. In this context, Arun District Council have allocated several TPOs within the Neighbourhood Plan area, shown below in Figure A4.3.
Figure A4.3: TPOs in the Lyminster and Crossbush Plan area59 The District Council have identified this particular area as functioning as a ‘strategic gap’ in the Arun Green Infrastructure Study (2012)60, and noted the following sensitives within the corridor: • Loss of pastoral character of the valley; • any large scale housing/commercial development; • change to open character; • loss of long views to Arundel and the Down; • change in important views including those of settlements and landmarks; • loss of wetland areas; and • change to river banks and drainage by unsympathetic reprofiling or flood protection measures.
59 Arun District Council (n.d.): ‘Interactive TPO Map’ [online] available at: https://www1.arun.gov.uk/webapps/wml/ 60 Arun District Council (2012): ‘Arun GI Study’ [online] available at: https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n6854.pdf&ver=6567
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Future Baseline New development has the potential to lead to incremental but small changes in landscape and villagescape character and quality in and around the Neighbourhood Plan area. This includes from the loss of landscape features unique to the LCTs. In the absence of the plan, inappropriate levels of development within the open countryside could negatively impact upon the landscape features which contribute to the distinctive character and setting of the Neighbourhood Plan area, along with the special qualities of the South Downs National Park. A.5 Historic Environment Policy Context Table A5.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A5.1: Plans, policies, and strategies reviewed in relation to the historic environment
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/25-year- Improve the Environment environment-plan The National Design Guide 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- design-guide Historic England Advice Note 1: 2019 historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/pla Conservation Area Appraisal, Designation nning-system/ and Management Historic England Advice Note 3: The 2017 historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/pla Setting of Heritage Assets nning-system/ Historic England Advice Note 8: 2016 historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/pla Sustainability Appraisal (SA) and Strategic nning-system/ Environmental Assessment (SEA) Historic England Advice Note 11: 2018 historicengland.org.uk/advice/planning/pla Neighbourhood Planning and the Historic nning-system/ Environment The South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan (ADLP) 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local- plan/
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised below: • The key high-level principles for the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment are as follows: ─ The historic environment is a shared resource ─ Everyone should be able to participate in sustaining the historic environment
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─ Understanding the significance of places is vital ─ Significant places should be managed to sustain their values ─ Decisions about change must be reasonable, transparent, and consistent ─ Documenting and learning from decisions is essential.61 • The significance of places is the key element which underpins the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment. Significance is a collective term for the sum of all the heritage values attached to a place, be it a building an archaeological site or a larger historic area such as a whole village or landscape. • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF, which ultimately seeks to conserve and enhance historic environment assets in a manner appropriate to their significance. The NPPF seeks planning policies and decisions which are sympathetic to local character and history without preventing or discouraging appropriate innovation of change. Planning Practice Guidance expands on the NPPF recognising the proactive rather than passive nature of conservation. • The role of the historic environment, as part of healthy and thriving ecosystems, landscapes and cultural values, including settlement identity, is reiterated through the key messages of the 25 Year Environment Plan and National Design Guide. • Historic England’s Advice Notes provide further guidance in relation to the conservation and enhancement of the historic environment. Of particular relevance for the LCNDP is the emphasis on the importance of: ─ Understanding the different types of special architectural and historic interest which underpin designations, as well as how settings and/ or views contribute to the significance of heritage assets; ─ Recognising the value of implementing controls through neighbourhood plans, conservation area appraisals and management plans; and ─ Appropriate evidence gathering, including clearly identifying those issues that threaten an area or assets character or appearance and that merit the introduction of management measures. • The LCNDP will also be required to be in general conformity with the ADLP which contains policies directly relating to the historic environment. • In addition to conserving the historic environment, the LCNDP should seek to identify opportunities to enhance the fabric and setting of the historic environment. It should also seek to rejuvenate features and areas which are at risk of neglect and decay. Current Baseline In Lyminster, there are two key historic settlement patterns which determine the focus of several key listed buildings. These are at the main historic core of Lyminster (Lyminster Road and Church Lane, which contain the most ‘well lived’ part of Lyminster, and the Grade I listed Church of St Mary Magdalen) and at Crossbush
61 Historic England: Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance
