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Resource Management in Olango Island

Resource Management in Olango Island

purely fresh.Due tosaltwaterintrusion,the remainder of Olangoand even then,lessthan10%ofthese are of theisland.Manywells arelocatedinthecenter in theisland.Manyofwells arelocatedinthecenter consumed locallyasafoodstaple. do well.Cassavaisoneexception anditismainly outcroppings protrudealloverthelandscape.Fewcrops in anextremelyhot,dryclimate.Jaggedlimestone Hence, thereisverylittleterrestrialvegetationresulting limestone bedrockandaverythinlayeroftopsoil. 10 metersabovesealevel),Olangoisflatwithahard low-lying coralisland(thehighestpointbarelyreaching Project (CRMP)whichstartedworkthereinJuly1996. a learningareaoftheCoastalResourceManagement Olango (includingthesurroundingislets)wasselectedas their naturalpotentialwouldpermit.Forthisreason, past yearsandarecurrentlynotnearlyasproductive Unfortunately, theseresourceshavebeenundersiegein , partofwhichisanationalbirdsanctuary. Olango iscomprisedofdiversecoastalandmarine beds,andmangroves.Morethanhalfof extensive intertidalmudflats,widefringingcoralreefsand with itssurroundingisletstothesouth,isknownfor Island,.Thislow-lyinglimestoneisland, Freshwater isscarce.Thereare noriversorstreams The topographyofOlangoisveryrugged.Beinga Olango Islandislocatedfivekilometerseastof THECHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES May 1998 . August 1998 RESOURCE MANAGEMENTIN OLANGO ISLAND,CEBU: Learning AreaCoordinator—OlangoIsland,Cebu Continued onpage 3 Diane AntoinetteParras Maria FePortigo CRM Coordinator Alan White CRMP CRMP CRMP Intern and fashioned bythe participants themselves. estimate thespace eachkindoccupieswithinaquadrat thatis PCRA participants identifythedifferentseagrassesand tryto

No. 4 ISSN 0118-4687 contents Tambuli—A Newsletter for editorial Coastal Management Practitioners sanctuaries could attract paying divers and is on its fourth issue. Our circulation is now snorkelers billeted at the many hotels on more than 1,500 and our extra copies are Mactan Island or from the growing Cebu City ARTICLES usually gone several months after printing. We population looking for day trips out of the Resource Management in are increasing the number printed to 3,000. The city. This is only the tip of the iceberg, so to Olango Island, Cebu: The demand for information on integrated coastal speak. Olango Island has a large (1,000 ha) Challenges and management is, indeed, increasing in the wetland and area which is a Opportunities ...... 1 and worldwide. We are trying to national park. It is one of a kind in the Cleansing the : fill an expanding niche and we are extremely Philippines and offers tremendous experiences Strategies to Combat pleased with the response so far. We get many for bird watchers, kyakers, hikers and others Cyanide Fishing in the positive comments but we also need good interested in outdoor experiences. This kind Indo-Pacific ...... 9 articles and news items to broaden our of tourism is low-impact and can bring Philippine Code: coverage of the country and some substantial revenue to the island. A parallel Something Old... international events. We really encourage you, challenge is to make sure that island Something New... our readers, to send in useful material. And, if communities can tap into this tourism trade Something Better? ...... 16 your writing skills are lacking, do not worry, and interest. Banacon, the First our editorial staff is willing to assist with As you can surmise, Olango Island Community- based corrections and improvements! represents many Philippine coastal areas. Forestry Management Area Olango Island and its coastal resources Another thread that connects Olango to the in a Protected Area ...... 24 are analyzed in the lead article of this issue. world is fishing for aquarium , the theme Olango Island represents one of the worst case of the second article in this issue. Unknown TECHNO-PACK scenarios of coastal management challenges Lobster Farming ...... 27 to many, Olango is the home of many aquarium in the Philippines. As the article describes, it fish gatherers, some of whom have the dubious LEADERSHIP MODELS is an over-populated island with communities reputation of using sodium cyanide in their too dependent on coastal resources for Nong Denciong and fishing operations. To do this, they often use sustenance. The result is that the fisheries are His Legacy ...... 30 what is called a compressor fishing rig which severely depleted, the reefs are in poor enables them to stay at the bottom longer, go NEWS condition, an increasing state of poverty is deeper and catch more fish than they could if Development of SimCoastTM evident and the alternatives for livelihood are they were only free diving. Although, I do Continues ...... 32 not obvious or easy. Olango Island is one of not want to make enemies here, I would like to Three Cheers for Caliling, the six “learning areas” of the Coastal Resource raise the questions about why compressor Cauayan, Negros Management Project. In many ways, it may fishing is allowed in the Philippines and not in Occidental ...... 33 be the most difficult learning area because of many other countries? It is also ironic that the Malang, Hosted the deep-seated problems. Yet, where there is Philippines has the distinct reputation of International Symposium a challenge, there are people trying to find exporting cyanide-laced fish which were for Agenda 21 and indeed some exist. mostly caught using compressors. In Strategy ...... 34 Olango is surrounded, first of all, by a countries where compressors are not used, large and potentially rich coral complex. such as in Sri Lanka, there is also no use of UPDATES The coral reefs and their fisheries could supply cyanide. This correlation may not necessarily Enterprising Olango ...... 35 a sizable amount of food and income to people hold true for the Philippines but we can at CRMP’s Mangrove on the island if managed properly. In fact, least raise the question and discourage more Management Component more than 20 tons of edible marine organisms use of compressors by aquarium fishers. Begins Pilot Operations could be captured from one square kilometer Proponents of compressors will say that in ...... 36 of reef area if sustainable approaches were it will not be possible to catch fish without Philippine Navy, Coast used. Instead, Olango reefs probably provide them. This may be true in the Philippine Guard and BFAR Awarded only about 5 tons of edible catch rather than context, but in places where the reefs are not for Coup ...... 37 20 because of past and present destructive so overfished, aquarium quality fish can still Sharing ICM Experience fishing activities, overfishing and a lack of be captured in shallow water using hand nets. from Rhode Island ...... 37 sanctuaries or areas where no fishing is With this in mind, maybe we should rethink allowed. If good management practices could CRM HOTLINE our management strategy for aquarium fish be installed, fish catch might increase more capture in the Philippines—only a thought! I Saving the Whale Sharks than two-fold. Hence, the potential positive did not mention any names or organizations! and Manta Rays ...... 38 return—and the challenge, for of course, to Your thoughts and comments on these Mangrove Cutting is Now do this, the people affected must be willing to subjects are welcome! Please send your Allowed... in CBFM change their ways, make some choices and contributions to the Editor of Tambuli. This is areas! ...... 40 work together. one way we can spread our experiences and More opportunities emanate from this INFORMATION SECTION ideas so others can learn from them. We look situation. Examples are the increased forward to hearing from you! References ...... 41 opportunity for tourism if the reefs Upcoming Events ...... 42 were better protected. A few good marine Editor