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Lane. These areas also have the potential to possess key archaeological artifacts in Lyminster. Listed buildings Historic England is the statutory consultee for certain categories of listed building consent and all applications for scheduled monument consent. The historic environment is protected through the planning system, via conditions imposed on developers and other mechanisms. In this regard, there are a total of 18 listed buildings within the Plan area, of which 16 are listed as Grade II, one is listed as Grade II* and one is listed as Grade I. These are detailed below. Grade I • The Parish Church Of St Mary Magdalen, Lyminster Road (Lyminster) Grade II* • Priory Farmhouse, Arundel Road (Crossbush) Grade II • Crossbush Lodge, Arundel Road (Crossbush) • Bushacre, Arundel Road (Crossbush) • Calcetto Cottage, Arundel Road (Crossbush) • The Hermitage, Arundel Road (Crossbush) • The Plough and Sail Inn, Arundel Road (Crossbush) • Old Well House, Arundel Road (Crossbush) • The Camellia Hotel, Arundel Road (Crossbush) • The Premises Of Arundel Builders Merchants Limited at Arundel Station, Arundel Road • The Corner Cottage, Lyminster Road (Lyminster) • Calceto, Lyminster Road (Lyminster) • Brook Lawn, Lyminster Road (Lyminster) • Old Granary, Church Lane • Lyminster Cottage, Lyminster Road • Flint Cottage, Lyminster Road • Paigles, Lyminster Road (Lyminster) • Church Farmhouse, Lyminster Road (Lyminster) • Lyminster House, Lyminster Road • Old Lyminster House Lyminster Road (Lyminster) Scheduled monuments Scheduled monuments are sites of national importance and protected by the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. According to the National Heritage
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List for England62, there is one scheduled monument within the Plan area: Ringwork 400m NNW of Batworthpark House63. Ringworks are medieval fortifications built and occupied from the late Anglo-Saxon period to the later 12th century. Ringworks are of particular significance to our understanding of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman period. Lyminster Conservation Area Conservation areas are designated because of their special architectural and historic interest. In this regard, the Lyminster Conservation Area, designated by Arun District Council encompasses the central part of Lyminster village. Arun District Council notes that an important feature of the Conservation area is its open space: “…with its surrounding flint walling forming the Paddock. It forms an attractive entrance to Church Lane which then, in contrast, tightens with buildings on its south side, then opening at the western end with St. Mary Magdalene’s Church, forming a focal point and impressive terminating feature. To the north, there are fine, long distance views to Arundel Castle and Park.”64 The District Council notes several opportunities for enhancement65 within the Lyminster Conservation area: • Relocate overhead telephone/power cables to underground; • Improve and maintain the visual appearance of the southern boundary of the Conservation area to the west of Lyminster Road; • Ensure that new farm buildings and replacement buildings at Church Farm utilise visually sensitive building materials; • Provide tree screen planting of appropriate specifies to the west of Church Farm to improve views of Lyminster from the railway line, River Arun and Ford Road; and • Use of internal rather than external television aerials. It is important to note that a Conservation Area appraisal has not been prepared for the Lyminster Conservation Area specifically, and therefore it is not currently possible to gain an in-depth understanding of the special interest of the area. However, in light of the absence of detailed appraisals and management plans, a decision was by Arun District Council to focus on an overarching management plan for all the conservation areas across the District66. Produced in 2014, the plan outlines key aims and objectives to preserve the unique character and historic features present within the District. The overarching aim of the Conservation Areas Management Plan is: “to focus the attention of all of the agencies, organisation and individuals who live and work in the Conservation areas, on the need for appropriate standards that reflect the special
62 Historic England (2021): ‘National Heritage List for England’ [online] available at: http://list.historicengland.org.uk 63 Historic England (2021): ‘Ringwork 400m NNW of Batworthpark House’ [online] available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1012177 64 Arun District Council (2000): ‘Conservation Area Supplementary Planning Guidance’ [online] available at: https://www.arun.gov.uk/conservation-areas/ 65 Arun District Council: ‘Conservation Area Guidance’. Ibid. 66 Arun District Council: ‘Conservation Areas Management Plan’ (2014) [online] available to access via: https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n7349.pdf&ver=7083
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nature and character of these areas, whilst also encouraging practices and procedures that allow those standards to be achieved”. Heritage at risk Since 2008, Historic England has released an annual Heritage at Risk Register. The Heritage at Risk Register highlights the Grade I and Grade II* listed buildings, scheduled monuments, historic parks and gardens, registered battlefields, wreck sites and conservation areas deemed to be ‘at risk’. In this regard, the Register for 202067 notes no heritage features ‘at risk’ in the Plan area. However, it is important to recognise that the Heritage at Risk Registers for areas outside of London do not contain information about the status of Grade II listed buildings. As such, it is currently not possible to determine whether the Grade II listed building within the Neighbourhood Plan area is at risk. West Sussex Historic Environment Record It is recognised that not all historic environment features are protected under statutory designation, and non-designated features comprise a large part of what people enjoy as part of the setting and character of areas. For example, open spaces and distinctive non-listed buildings are often of local value. Historic Environment Records (HERs) provide comprehensive records of non-designated features, including areas of known archaeological activity. Following a high-level review of the Historic Environmental Record (HER) for West Sussex (accessed via the Heritage Gateway)68, there are 40 records within Lyminster and Crossbush Parish recognising non listed distinctive buildings or features for their importance in contributing to the local distinctiveness and sense of place. Future Baseline Whilst designated and non-designated assets will continue to be afforded protection under the provisions of the NPPF, ADLP and South Downs Local Plan, it is recognised that future development has the potential to negative affect historic character and settings, detract from historic settlement qualities and disrupt valued viewpoints; being susceptible to insensitive design and layout in new development. The development of the Neighbourhood Plan offers opportunities to enhance the Lyminster Conservation Area and its historic features, dependent on the District and Parish Council or property owners and developers bringing forward proposals to achieve these. Planning for future growth through the LCNDP will support the minimisation of impacts. It can also seek opportunities for public realm improvements, and accessibility improvement which can indirectly benefit access to and enjoyment of the historic environment.