2 Challenges from page 1 are either brackish or completely saltwater. Some islanders collect rainwater for their freshwater needs. The surrounding islets have even less water and rely on Olango for the little freshwater Baring Tinggo that is available. The residents of

Pangan-an pay as much as P5 Cao-oy

($0.15) per gallon unlike in other Talima areas where the rate is as low as P0.50. Tungasan Santa Rosa Olango is composed of 11 barangays (villages), 8 belonging to Lapu-Lapu City of Mactan, and San Vicente 3 to Cordova (Figure 1). The total population is approximately Sabang 20,000, consisting of an estimated 4,000 households. Population l Olango Island e n Wildlife Sanctuary density is high and earnings are n Sulpa Island a typically low. h Camungi C Island n a g There is one hospital and one n tu l lu e post office in Olango but no i n H n a general marketplace. Almost all h C commodities must be brought in Pangan- an Island o g n from mainland Cebu. Gasoline is Lapu-Lapu la sold in liter soda bottles. Electric- O Legend Hilutungan Island ity is available for only a few Caohagan seagrass hours each evening. Most Island Cordova Nalasuan tidal flats islanders are without toilet Island facilities. Educational level is low, with less than 10% of the resi- coral reefs dents completing high school, and rocky shore about 80% attaining only some municipal sanctuary level of elementary education. national There is one high school in sanctuary Santa Rosa, and as no reef edge public transportation is available, students from distant barangays Figure 1. Map of the Olango Learning Area. must pay for a tricycle ride which many find too expensive. On the eastern side of Olango, Fishing methods vary from one facing Bohol, where deeper water is community to another. Traditional Roughly 76% of Olango’s closer to shore, spearfishers use hook and line fishing takes place in residents are engaged in fishing of compressed air supplied from the Tingo. Spearfishers using hookah one kind or another. During low , surface (hookah) to hunt for various are found around barangays Caw-oy while boats are grounded, fisherfolk reef species, including parrotfish, and Tingo to the north. Other fishers take to the shallows on foot, snappers and groupers which they here use panggal or bamboo traps gleaning the seagrass and algal beds market in Cebu. Prices range from placed on the reef flats. Tingo for shells, starfish, cucumbers P35 ($0.94) per kilogram for eels, P80 residents are also engaged in the live and sea urchins, or netting for tiny ($2.16) for snappers and parrot fish, reef fish trade, while a few Caw-oy baitfish which they place in small and up to P 120 ($3.24) per kilogram residents employ floating cages for bamboo traps to catch eels and small for the more priced species, such as grow-out of higher value species like fish. Shells and starfish are used for large groupers or rabbitfish. Prices groupers. Aquarium fishers, some the craft/curio market while sea may vary significantly according to using cyanide, live predominantly in cucumbers and sea urchins are sold weather conditions and availability Santa Rosa, San Vicente and Sabang, to the mainland for sale to restau- of species. Sometimes hookah divers while takes place rants. The others are either con- will also collect deep-water shells virtually all over. Starfish gathering sumed locally or sold to the main- which have a very high market value. is concentrated in San Vicente in the land as food. west, while abalone collection

3 centers around Tungasan to the CRMP’s six learning areas. It is also $10 M to the Philippine economy. east. one of the most challenging. This high demand provides the incentive for relying on sodium Shellcraft, on the hand, is Coastal Resource Management cyanide. Similarly, catch volume and widespread. Interestingly, due to a Issues associated returns from blast fishing lack of materials around Olango, make this method more desirable to many of the shells used for this trade The main problems cited by fishers than more traditional tech- come from other islands, such as Olango residents and others are niques. Bohol, Caubian, or Palawan. destructive and illegal fishing Traders from the mainland furnish methods (cyanide and blast fishing Because of the prolonged use of the islanders with supplies. The and coral extraction). Issues destructive methods such as blast shells are then fashioned into concerning the bird sanctuary are and cyanide fishing around Olango, chandeliers, place mats and other commonly voiced by both residents fisherfolk have to travel farther and home decorations which are then and DENR officials, but for different farther away from their own waters sent back to the mainland to be sold reasons, reflecting various perspec- to catch anything of substantial in tourist markets or exported. tives and values. High population value. Consequently, fishers from Although traditionally, Olango Other residents were fishers, as many still Farming 49% 1% Unskilled labor Php 473.00 are today, overharvesting has (domestic worker, Php 442.00 boat asst., etc.) forced some people to take up new 6% occupations: small sari-sari Php 896.00

(convenience) store owners, Skilled labor (carpenter, boat/tricycle driver) tricycle drivers, wood gatherers or 5% water suppliers and occasional Php 2,283.00 boatmen for tourists (Figure 2). Business (sari-sari Fishing & store owner, etc.) Fishing-related 11% combined Located in the Southern Php 2,250.00 62%* portion of Olango Island is the Php 1,500.00 Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary Salary (gov’t or private agency employee) (OIWS), recognized as a critical 12% stopover for tens of thousands of Php 2,805.00 travelling the East Asian Migratory Flyway. Included in *The percent of residents these bi-annual travellers are a engaged in fishing may be greater than the percent number of endangered (e.g. recorded here. Limnodromus semipalmatus or Figure 2. Sources of Livelihood in Olango and the Income Derived from Each. asiatic dowitcher, eulophotes or Chinese ) and threatened (e.g. Numenius sp. or density, low education, lack of Olango are notorious for being eastern curlew) species. The 920 freshwater, lack of a waste disposal nomadic and for utilizing destructive hectares of tidal flats, mangroves, system, intrusion of commercial methods, particularly cyanide, in seagrass beds and sandy ridges trawlers, and lack of alternative 0Negros, Siquijor, , Samar and were officially declared a sanctuary livelihood are some of the other as far as northern Indonesia. in 1992 and is managed by the issues contributing to the degrada- Department of Environment and tion of Olango’s resource base. Open access to fisheries. Natural Resources (DENR), under Another major issue cited by the policies set forth by the Pro- Destructive fishing practices. residents, especially around Pangan- tected Area Management Board Most of the fisherfolk are poor. an Island, is the encroachment of (PAMB). The OIWS has the unique Oftentimes, children quit school to trawlers in their municipal waters. distinction of being the first and help their family fish or glean to earn Fishing boats larger than three gross only Ramsar Site in the Philippines. a living, or simply eat. From this tons can reap in one evening a The Ramsar Convention is the critical viewpoint, fishers are forced month’s worth of fish catch to a world’s oldest international-multilat- to use whatever methods produce small-scale fisher. In the past, when eral conservation treaty in which the highest catch, although they are a certain trawler entered the island’s signatory countries designate and aware of the damage caused by territorial waters, Sabang and protect wetlands of international some of these methods. For Pangan-an fishers flocked to the importance especially waterfowl instance, the Philippines alone Save Nature Society (SNS) Field habitat. supplies up to 80% of the world’s Station in Sabang to ask CRMP’s ornamental fish for the aquarium staff to contact the Coast Guard for Encompassing all of 1,041 market. The trade is worth more than assistance. The Coast Guard tried to hectares, Olango is the smallest of stop the trawler but was inhibited by

4 its political connections. Reportedly, ment. As tourism islanders resort to blast fishing in a enterprises devel- desperate measure to harvest the oped in recent years, resources of their own waters rather local equity is than have the commercial trawlers notably lacking. benefit. Local communities Similar to the open access issue claimed that they for fisheries is non-compensation for were not consulted use of resources. Tour operators regarding the from Mactan Island bring visitors to establishment of the Olango’s waters, particularly those Olango Island around Hilutungan Island, to scuba Wildlife Sanctuary. dive in the marine sanctuary. These Today, they assert a Starfish being dried for the curio market. guests are not required to pay an lack of benefits from engaged in CRM efforts to help entrance fee for use of the island’s its existence. address the issues plaguing Olango reefs. Furthermore, fishing blatantly There are two sides to this and to provide long-term, viable takes place inside the sanctuary and story. The Philippines needs viable solutions. islanders have no means of patrol- parks and sanctuaries for its rich ling the waters and enforcing biodiversity; at the same time, In April 1997, the Olango restrictions. residents need to benefit from a Synergy Group was created, with sanctuary designation. Unlike members from different sectors Poverty and alienation. The today, fisherfolk once traversed the including local government units average monthly family income in area to reach their fishing grounds or (LGU), national government agen- Olango is as low P450 ($12.16) for to glean. While the preserve is cies (DENR, Department of Agricul- unskilled laborers and P1,500 touted as being potentially beneficial ture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ($40.54) for fishers (Figure 2). There to the residents, to them it is not. Resources or DA-BFAR), CRMP, are not many opportunities for Still, the significance of the site as a non-government organizations employment. Because of the critical habitat for migratory and (NGO) such as the SNS, the Univer- historical dependence of Olango resident bird sity of San Carlos (USC) and various populations church and youth groups. The cannot be purpose of the group is to share dismissed. information to prevent overlapping Clearly, a of activities and to determine the compromise best plan of action for development between the in Olango. As part of their informa- needs of the tion, education and communication residents and the drive, the Olango Synergy Group necessity to conducted an “information caravan” protect this in all the barangays. The event unique and consisted of audio-visual presenta- environmentally tions on CRM issues and discus- sensitive area sions on potential alternative must be sought. economic activities for the island. Members of the Women’s organization illustrating the village of Suba, In January 1998, a group Sabang in Olango Island during the worshop on Tour Itenerary CRM Planning Development. and Implementa- comprised of Lapu-Lapu city council tion in Olango members, Olango barangay officials residents on their coastal resources, and CRMP’s facilitators embarked on together with a growing population, Olango Island residents have an observation and study tour of depletion and destruction of these seen the beginnings of coastal and Bais Bay, two resources continue to rise sharply. resource management (CRM) in protected areas in . Other contributing factors include years past and now it is starting to The object of the tour was for low education levels and lack of take hold. Different entities are policy-makers to observe and participation in the island’s develop- appreciate the value of a marine

5 Funding: Information: Tech. Support: Essential - LGUs - Existing - USC Inputs - CRM P Database - DENR - NGAs - PCRA data - DOH (DENR, and maps - NGOs DOT, etc.) - Profile - CRM P - NGO’s

Coordination CRM Committee: Support and Facilitation - LGU’s (Lapu-lapu City Council, Mechanisms: Olango brgy. representatives.) - PCRA mapping - DENR - Planning workshops - FARM C (island-wide federation) - Enterprise testing - Agriculture Officers (Lapu-lapu and implementation City & municipality) - Education inputs - OIWS PAMB & PASU - Legal & institutional - Bantay Dagat Structure - NGO'S (SNS, IMA, PSHF) - Community organizing - Academe (USC) - Training - DOT/PTA Region 7 representatives - Religious groups - PO’s (Youth, Women's Fisherfolk, vendors) - Private sector (resort owners)

Planning Zoning for: Enterprise: Education: and - Fishing/ Regulations: - Tourism - Basic ecology Implemen- gleaning - Law Enforcement - Seaweed - Policy and law tation - Seaweed - Limited Access farming enforcement farming - Usage fees - Fish cage (i.e. citizen’s arrest) - Fish cages - Licensing culture - Family planning - Tourism - Zoning - Handicrafts - Resource - Sanctuary Closed/open management - Other seasons and conservation developments - Values formation - Anchoring

- Reduced - Reduced illegal - Equity sharing - Community Desired conflicts between fishing activities Alternate empowerment Results/ gov’t agencies - Residents livelihood/source - Instilled sense Outputs (i.e. DOT & managing and of income of stewardship DENR) and benefitting from Integrates the - Residents resource users the resources community given a choice - Best economic - M arine resources - Takes due to increased & environmental to recovered of the natural awareness (i.e. use of areas - Reduced conflicts stocks Slowing population growth, making sound develop- ment decision)

DENR Department of Environment & Natural Resources OIWS Olango Island W ildlife Society DOH Department of Health PAMB Protected Area Management Board DOT Department of Tourism PASU Protected Area Superintendent FARMC Fisheries & Aquatic Resource management PO People's Organization IMA International Marine Life Alliance PSHF Philippine Self-help Foundation LGU Local Government Unit PTA Philippine Tourism Authority NGA National Government Agency SNS Save Nature Society NGO Non-government Organization USC University of San Carlos, Section

FIGURE 3. COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS IN OLANGO.