67 Historic England (2020): ‘Heritage at Risk Register’ [online] available at: https://englishheritage.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=5fced27775b44238beb524338e62e9d3 68 Heritage Gateway (2020): Historic Environmental Record for West Sussex’, [online] available to access via: http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/
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A.6 Land, Soil, and Water Resources Policy Context Table A6.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A6.1: Plans, policies and strategies reviewed in relation to land, soil and water resources
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/25-year- to Improve the Environment environment-plan Safeguarding our Soils: A strategy 2009 gov.uk/government/publications/safeguarding- for England our-soils-a-strategy-for-england Future Water: The government’s 2011 gov.uk/government/publications/future-water- water strategy for England the-government-s-water-strategy-for-england Water for Life 2011 gov.uk/government/publications/water-for-life The National Waste Management 2021 gov.uk/government/publications/waste- Plan management-plan-for-england-2021 The West Sussex Waste Plan 2014 https://www.westsussex.gov.uk/about-the- council/policies-and-reports/environment- planning-and-waste-policy-and-reports/minerals- and-waste-policy/waste-local-plan/ New Minerals Local Plan for West 2018 https://www.westsussex.gov.uk/news/new- Sussex minerals-local-plan-for-west-sussex/ South East River Basin District 2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/river- Management Plan (Part 1) basin-management-plans-2015#south-east- river-basin-district-rbmp:-2015 South East River Basin District 2016 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/part Management Plan (Part 2) -2-river-basin-management-planning-overview- and-additional-information Southern Water WRMP 2020 https://www.southernwater.co.uk/media/3656/50 25_wrmp_-v11.pdf The South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local-plan/ (ADLP)
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised overleaf. • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF, which seeks to protect high quality soil resources, and improve the water environment; recognising the wider benefits of natural capital and derived from ecosystem services. Furthermore, the NPPF recognises the need to take account of the long-term implications of climate change and build resilience in this respect. The NPPF encourages efficient land use, utilising brownfield land opportunities and land remediation schemes where appropriate and delivering environmental gains.
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• The 25-year Environment Plan presents a focus for environmental improvement in the next couple decades, with aims to achieve clean air, clean and plentiful water, and reduced risk from environmental hazards. This includes measures to improve soil quality, restore and protect peatlands, use water more sustainably, reduce pollution, maximise resource efficiency and minimise environmental impacts. This leads on from and supports the soil strategy for England (Safeguarding our soils) which seeks to ensure that all England’s soils will be managed sustainably and degradation threats tackled successfully by 2030, as well as the national water strategies which seek to secure sustainable and resilient water resources and improve the quality of waterbodies, and the national waste plan which seeks to identify measures being taken to move towards a zero waste economy. • The Waste Sussex Waste Plan (2014- 2031) sets out a vision and strategic objectives for waste management involving managing the transfer, recycling, and treatment of waste generated within West Sussex and improving the waste network. • The New Sussex Minerals Plan sets out a vision and ‘strategic objectives’ to 2033 and will be used as the basis for all planning decisions relating to minerals development in the county. • The South East River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) cover areas of West Sussex, including the Plan area. These plans deliver the requirements under the Water Framework Directive and identify the specific characteristics of individual catchments and require actions to be taken forward to ensure there is no deterioration in quality from the current status and also to seek to improve that quality status. • The Southern Water Water Resource Management Plan (WRMP) outlines a number of objectives to support and improve water supply for the Lyminster and Crossbush region over the next 50 years in line with anticipated climatic changes, outlined in Chapter A.3. • Furthermore, the LCNDP will also be required to be in general conformity with the ADLP and South Downs Local Plan, which contains policies specifically relating to efficient land use, the sustainable use of resources, soil protection, the efficient use of water, and protection for water quality. Current Baseline Geology The bedrock geology of the Lyminster settlement area consists of sediment from the Cretacuous Period, forming distinctive beds of chalk. Superficial deposits of sand and gravel formed in the Quaternary Period can also be found within the Plan area69. Waste and minerals Viridor Household Waste Recycling Site is situated just south of the parish, in Littlehampton70. The site is currently used for household and business waste