6 sanctuary as a valid management The PCRA aims to mobilize the record and present their finding and tool in considering management local community to be actively ultimately construct a detailed map options for Olango. Participants involve in assesing their own of their barangay. Habitats are were very impressed with the resources and in looking at ways to designated with color codes, success of the management effort in better manage these resources. resources with arabic numbers, uses these two sites and went home with Participants are a cross-section of with letters, issues and problems talk on marine reserves abounding. the community that includes with roman numerals. This provides But implementation of marine barangay officials, leaders and a good information base from which sanctuaries is not the cure-all. It members of youth and women’s potential CRM plans can be drawn. must be accompanied by a clear group and fisherfolk. CRMP staff, Benefits from the PCRA are proccess which involves community representatives of the DA, DENR, many, accumulating information and input and stewardship, efforts to IMA and marine biologist from the guiding communities towards CRM phase out destructive fishing USC facilitate the PCRA. planning and implementation. PCRA practices and exploration of alterna- Before the actual PCRA, results are being incorporated into tive livelihood options. As some participants are presented with the the coastal area profile presently Olango residents pointed out, the basic steps. being compiled by the University of issues in Olango are more complex San Carlos. Not only does this data than those in island communities like • Gathering documented provide baseline information Apo and Bais Bay. information - This includes necessary for planning and future the kind of information which At the end of 1997, a team of resource monitoring and assess- may be relevant and where trainers and community development ment, it enables the residents these information can be workers from the International themselves to evaluate CRM issues, obtained. Marinelife Alliance (IMA) entered and constraints in Olango. One of the next steps is to form community the community to teach fishers • Conducting interview(s) - groups and make recommendations alternative method of catching fish. This involves gathering of specific to each site, such as the This technology transfer is aimed to socio-economic information passing of appropriate resolutions help both cyanide and blast fishers. by interviewing. Some 300 ornamental fish collectors and enterprise development. have been identified, most of them • Assessing habitats - This Enterprise Development from San Vicente and Santa Rosa. At entails the study of various the initial training course held in habitats (mangrove, seagrass The goal of enterprise work in September 1997, over 90 aquarium and coral reefs) and a descrip Olango is to help conserve two fish collectors were trained in the tion of their status unique and critical coastal environ- use of the barrier net method. These (species and abundance). ments: the Olango Island Wildlife workshops are on-going, and a Sanctuary and the Hilutungan series of similar training courses are • Mapping - All information that Marine Sanctuary. This can be done targeted for an additional 250 live had been gathered are by establishing enterprises that fish collectors in priority areas. IMA presented on the base map of enhance the way local residents use the site. also has a training program for blast their coastal resources in strategi- fishers in the use of hook and line • Diagramming - Factors most cally positioned communities. The techniques. relevant to the community and enterprises are site specific and which occur seasonally; commodity or product specific. For The over all CRM planning trends over a period of time; instance, enterprise activities in process has been facilitated by as well as the profile of the Sabang are focused on ecotourism CRMP in collaboration with the local area are illustrated as dia development in the wildlife sanctu- government. Two of the many CRM- grams. ary, with fishers, youth and women related activities are the conduct of identified as beneficiaries. In participatory coastal resource To date, more than 100 Olango Pangan-an Island, enterprise is assessment (PCRA) and enterprise residents have participated in actual centered around seaweed farming development. site assessments with the different and is aimed at converting blast Participatory Coastal Resource groups surveying mangroves, fishers and coral extractors to Assessment seagrass beds and coral reefs, and become partners in conservation. In conducting interviews. Participants Hilutungan, ventures will include

7 seaweed farming as well as participation. It is hoped that an non-government and educational ecotourism to encourage upkeep of increased level of awareness about entities, volunteers from various the marine sanctuary. San Vicente the surrounding coastal resources church, women and youth groups, enterprises will focus on alternative would be instilled among the together with island residents and crafts production and marketing community members and with this a barangay officials, the future will aimed at marine collectors and heightened sense of stewardship for bring more prosperity. shellcraft makers. those resources. Other goals for Olango include the formation of an [Each issue of tambuli will review After identifying a particular island-wide CRM council to include one of six learning areas of the Coastal Resource Management Project. This enterprise venture for a target site representatives from each barangay, article is the first in the series. Editor] based on an assessment of the area, the DENR, PAMB, NGO’s, and the a study is performed to determine its private sector (resort owners, tour References: marketviability. Then product operators, etc.). This committee will development and testing take place. examine CRM issues and begin to Ansula, Alex C. 1998. Coastal Once the community product gains form resolutions to address them. Community Empowerment market approval, production and Project: Destructive Fishing marketing systems are set up. In Another goal is the creation of a Reform Program (DFRP). International Marinelife Alliance, Sabang, a pilot tour of the bird zoning plan which will designate Mandaue City, Philippines. sanctuary was undertaken utilizing specific uses for different zones local community fishers, youth and based on the best feasible economic Calumpong, Hilconida P., Janet S. women, with attendees covering a and environmental use of the area, Estacion and Myrissa Lepiten. range of nationalities. Response to e.g., seaweed farming, fish cage 1997. Status of the Coastal this test was very positive and plans culture, , marine Resources of the Olango Learning Site. Silliman University Marine to promote this package through an sanctuary, etc. This will address several problems. For instance, San Laboratory, City, established tour operator are being Negros Oriental, Philippines. set up. In Pangan-an Island, a test Vicente is complaining that seaweed plot of seaweed has been planted farms in Hilutungan are encroaching Flores, Ma. Monina M. 1997. and is growing well. Technical into San Vicente waters, preventing Preliminary Resource Scanning training to set up farms for ten residents from fishing there. An- Report. Report prepared for the Coastal Resource Management beneficiaries have been conducted. other example is the creation of a marine sanctuary by a private resort Project. November. Cebu City, Farms are established in cooperation Philippines. with the Lapu-Lapu city in Nalusuan Island which needs to Agriculturist’s Office, CRMP and the be reviewed in light of the various Santos, Lilette C., Filipina B. Sotto, local residents. stakeholders involved. Thomas Heeger and Samuel D. Albert. 1997. Livelihood and the A key factor for successful The CRM process for Olango Environment: Inextricable Issue in enterprise implementation is the must evolve to meet the ever- Olango Island. University of San involvement of and cooperation changing needs of the people and Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines. among government, the industry their environment. At this time, the Sotto, Filipina B. (ed.). (draft). The sector and community residents. process and its outcome (Figure 3) Coastal Environmental Profile of Establishing market linkages and can provide substantial benefits to Olango Island, Central Philippines. providing technical assistance in all the stakeholders if it is supported University of San Carlos and product development are also over the next 10 years. CRMP, Cebu City, Philippines. critical. The challenge behind It is essential for the LGUs Walters, Jeffrey, James Maragos, enterprise development in Olango is involved to facilitate the develop- Susana Siar and Alan White. providing sufficient economic 1998. Participatory Coastal ment of Olango with an eye for benefits for the community stake- Resource Assessment: A sustainable projects and equity for holders in a manner that is environ- Handbook for Community people in the area. Tourism will play mentally sustainable as well. Workers and Coastal Resource an increasing role in economic Managers. CRMP, Cebu City, Future Plans development. This must be accom- Philippines. plished with local participation. The on-going activities in Olango remains to be a challenging Olango are aimed at long-term use of case and with the dedication and resources through community hard work of the many government,

8 Cleansing the Seas: Strategies to Combat Cyanide Fishing in the Indo-Pacific Region

[This paper summarizes data and conclusions found in Sullied Seas: Strategies for Combating Cyanide fishing in Southeast and Beyond by Charles Victor Barber and Vaughan R. Pratt, published by the World Resources Institute and the International Marinelife Alliance, 1997.]

Charles Victor Barber World Resources Institute Southeast Asia Field Projects, Biological Resources and Institutions Program 14 Cabbage St., Valle Verde 5, Pasig City, Metro Manila Philippines

and Vaughan R. Pratt International Marinelife Alliance 36 Sta. Catalina cor. Stella Maris Streets Bo. Kapitolyo, Psig City, Metro Manila Philippines

Cyanide Fishing: A Poison Tide on the Reef Since the 1960s, more than a million kilograms of deadly sodium cyanide has been squirted in coral reefs in the Philippines to stun and capture ornamental aquarium fish destined for the pet shops and aquariums of and . More recently, a growing demand for larger reef food-fish has vastly increased the incidence and spread of cyanide fishing. Chinese consumers in and other major Asian cities greatly value certain reef fish, paying up to $300 per plate for some species, when they are plucked live from a tank, cooked and served minutes later. The live reef fish in Southeast Asia has an estimated annual retail value of at least $1.2 billion, about $1 billion from the live food-fish trade (mostly with Hong Kong), and nearly $200 million from exports of aquarium fish to Europe and North America. The combined demand for aquarium and live food-fish has spread cyanide fishing throughout Indonesia and into neighboring Cyanide diver at work.