69 British Geological Survey (2021): ‘Geology of Britain viewer’ [online] available at: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/map- viewers/geology-of-britain-viewer/ 70 West Sussex Recycles (2021): ‘Littlehampton Household Waste Recycling Site’ [online] available at: https://www.westsussex.gov.uk/land-waste-and-housing/waste-and-recycling/recycling-and-waste-prevention-in-west- sussex/household-waste-recycling-sites/littlehampton-household-waste-recycling-site/#
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recycling. The Joint Minerals Local Plan for West Sussex71 identifies Mineral Safeguarding Areas (MSAs) within the region. There are no MSAs within the Lyminster and Crossbush Parish. Soil resources The Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) classifies land into six grades (plus ‘non- agricultural’ and ‘urban’), where Grades 1 to 3a are recognised as being the ‘best and most versatile’ land (BMV) and Grades 3b to 5 are of poorer quality. In this regard, provisional datasets for South East England72 indicate that the Plan area is predominantly underlain by Grade 2 agricultural land, particularly around the Lyminster and Crosshbush settlements, with some areas of Grade 1 agricultural land in the north east. Additionally, the ‘Predictive BMV Land Assessment’73 indicates a high likelihood of BMV land in the immediate surrounds of the Lyminster settlement (>60%). Water resources The Plan area is served by Southern Water, which ensures sufficient water quality for the Arun District. The Southern Water Water Resources Management Plan (WRMP) (2020- 70) notes that water for the Plan area is accessed through a mix of groundwater (98%) and transfers (2%).74 Catchment partnerships are groups of organisations with an interest in improving the environment in their local area and are led by a catchment host organisation. In this regard, the Arun and Rother Rivers Trust (ARRT), formed in 2011, is the organisation responsible for the Lyminster and Crossbush Parish.75 Water quality The Plan area falls within the Arun and Western Streams Management Catchment, and the Arun Lower River Basin District. The River Arun is a tidal river which creates the western border of the Plan area. One of its freshwater tributaries, the Black Ditch, forms the southernmost border of the Plan area. The Black Ditch has poor ecological quality and has failed to meet the minimum standard of chemical status as per the 2019 assessment76. Reasons for not achieving good status included poor agriculture and rural land management and natural conditions such as Macrophytes and Phytobenthos levels. Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) denote areas at risk from agricultural nitrate pollution. In this regard, the whole of the Plan area falls within the Sussex Chalk Groundwater NVZ77. NVZs identify rules in relation to the use of fertilisers and manures as well as a requirement to prevent water pollution from farm areas.
71 West Sussex County Council (2018): ‘West Sussex Joint Minerals Local Plan’ [online] available at: http://www2.westsussex.gov.uk/ssr/mlp_adoption.pdf 72 Natural England (2010): ‘ Agricultural Land Classification map London and the South East (ALC007)’ [online] available at: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/141047?category=5954148537204736 73 Natural England (2017) Likelihood of Best and Most Versatile Agricultural Land [online] available at: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/5208993007403008 74 Southern Water (2020): ‘Securing a resilient future for water in the South East’ [online] available at: https://www.southernwater.co.uk/media/3656/5025_wrmp_-v11.pdf 75 Arun & Rother Rivers Trust (n.d.): ‘The objectives of ARRT’ [online] available at: https://arrt.org.uk/ 76 Environment Agency (EA) (2019): ‘Black Ditch – Trib’ [online] available at: https://environment.data.gov.uk/catchment- planning/WaterBody/GB107041012890 77 DEFRA (2021): ‘Magic Map- Interactive Tool’ [online] available at: https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx
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Additional agricultural use/ development is not being proposed through the LCNDP, and effects in relation to NVZs are therefore not considered likely. Future Baseline Future development has significant potential to affect soil resources in the Plan area through the direct loss of high-quality agricultural land. The LCNDP provides the opportunity to direct future growth away from areas of highest quality agricultural land, thereby minimising the likely impacts on soil resources. Future development also has the potential to affect water quality through increased consumption, diffuse pollution, waste-water discharges, water run-off, and modification. It is considered that Southern Water will continue to address any water supply and wastewater management issues over the plan period, in line with the WRMP. Furthermore, the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, as transposed into national legislation, are likely to lead to continued improvements to water quality within the LCNDP and wider area. However, it will be important for new development to avoid impacts on water quality, and support demand management measures by contributing to reduced consumption and improved efficiency.