9 countries such as Papua New Guinea and . In the past year, officials in countries as far-flung as Eritrea, the Marshall Islands, Tanzania and have voiced suspicions that their fast-growing live-fish export industries may also be using cyanide. Far from Hong Kong’s restaurants and the pet stores of Manila Europe and North America, fishers in CDT Virac Southeast Asia, the Indian BICOL CDT Batangas and the Pacific dive into the sea with CDT “hookah” tubes in their mouths DFRP attached to air compressors on small South Sea MINDORO boats and makeshift squirt-bottles in DFRP Coron CDT their hands. These fishers squirt CDT Tacloban PANAY DFRP cyanide into coral formations, LEYTE stunning then collecting their prey. CEBU DFRP CDT DFRP Sometimes a crowbar is necessary to BOHOL Cebu DFRP City pry apart the coral heads and reach Puerto Prinscesa the stunned fish that hide in CDT

crevices. The rewards are high, with PALAWAN some cyanide divers making more than the university professors in Davao CDT their countries, but so are the risks. Zamboanga Untrained in , many CDT

fishers fall prey to Legend:

sickness (bends). Contributing to Areas of Active Cyanide Fishing this chain of poison are a variety of Domestic Airports DFRP International Airports intermediaries, vessel and holding- CDT BFAR Cyanide Detection Test Lab and Monitoring Stations tank facility owners, fish exporters DFRP DFRP Training Sites and importers as well as civilian, police and military officials who look FIGURE 2. PHILIPPINE CYANIDE FISHING REFORM PROGRAM OPERATION AREAS. the other way for a cut of the profits. Cyanide kills and reef Resources (BFAR) and a non- resource management that transform invertebrates along with many non- government organization (NGO), the local fishers into marine stewards target fish. Large percentages of the International Marinelife Alliance- and protectors. fish that are captured live die in Philippines (IMA), have jointly Cyanide Fishers. The number transit, due to their poison- developed and implemented the of cyanide fishers operating in weakened state. Deadly in any Destructive Fishing Reform Program Southeast Asia and neighboring marine environment, the spread of (DFRP). Experience with the DFRP countries is unknown. Based on cyanide fishing is particularly tragic in the past shows that cyanide Philippine estimates of about 4,000, in the biodiverse rich countries of fishing can be reduced through a the number of hard-core cyanide the Indo-Pacific. combination of the right policies and fishers throughout the Indo-Pacific laws, improved enforcement efforts, The effectiveness of cyanide in region probably does not exceed enhanced public awareness, cyanide catching more fish was accidentally 20,000. In short, cyanide fishing is testing of live-fish exports, training discovered in the Philippines. To its not an ubiquitous problem like slash- of cyanide fishers in cyanide-free credit, it is also the only country and-burn farming. Nor is poverty live-fish capture techniques, with a program in place to eradicate the root cause of cyanide fishing development of livelihood the practice. Since the early 1990s, although, many cyanide fishers are alternatives and community-based the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic certainly very poor. Experience in

10 the Philippines suggests that when just finance the people by equipping livelihood while protecting their rich cyanide fishers are introduced to them with boats and fishing gear. marine environment. cyanide-free techniques for live-fish We just buy fish from them. The capture and ensured a fair price for production side is left to them.” Policy Reforms to Combat their catch, they are willing and often Cyanide Fishing Live Reef Fish Consumers. eager to give up using the poison Consumers have an important role to Cyanide fishing will not end and are equally enthusiastic to talk play in this trade. Publicity and until governments set in place about ways to ensure the long-term consumer pressure may move the effective policies to eradicate it and sustainability of their local reefs and aquarium-fish industry to take action encourage sustainable live-reef fisheries. Development of reliable on imports of cyanide-caught fish. fisheries. “Policy reform” in this alternative sources of income Consumer pressure against cyanide context therefore, means strengthens these incentives and fishing is virtually non-existent establishment of effective strict government enforcement of among the Chinese consumers of institutions to monitor the live reef anti-cyanide fishing laws further live food fish, though. As one Hong fish trade, enforce the laws and reinforces them. Kong observer noted, “being provide economic incentives for Live Reef Fish Exporters. The endangered actually seems to spur fishers, traders and consumers to number of companies involved in the demand.” shift to ecologically sustainable, live-fish export business in cyanide-free reef fisheries. Divers and Dive Operators. Southeast Asia is also unknown, but Experience with the Philippines’ Scuba diving and on it appears to be expanding rapidly. DFRP suggests the following tropical reefs is a big and growing In the early 1960s, for example, there priority areas for policy reforms to business throughout the Indo- were only three companies exporting combat cyanide fishing in the many Pacific. Divers and dive operators aquarium fish from the Philippines countries of the Indo-Pacific region have a strong interest in maintaining and export of live food fish did not where it is a growing threat. healthy reefs and fish populations yet exist. By the 1990s there were and are often vocal in their support Policy Reforms in Live Reef Fish some 45 aquarium fish exporters in for marine conservation. Effective Source Countries the country and 8 companies mechanisms have not yet been exporting live food-fish. At least 10 Establish cyanide detection test developed however, to fully tap this companies run holding tanks for live (CDT) laboratory facilities at all group for political and financial food-fish in Bali, Indonesia, a major major live-fish collection and support in combating cyanide transhipment point. Conservative transhipment points. A simple test fishing, although some efforts such estimates of the annual volume of to determine the presence of cyanide as PADI’s (Professional Association Asian trade in live food-fish alone in live fish was developed by IMA of Diving Instructors) Project Aware range between 20,000-25,000 metric and BFAR and has been in use for are working to instill greater general tons, mostly from Indonesia, and the over five years in the Philippines. environmental consciousness in real total may be far greater. Currently, CDT laboratories (see map divers and dive operators. Philippine government statistics on page ?) test over 6,000 samples show that as many as 6 million Engaging these divers to annually. An effective CDT testing aquarium fish were exported in 1996 combat cyanide fishing requires two network is key for a strong effort to and Indonesia is catching up elements: a) government policies reduce cyanide fishing. Without quickly. must provide a structure of negative testing, authorities cannot determine and positive incentives which make whether fish have been caught with Live Reef Fish Importers. cyanide fishing unattractive for the cyanide or obtain convincing Businesses that import live food and whole range of actors involved in evidence to prosecute violators. aquarium fish are in essentially the the trade and make sustainable same position as exporters, without To be successful, CDT labs alternatives attractive; and b) government pressure to ensure that must also be backed up by a larger partnerships must be directly the fish they import were not caught network of agencies and monitoring developed with fishing communities with cyanide, they have little posts, and staff trained in sampling to assist them in abandoning the incentive to take action on the issue. prospective live fish shipments and cyanide fishing tradition and As one large importer of live food rapid sample transport. Such a instead, to adopt techniques, fish argued: “We the Hong Kong network requires directives on technologies and economic importers do not participate in any participating in sampling and strategies that would improve their catching of fish or its activities. We monitoring from central agencies to