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A.7 Vibrant and Healthy Communities Policy Context Table A7.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A7.1: Plans, policies, and strategies reviewed in relation to population and communities
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 The South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local-plan/ (ADLP) Arun Playing Pitch Strategy 2009 https://www.arun.gov.uk/landscape-planning- policy/ Arun Housing & Homelessness 2019 https://democracy.arun.gov.uk/Data/Cabinet/201 Strategy 81210/Agenda/Agenda%20Item%207%20- %20Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Str ategy%202018%20-%202023%20.pdf Coastal to Capital Strategic 2018 https://www.coast2capital.org.uk/storage/downlo Economic Plan ads/coast_to_capital_strategic_economic_plan_ 2018-2030_pdf-1535099447.pdf A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan 2018 gov.uk/government/publications/25-year- to Improve the Environment environment-plan Health Equity in England: The 2020 health.org.uk/publications/reports/the-marmot- Marmot Review 10 Years On review-10-years-on
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised below: • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF, which on the whole seeks to retain and enhance access to community services and facilities, including health facilities, educational facilities and open space. The NPPF recognises the benefits of a range of local provisions supporting community needs, including in rural areas. Furthermore, the NPPF recognises the benefits of creating cohesive communities, in safe environments where crime and the fear of crime do not undermine the quality of life of residents. • The NPPF also seeks to enable and support healthy lifestyles through provision of appropriate infrastructure, services and facilities, including; green infrastructure, access to healthier food, allotments and layouts that encourage walking and cycling. The NPPF recognises the role of development plans in helping to deliver access to high quality open spaces and opportunities for sport and physical activity which contribute to the health and wellbeing of communities. The health benefits of access to nature, green spaces and green infrastructure is further reiterated through the 25-year Environment Plan. • The LCNDP will also be required to be in general conformity with the ADLP which contains policies specifically relating to housing, community services and facilities, accessibility, and infrastructure requirements, as well as healthcare,
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green infrastructure and open spaces, and design that supports active travel opportunities. • The district housing and homelessness strategies seek to support the appropriate delivery of housing and community infrastructure. The strategies recognise the importance of targeting resources at those most at risk/ most vulnerable and supporting all residents needs for affordable, safe and good quality housing in the right places. Furthermore, the strategies recognise the need to create choice in terms of securing a long-term stable home and create adaptable homes supported by high levels of accessibility. • The 2020 Health Equity in England report identifies that the health gap between less and more deprived areas has grown in the last decade, where more people can expect to spend more of their lives in poor health, and where improvements to life expectancy have stalled, or even declined for the poorest 10% of women. Current Baseline Population demographics Census data presented in Table A7.2 (below) shows that the population of the parish has grown over the period of 2011- 2019, to a greater extent than figures for Arun, the South East and England as a whole. Table A7.3 shows that the largest group in the Plan area is the 60+ age group, higher than comparative proportions for the District, South East and England as a whole. Alongside this, is notably lower levels of younger people, and residents under the age of 44. Table A7.2 Population estimates (2011- 2019)78
Lyminster and Arun District South East England Crossbush 2011 369 149,518 8,634,750 53,012,456 2019 (mid-year estimate) 399 160,758 9,180,135 59,439,840 Percentage change +8.1% +7.5% +6.3 +1.2%
Table A7.3 Age structure79
Lyminster and Arun District South East England Crossbush 0-15 13.6% 15.6% 19.0% 18.9% 16-24 4.9% 9.2% 11.2% 11.9% 25-44 19.2% 21.9% 26.5% 27.5% 45-59 22.8% 19.4% 19.9% 19.4% 60+ 39.6% 33.9% 23.4% 22.3% Total population 369 149,518 8,634,750 53,012,456
78 ONS (2011, 2019): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’ [online] available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/12324parishpopul ationestimatesformid2001tomid2019basedonbestfittingofoutputareastoparishes 79 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’.
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Housing tenure The majority of residents in the Plan area own their own homes (79.1%), higher than comparative figures for the District (73.8%), region (67.6%) and England as a whole (63.3%). A low proportion of residents live in rented accommodation (15.7%). When compared to figures for Arun, the South East and England, a larger proportion of residents (~4%) live rent free, shown in Figure A7.1, below.
Figure A7.1: Housing tenure (2011)80 Deprivation levels The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 (IMD)81 is an overall relative measure of deprivation constructed by combining seven domains of deprivation according to their respective weights. The seven deprivation domains span aspects of; income, employment, education, skills and training, health deprivation and disability, crime, barriers to housing and services, and living environment. Supplementary indices are also provided in relation to income deprivation affecting children and older people. The IMD provides findings for Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs). LSOAs are a geographic hierarchy designed to improve the reporting of small area statistics in England and Wales. They are standardized geographies designed to be as consistent in population as possible, with each LSOA containing approximately 1,000 to 1,500 people. In relation to the IMD 2019, LSOAs are ranked out of the 32,844 in England and Wales, with 1 being the most deprived. The Plan area straddles one LSOA: Arun 001C, which is amongst the 50% most deprived LSOAs in the country. With regards to barriers to housing and services, the Arun 001C LSOA falls within the 10% most deprived areas in the country. Additionally, the LSOA falls within the 30% most deprived areas in the country when measured against living environment deprivation. Household deprivation levels (shown in Figure A7.2, below) are generally low in the Plan area, and lower than figures for Arun (40.4%), the South East (47.7%) and
80 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’. 81 DCLG (2019) Indices of Deprivation Explorer [online] available at: http://dclgapps.communities.gov.uk/imd/iod_index.html#
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England as a whole (42.5%). Of those households which are deprived, the majority are deprived in one dimension (54.3%).