11 their local offices and training in inspection and government Also, bans deprive local correct sampling and shipping-to-lab licensing. All shipments should communities of one of the most procedures. Although testing is not require a certificate showing the lucrative sources of income to be a panacea, it is the best technical origin, volume and species found in the coastal zone. The tool presently available to identify composition of the shipment and cyanide-free capture of live fish at cyanide-tainted fish and provide that it has been subject to random sustainable levels with a fair return hard evidence with which to CDT procedures and is cyanide-free. to local fishers should be the prosecute violators. objective of live fishery policy. A mandatory certification Establish a national system of system (as will be established by law That said, the on data gathering and monitoring that in the Philippines by the end of 1998, particular species may become so provides useful data for regulating when draft regulations are finalized) great that governments may want to the live fish trade. In order to provides key positive as well as ban altogether their capture and monitor and regulate the live-fish negative incentives trade, governments need accurate for exporters. and appropriate data on how many Uncertifiable fish individuals of a particular species become liabilities were collected in a particular while certified fish location, exported in a given month can obtain an or year, or who did the collecting and “environmental exporting. There is no way to market premium” in regulate cyanide use in the live-fish markets where trade until such data are regularly importing collected. governments regulate imports The Philippines now collects and consumers live-fish data in ways that allow the prefer fish caught government to keep a watch over without cyanide. total numbers of particular fish species moving through domestic Local cyanide and international airports and major divers should be international seaports, activities of educated that what exporters and other relevant they are doing, for information. IMA collects the data whatever reasons, through its CDT and monitoring is illegal, and that network and provides it to all repeat offenders relevant national and provincial will be punished The entire family gets involved in making nets and other gears government offices. harshly. Targeting in the barrier net collection method. the big cyanide Establish a firmer legal export. For the napoleon , fishing interests also reduces framework to detect and prosecute highest-valued of the live food-fish incentives for local divers to join in cyanide fishing and trade in cyanide- species, over-exploitation may soon the trade. caught fish, ultimately requiring reach critical levels, warranting a mandatory testing and certification Ban or restrict the export of complete ban. A ban is unlikely to of all live reef fish exports. While especially vulnerable species such stop the napoleon wrasse trade fishing with cyanide and other as the napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus altogether, but it may reduce the poisons is banned in virtually every undulatus). Blanket bans on the live total volume of catch. country in Southeast Asia and the reef fish trade are both unwise and Regulate the import, distribution Pacific, a much firmer legal unworkable and just drive the trade and use of cyanide. Cyanide has framework in needed to make these underground. When the Philippines many legitimate uses in industry but bans effective. Once a CDT attempted a ban in parts of Palawan a considerable amount of the poison laboratory and monitoring network is province several years ago, cyanide is diverted into the live-fish established, all prospective exporters fishers continued to use the poison collection business. In most should be required to submit to but killed the fish after capture and countries of the Indo-Pacific region, random sampling and testing, sold them in the fresh fish market. import, distribution and use of

12 cyanide is virtually unregulated. To from an early age, countries can help Phase in a legal requirement that remedy this problem, a draft “Sodium to ensure that children are fully all live reef fish imports be certified Cyanide Act” that would strictly aware of the alternatives to cyanide as cyanide-free. When live fish regulate the import and use of fishing and their positive exporting countries require cyanide- cyanide was introduced in the consequences. free certification for all exports, as Philippine House of Representatives the Philippines is about to do, Divers are also potential allies in in late 1996. The draft bill requires all importing countries should raising awareness and gathering cyanide imports to be authorized in reciprocate by requiring all live-fish information. In the Philippines in advance by the government and that importers to provide certification 1994, IMA initiated a voluntary the poison’s sale to be “strictly from the source-country government Status of Coral Reefs survey, or controlled.” that the fish they are importing have SCORE, using a simple questionnaire been certified as cyanide-free. While this type of law will on reef conditions which divers were Although, Indonesia and other undoubtedly be difficult to enforce, asked to complete and return by exporting countries do not currently it should nonetheless increase the mail. This provided the first new have testing and certification price of cyanide on the black market primary data on the condition of systems in place, importing country thus, making non-destructive Philippine coral reefs since a survey governments, and importers, can techniques of live fish capture more done in 1983 including reports on move in this direction by gradually economically attractive to fishers. suspected cyanide fishing locations. phasing in a prohibition on non- Address corruption within Policy Reforms in Live Reef certified live-fish imports, vulnerable government units such as Fish Importing Countries simultaneously working with fisheries, the navy, customs and exporting countries to develop As in any transnational trade, police . Governments can only testing and certification procedures, source countries for live reef fish eliminate corruption if officials at the laws and technical capacities. need the cooperation of importing highest levels take firm public stands country governments if their efforts Provide donor assistance to against it and when corrupt officials to stem cyanide use at home are to live-fish exporting countries to help are dealt with harshly under the law. be effective. At present, no them combat cyanide fishing. Live- The media can help by exposing importing country requires proof fish importing countries that are instances of corruption related to that imported live fish were not providers of development assistance cyanide fishing in the press. Finally, caught using cyanide or penalizes (e.g. United States, Canada, an effective CDT lab and monitoring firms that import fish caught with the and the countries of the European network, backed up by community- poison. Key steps for setting up Union) should offer financial and based monitoring, can provide more helpful incentives in importing technical assistance to exporting government with a great deal of countries include the following: countries to assist them in information about potential developing Destructive Fishing corruption problems. Monitor imports of live fish and Reform Programs and certification provide data to exporting countries. Mount public awareness procedures. The Asian Importing country governments campaigns in the media and schools. Development Bank has set a good should establish data collection and NGOs and government leaders example in this regard, providing storage systems to keep track of the should work systematically to build nearly $1 million for the Philippines’ number by species of live fish public awareness about the threat of DFRP as part of a new Fisheries imported and the country of origin. cyanide fishing and the steps that Sector Loan slated for They should then share that data must be taken to stop it. Press implementation in mid-1998. The with relevant government agencies releases, symbolic public events and United States Agency for in source countries. In this way, the steady provision of information International Development is also monitoring agencies in source to journalists are all tools that can providing support through a countries can compare their own raise public awareness and cooperative agreement with IMA in export statistics with import strengthen other anti-cyanide the Philippines and Indonesia. statistics and thus determine the fishing incentive measures. validity of those export statistics— Strengthen consumer awareness Cyanide fishing is a learned provided exporting countries begin about the impacts of cyanide fishing. behavior that becomes a tradition to collect detailed export data as the As in other areas of environmental over time. By teaching the cyanide- Philippines is already doing. certification, it is crucial to build free tradition in coastal-area schools consumer awareness.