Figure A7.2: Household deprivation (2011)82 Education There are a number of primary schools situated just south of the southern Plan boundary: Lyminster Primary School, St Catherine’s Catholic Primary School, White Meadows Primary Academy and River Beech Primary. However, primary schools are situated outside of the Crossbush settlement, with the closest available schools situated in Arundel. The closest secondary school is The Littlehampton Academy, in Littlehampton. With regards to education levels, a comparatively large proportion of residents in Lyminster and Crossbush have Level 4 qualifications and above (33.2%) in comparison for levels for the District (22.8%), the region (29.9%) and England as a whole (27.4%), shown in Figure A7.3 below.
Figure A7.3: Highest level of qualification (2011)83
82 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’. 83 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’.
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Employment The Strategic Economic Plan ‘Coast to Capital’ describes Arun as an ‘economic hub’, offering opportunities for growth and development. In terms of resident occupations (shown in Figure A7.4), the following three occupational bands describe 57.3% of roles for residents in Lyminster and Crossbush: • Managers, directors, senior officials (21.1%) • Professional occupations (22.7%) • Associate professional & technical occupations (13.5%) The comparatively large proportions of senior professionals in comparison to figures for Arun, the South East and England as a whole.
Figure A7.4: Occupational bands (2011)84 Local facilities In terms of facilities within the Plan area, there are a number of small shops, pubs and hotels in the Lyminster village, as well as Lyminster caravan and motorhome site. However, these are scattered across the Plan area, and may be difficult for some residents to access. West Sussex JHWS At the regional level, the Joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy (2019-2024)85 (JHWS) sets out the Health Board’s overarching plan for improving health and wellbeing for West Sussex residents, alongside key insights into health indicators in the region. These include: • 1 in 10 children aged under 16 are living in poverty.
84 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’. 85 Health and Wellbeing Board (2019): ‘West Sussex Joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy 2019 – 2024’ [online] available at: https://jsna.westsussex.gov.uk/assets/core/FINAL-JHWS-2019-2024.pdf
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• 3.8% of children and young people have a long-term health condition or disability that limits their day-to-day activity. • Educational attainment in West Sussex is below comparative statistics for similar areas. This is most notable during the early years, with gains made in assessments taken later in school (GCSEs). • West Sussex is one of the least deprived areas of England, however, small pockets of deprivation do exist within the county. Four small areas in Arun are among the 10% most deprived in England. • Overall, Arun, Chichester and Crawley were identified as social mobility ‘coldspots’ (among the lowest 20% of authorities in England). • For those living in the poorest areas, men and women live on average 7.6 and 6.4 years less (respectively) compared to their counterparts living in the least deprived areas of the county. • Hospital deaths in West Sussex are lower compared to England, and among 65- 74 year olds is lowest compared to CIPFA comparators. • West Sussex has higher rates of emergency falls and hip fracture admissions among those aged 80+ compared with England. Published in 2019 by Public Health England, the public health profile for Arun District outlines the following key trends86: • Life expectancy for males and females are in line with similar trends for the UK generally (80 and 83.7 respectively). • The under 75 mortality rate from all causes is higher in Arun in comparison to regional and national figures. • The suicide rate in Arun is in line with figures for the South East and England as a whole. Health indicators Based on 2011 Census data87, 81.4% of residents in the Plan area are not limited in their day-to-day activities by their disability. This is higher than comparative figures for Arun (78.9%), and England as a whole (82.4%), though lower than figures for the South East (84.3%). Figure A7.6 (below) shows the general health of residents in the Plan area, Arun, the South East and England as a whole. Most residents have ‘very good’ or ‘good’ health (83.2%), and only a small number exhibit ‘bad’ health or worse (2.17%), lower than comparative figures for the District, region and England as a whole (by approximately 3%).
86 Public Health England (2019): ‘Public Health Profile for Arun’, [online] available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/health- profiles/data#page/1/ati/201/are/E07000224 87 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’.
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Figure A7.6: General health (2011)88 Healthcare services There is no GP provision within the Plan area. The closest health centre to the Plan area is Fitzalan Medical Group, situated in Littlehampton. With regards to hospitals, Arundel & District Hospital is situated in Arundel Centre, accessible via car. Ecosystem services (South Downs National Park) The South Downs Local Plan notes several ecosystem services associated with the South Downs National Park. One such service, accessible nature capacity, detailed in Table A7.4 below.
88 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’.
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Table A7.4: Ecosystem services89
Services Description Location
Accessible Accessible nature occurs nature where green space or capacity semi-natural habitats give health and well-being benefits to people through regular access for walking, cycling or jogging. Figure A8.2 shows that areas with the highest demand for access to nature (shown in dark purple) are at Crossbush (Crossbush Lane).
Figure A8.2: Demand for accessible nature
Green Infrastructure is multi-functional green space, urban and rural, which can deliver a wide range of environmental and quality of life benefits for local communities. Most of the southernmost part of the plan area is identified as being part of the GI network for Arun: ‘The Coast to Downs GI Corridor’. The valley and floodplain are unique in the context of the Lower Coastal Plain. It forms a visual and physical link between the Chalk Downs and the sea. Future Baseline Population increase as well as an ageing population are trends which are likely to continue. With a higher proportion of elderly residents, it will be important for future development to address changing needs. Unplanned development may have wider implications in terms of delivering the right mix of housing types, tenures and sizes in suitably connected places. Continued development of housing types and tenures of market preference may also exacerbate the existing housing imbalance and increase deprivation in relation to the barriers to housing and services domain. Levels of deprivation in the Plan area are low with regards to households, but are notably high in certain areas, such as access to housing and services and overall living environment. Without consideration during plan making, these levels have the potential to worsen over time. Considering the ongoing pandemic, homeworking is likely to become a more prevalent trend, and this is likely to alter the commuting patterns and access trends of residents into the future. Whilst uncertainty remains, the LCNDP provides opportunities to guide development which accommodates for changing working patterns and lifestyles, and places greater emphasis on access to local services, facilities and employment options and strategic connectivity. New strategic
89 South Downs National Park (2021): ‘Ecosystem Services Map’ [online] available at: https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- policy/south-downs-local-plan/policies-map/ecosystems-services-map/
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development sites nearby may also increase accessibility for residents to some degree in the future. With an ageing population and higher proportion of elderly residents, the accessibility of development will be particularly important in terms of supporting resident health and wellbeing. The importance of local services and facilities, and access to open green spaces and recreational areas has been further highlighted through the ongoing pandemic. These factors are more likely to be appropriately considered and addressed through planned development rather than unplanned development. Planning can also seek to maximise opportunities to connect with nearby strategic development sites to enhance accessibility and recreational opportunities. Increasing access to GPs outside of the Plan area via considerate Plan making will be beneficial to the Lyminster and Crossbush Neighbourhood Plan.
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A.8 Transportation Policy Context Table A9.1 presents the most relevant documents identified in the policy review for the purposes of the LCNDP SEA. Table A9.1: Plans, policies, and strategies reviewed in relation to transportation and movement
Document Title Year of Weblink publication National Planning Policy Framework 2019 gov.uk/government/publications/national- (NPPF) planning-policy-framework--2 The Transport Investment Strategy 2017 gov.uk/government/publications/transport- – Moving Britain Ahead investment-strategy The Department for Transport’s 2016 gov.uk/government/publications/cycling-and- Cycling and Walking Investment walking-investment-strategy-active-travel- Strategy investment-models Decarbonising Transport: Setting 2020 gov.uk/government/publications/creating-the- the Challenge transport-decarbonisation-plan West Sussex Transport Plan 2011 https://www.arun.gov.uk/transport-planning- policy/ South Downs Local Plan (2014- 2014 https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/planning- 2033) policy/south-downs-local-plan/local-plan/ Adopted Arun District Local Plan 2018 https://www.arun.gov.uk/adopted-local-plan/ (ADLP)
The key messages emerging from the review are summarised below: • The LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the NPPF, which seeks the consideration of transport issues from the earliest stages of plan- making and development proposals to address any known issues and maximise opportunities to increase accessibility, particularly by walking, cycling and public transport. Larger developments are expected to be delivered in areas which are or can be made sustainable by limiting the need to travel and offering a genuine choice of transport modes. However, it is recognised that sustainable transport solutions will vary between urban and rural environments. • National transport strategies set out investment priorities which ultimately all seek to improve the connectivity, effectiveness and reliably of transport networks, whilst reducing impacts on the natural environment (including through decarbonisation). Furthermore, they place great emphasis on making cycling and walking the natural choice for shorter journeys, or as part of a longer journeys. This includes investment in new and upgraded infrastructure, changing perceptions and increasing safety. • The West Sussex Transport Plan identifies the transport investment priorities and policies at a more localised scale, but ultimately complement the aims of the national strategies discussed above. Alongside the transport and access policies of the ADLP, the LCNDP will be required to be in general conformity with the strategic policy aims.