13 It is also important to note that in the use of fine-mesh barrier nets. cooperatives and outlets, the local testing of live-fish imports on their Fishers for whom food fish are the share of the profits can be increased. arrival in importing countries is not target species are trained in hook- In the area of North Sulawesi, an effective strategy and is likely to and-line techniques for capturing Indonesia where IMA initiated a be counterproductive. Cyanide groupers and, importantly, simple training program in July 1997, for metabolizes out of fish relatively techniques for decompressing the air example, the local partner rapidly and tests conducted at bladders of captured fish to ensure organization is the provincial import destinations are likely to be their post-harvest survival and cooperative of retired military negative for cyanide, regardless of health. Because particular grouper veterans. By providing the fishers whether the fish was caught with species favor distinctive bait sizes with diving compressors (previously, cyanide or not. and shapes, bait preparation is a key the only one in the village was part of the hook-and-line training as owned by a live-fish broker with a Community -based Strategies well. local monopoly on the trade) and Without fishers in the equation, Following the “classroom” offering higher prices for fish there is simply no to the sessions, the fishers and trainers through the cooperative, the cyanide fishing problem. There is no carry out four days of in-water program will break the power of the policy, law, or technology that can training in either net or hook-and- middleman and help the fishers replace the need to work directly line techniques. The intensive one- obtain higher prices for the cyanide- with cyanide fishers. Training, week training is followed by a three- free aquarium fish they capture. community organization, income week follow-up period of monitoring Fortunately, the cooperative’s enhancement and establishment of by the trainers to ensure that director is also a dive-tour operator community-based coastal trainees have mastered fishing concerned about the effects of management systems in communities techniques and proper post-harvest cyanide on the reefs which have currently using cyanide or in those care. Other activities such as made the province a premier dive vulnerable to its introduction is the organizing local fishing associations destination. core partnership necessary to end and cooperatives and developing Few fishing communities cyanide fishing. value-added livelihood activities however, subsist wholly from the take more time and involve periodic Train fisherfolk in cyanide-free live-fish trade. They pursue a follow-up participation by the fishing technologies. When fishers “portfolio” of economic strategies trainers over months or years. are presented with effective cyanide- combining live fish, fresh and dried free technologies for capturing live- Enhance local income from the fish, agriculture, wage labor and food and aquarium fish and given live-fish trade and other sources. other activities. An effective greater awareness about the legal, Fishers’ incentives to forsake livelihood enhancement strategy health and ecological risks of cyanide fishing increase—and needs to target all of these activities cyanide fishing, many choose to partnerships between fishing and introduce new ones where an convert to cyanide-free techniques. communities and outsiders such as opportunity exists. IMA grow stronger— when local In the Philippines, IMA has Strengthen community-based income from sustainable use of trained over 2,000 cyanide fishers in management of local fisheries and marine and other local resources cyanide-free live-fish capture reefs. Partnerships with fishing rises. Beyond training in cyanide- techniques. A typical one-week communities must go beyond free fishing techniques, IMA local training program targets 20-30 training and income enhancement. therefore, works with fishing fishers who are currently using Sustainable coastal management communities to promote a variety of cyanide to catch either live food or requires the participation and livelihood enhancement activities. aquarium fish and have developed support of the local communities an interest, whether through IMA When fishers can get more that directly earn their living from the awareness activities or their own money for cyanide-free live fish, sea, in cooperation with government experiences, in learning cyanide-free they are extremely enthusiastic agencies—an arrangement often techniques. about converting to cyanide-free called “co-management.” Cyanide These sessions are specialized techniques. By helping fishers fishing, blast fishing, coral mining, to address specific types of live-fish obtain post-harvest equipment and mangrove destruction and many capture. Fishers who primarily know-how and assisting them other sources of coastal degradation collect aquarium species are trained develop their own marketing can only be slowed when the

14 communities on the front line In the Philippines, members of local specific and “high-end” become central players in protection fishers’ organizations and market—live food and efforts and beneficiaries of cooperatives have been deputized as aquarium fish—with some sustainable management. “fish wardens” to patrol and monitor food species selling for as their fishing grounds. much as $180 per kg and some In some areas of eastern aquarium species fetching Indonesia and the western Pacific, Although, local community $350 per individual making the long-standing customary systems of groups cannot be expected to consumers and their suppliers marine tenure and management directly confront well-organized— an identifiable and a fairly provide a sound institutional basis and often well-armed—cyanide limited group. for community-based efforts. Where fishing vessels, they can perform they exist, governments should important norm-setting and self- • There is a clear and not-too- recognize and support these policing activities within the complicated set of actions to customary systems and provide community. After all, a “community” address the problem if technical and financial inputs to does not decide to renounce cyanide governments set the right assist traditional communities in fishing. More often, one group of incentives in place and adapting to rapid economic and individuals within a community may partnerships are developed technological changes. make that decision, while others among fishing communities, continue using cyanide. Peer Most coastal communities in exporters and importers of pressure is thus important in Southeast Asia however, do not live-fish, scientists and NGOs. spreading the cyanide-free tradition possess functioning customary throughout the community. The difficulties in stopping systems for managing and cyanide fishing should not be conserving coastal resources. Many Conclusion underestimated. It is important to are comprised of a heterogeneous note though, that people have long Cyanide fishing is not the only mix of immigrants and natives who captured and sold live fish without threat to the coral reefs and other lost such systems long ago. This using cyanide, and they still do in coastal ecosystems of the Indo- loss does not mean that viable many places such as the Pacific region. But the training and community management systems and Hawaii where live aquarium fish community-organization strategies cannot be nurtured. The Philippines, have been collected with fine-mesh essential to stopping cyanide fishing where customary coastal nets for decades. But cyanide also provide an important catalyst management systems have fishing is fast becoming a deadly for communities to address a broader vanished, has the most extensive tradition in the Philippines, handed range of threats to their local reef and active community-based coastal down from father to son. It will soon environment. Four unique resources management (CBCRM) be just as firmly established in characteristics of cyanide fishing initiatives in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and other countries provide hope that it can be stopped throughout the Indo-Pacific. Our Build the capacity of local or at least significantly reduced challenge is to eradicate the growing communities to serve as front-line faster than some of the other threats cyanide tradition and replace it with agents in anti-cyanide monitoring to coral reefs. and enforcement. Building on a cyanide-free fishing tradition. training, community organization • Cyanide fishing is relatively and livelihood enhancement localized and a discrete target initiatives, an effective destructive for control efforts since it is For more information, please contact: International Marinelife Alliance, 17 fishing reform program needs to generally focused on isolated San Jose St., Kapitolyo, Pasig City, Metro enlist local communities as partners reefs far from the effects of Manila, Philippines, Tel: (+62-2) 631- in the specific tasks of monitoring coastal habitat conversion 4993/633-5687, Fax: (+63-2) 637-7174, and enforcement. Local fishers are and sedimentation. email: [email protected] on the water far more regularly and • Cyanide fishing is a relatively know their areas better than government fisheries officers. With recent technique and the minimal training, these groups can practice is not yet deeply serve as an “early warning network,” embedded in local cultures letting officials know when cyanide and economies. fishing operators appear in an area. • Cyanide fishing targets a very