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• The Arun Active Travel Study forms part of the Transport Plan, and outlines measures being undertaken to improve the uptake of walking and cycling in the county. Current Baseline Road network The A27, which comprises part of the strategic road network, passes through the north of the Plan area from east to west, and provides good access to Arundel, Chichester, Worthing, and other locations along the south coast. The Arundel Bypass scheme, which is one of a number of capacity enhancement schemes proposed for the A27, is currently being taken forward by Highways England, and will affect the A27 west of Crossbush. The A284, which currently passes through Lyminster, connects the A27 with the A259 and Littlehampton to the south. A bypass of Lyminster is currently due to begin construction in early 2022. Comprising a rerouting of the A284, the scheme is designed to enhance accessibility to Littlehampton in the south from the A27. The bypass will link to the existing A284 from a point approximately 600m south of the A27 at Crossbush and form part of the northern section of a new north-south road link between the A27 Crossbush Junction and the B2187 East Street / Fitzalan Link Road roundabout in Littlehampton. Beyond this, narrow village lanes provide access between the two settlements. Congestion issues The Arun Transport Study highlights severe vehicle capacity issues at the A27/A284 Junction, which is situated just west of the Crossbush settlement, particularly at peak hours. However, it is anticipated that the A27 Arundel Bypass will alleviate some of this congestion.90 Vehicle use Census data from 2011, presented in Figure A9.1 below shows that car ownership in the Plan area is high. 92.2% of residents own at least one car or van in Lyminster and Crossbush. In comparison, ~80% of residents in Arun and the South East own at least one car or van, and 74% own at least one car or van in England as a whole. As per Figure A9.2 (below), a high proportion of residents in the Plan area travel to work via driving a car or van (44.2%). Despite this, there are relatively high numbers of residents choosing to work from home (9.1%).
90 Systra (2016): ‘Arun Active Transport Study’ [online] available at: https://www.arun.gov.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n10330.pdf&ver=10252
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Figure A9.1: Car ownership (2011)91
Figure A9.2: Method of travel to work92 Rail services Arundel rail station is situated in the north west part of the Plan area. Trains depart for London every 30-40 minutes during the day (starting very early in the morning and running to late in the evening), and provide services to Horsham, Gatwick Airport and East Croydon. The approximate travel time to London Victoria is in the region of 90 minutes. Train services are limited to off-peak times Monday-Saturday, and further on Sunday. Trains are operated by Southern Rail and provide access to London via the Arun Valley Line.93
91 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’ 92 ONS (2011): ‘Nomis and AECOM Calculations’ 93 National Rail (n.d.): ‘National Rail Enquires’ [online] available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/
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Bus services Bus services within the Plan area are notably limited. Stagecoach runs regular services into Arundel Town centre via the number 9 bus service, which runs hourly between 7:45am and 6pm in the evening and links Lyminster village with Arundel town centre, Arundel, and Littlehampton.94 Public Rights of Way As shown in Figure A9.3, below, there are a number of footpaths within the Plan area connecting the settlements of Lyminster and Crossbush. There are no national cycle routes in the Plan area. However, there is one cycle route that runs through the Plan area, along the A27 road95.
Figure A9.3: PRoWs in the approximate Plan area96 The data collection stage for the Active Transport Study for Arun involved collating responses from residents with regards to active travel methods within the District. Some responses highlighted issues with cycle routes in the Plan area, including: • A need for better lighting around Lyminster school and the path/cycle path to increase safety at night; and • Desired improvement to cycle routes along Lyminster road.
94 Stagecoach (2021): ‘Bus times and services’ [online] available at: https://www.stagecoachbus.com/routes/south/9/holmbush- shopping-centre-arundel/xpdo009.o 95 West Sussex County Council (n.d.): ‘Interactive cycling route planner’ [online] available at: https://cyclejourneyplanner.westsussex.gov.uk/ 96 Bing Maps (2021): ‘Public Rights of Way’ [online] available at: https://www.bing.com/maps
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Future Baseline In the absence of strategic transport interventions, growth in the Plan area is likely to continue trends which favour the private vehicle as the primary mode of transport. New development therefore has the potential to increase traffic and lead to additional localised congestion issues which in turn may reduce road safety. The delivery of road schemes in the area during the plan period will have significant impacts on traffic flows locally. This includes the construction of the Lyminster bypass, which will help alleviate congestion issues in Lyminster village in the medium and long term, and the Arundel Bypass scheme west of Crossbush, which is one of a number of capacity enhancement schemes proposed for the A27 The LCNDP can support small-scale infrastructure improvements and active travel opportunities that seeks to maximise opportunities for pedestrian and cyclist movements. Additionally, given trends towards working from home in Lyminster and Crossbush, particularly when considering the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for planning to ensure sufficient infrastructure to enable suitable internet connectivity.
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