15 The Fisheries Code of 1998: Something Old...Something New... Something Better?

Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad Policy Advisor CRMP

For fishery resource stakeholders and for has consolidated previous laws dealing with the broader sector encompassing integrated electrofishing (RA 6541); blast and cyanide coastal management, the passage of Republic fishing (PD 704 as amended by PD 1058); use of Act (RA) 8550 or “The Philippine Fisheries fine mesh nets (Fishery Administrative Order or Code of 1998” (hereinafter referred to as the FAO 155, series of 1986 and FAO 155-1, s.1994); “Code”) by the Tenth Congress on February gathering of corals (PD 1219 as amended by PD 19, 1998 is the culmination of many years of 1698); and the use of superlights (Department of feverish research, critical analyses, Agriculture [DA]-Department of Interior and representations, “mis”representations, Local Government [DILG] Joint Administrative compromises, consultations, technical working Order of April 1996). group meetings and hearings. After all, two The second deals with prevailing past congresses, the equivalent of at least ten interpretations of existing laws that are upheld by years, have attempted to pass a Fishery law of the Code. Notable here are the forms of limiting the same scope and breadth. The fact that the access, the jurisdiction of local government units Code was passed now, and not later, attests to (LGU), priority on assigning use rights and the urgency of improving the legal and enforcement. institutional framework for fishery management, going beyond the developmental Forms of limiting access. The establishment thrust of its predecessor notably, Presidential of closed seasons and closed areas, specifically Decree (PD) 704. fish refuges and sanctuaries, is a form of limiting access (temporal and spatial). Before the Code, Something Old the Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Council) and The “old” features of the Code comprise Mayor had jurisdiction over the establishment of two facets. First is the consolidation of the closed seasons and closed areas within municipal body of fishery laws by incorporating existing waters and the concerned government agency, ones. This facilitates enforcement, research, through its Secretary, in waters beyond the and local legislation. For example, the Code municipal boundaries. This has been reiterated by

16 BOX 1 Funtions and Responsibilities • prepare and implement a Comprehensive National Fisheries Industry Development Plan; • issue licenses for the operation of commercial fishing vessels; • issue identification cards free of charge to fishworkers engaged in commercial fishing; • monitor and review joint fishing agreements between Filipino citizens and foreigners who conduct fishing activities in international waters, and ensure that such agreements are not contrary to Philippine commit- ment under international treaties and convention on fishing in the high seas; • formulate and implement a Comprehensive Fishery Research and Development Program, such as, but not limited to, sea farming, sea ranching, tropical/ornamental fish and seaweed culture, aimed at increasing resource productivity, improving resource use efficiency, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the country’s fishery and aquatic resources; • establish and maintain a Comprehensive Fishery Information System; • provide extensive development support services in all aspects of fisheries production, processing and marketing; • provide advisory services and technical assistance on the improvement of quality of fish from the time it is caught (i. e. on board fishing vessel, at landing areas, fish markets, to the processing plants and to the distribution and marketing chain); • coordinate efforts relating to fishery production undertaken by the primary fishery producers, LGUs, FARMCs, fishery and organizations/cooperatives; • advise and coordinate with LGUs on the maintenance of proper sanitation and hygienic practices in fish markers and fish landing areas; • establish a corps of specialists in collaboration with the Department of National Defense, Department of the Interior and Local government, and the Department of Foreign Affairs for the efficient monitoring, control and surveillance of fishing activities within Philippine territorial waters and provide the necessary facilities, equipment and training therefore; • implement an inspection system for import and export of fishery/aquatic productions and fish processing establishments consistent with international standards to ensure product quality and safety; • coordinate with LGUs and other concerned agencies for the establishment of productivity enhancing and market development programs in fishing communities to enable women to engage in other fisheries/eco- nomic activities and contribute significantly to development efforts; • enforce all laws, formulate and enforce all rules and regulations governing the conservation and manage- ment of fishery resources, except in municipal waters, and to settle conflicts of resource use and allocation in consultation with the national FARMC, LGUs and local FARMCs; • develop value-added fishery-products for domestic consumption and export; • recommend measures for the protection/enhancement of the fishery industries; • assist the LGUs in developing their technical capability in the development, management, regulation, conservation and protection of the fishery resource; • formulate rules and regulations for the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; and • perform such other related functions which shall promote the development conservation, management, protection and utilization of fisheries and aquatic resources.

17 the Code, with additional is within the jurisdiction of the LGU and deputy fish wardens clarification: a) that of prior as provided for by Section 17 of the (government officials and consultation with the Fisheries and LGC. The issuance of licenses for employees, Punong Barangay or Aquatic Resources Management the operation of fish pens, cages, Barangay chairpersons, and officers Council (FARMC); and b) in cases traps and other structures, municipal and members of fisherfolk where the concerned government fishing vessels, concessions and the organizations). Such sharing of agency wishes to establish a closed delineation of demarcated fishing responsibilities enhance strength season within municipal boundaries, areas are within the purview of the and coverage of enforcement; concurrence and approval has to be LGU through the local council. The nevertheless, such sharing, without secured from the appropriate LGU Code has not changed these clear delineation of tasks both from and FARMC. provisions although the consultative the geographical and legal role of FARMCs has been stressed. perspective can be a bane. Jurisdiction of local governments. The Priority to municipal Something New fisherfolk. The preferential Code reiterates The section on definition of the use rights to subsistence fishers for the use of terms is an indication of the breadth responsibilities of and magnitude of the Code. A total municipal/city communal fishing and marine areas is guaranteed of 73 definitions are provided governments including those that have been including the: by the Constitution (Art. XIII, Sec. 7) and also by the previously defined in existing a) enactment of LGC (Section 149). This is national laws and fishery appropriate reiterated by the Code in administrative orders (e.g. fine mesh ordinances in Section 7, priority should be net, electrofishing, superlight, accordance with given to resource users in the ). Definitions have also the National local communities adjacent to been provided for key management Fisheries Policy; municipal waters; and in Section concepts such as catch ceiling, b) enforcement of all 17, through organized fisherfolk fishery management areas, limited fishery laws, rules and organizations. access, maximum sustainable yield regulations as well as valid (MSY), resource rent and total fishery ordinances; Enforcement. The full breadth allowable catch. c) issuance of licenses for the of the enforcement spectrum is dealt with sufficiently by the Code. The Limiting access. More than operation of fish pens, cages, mere definitions, these concepts traps and other structures lowest level of enforcement begins with the citizenry’s vigilance in represent the institutionalization of within duly designated areas limiting access and use rights. For in municipal waters. averting crimes and where such are committed, to act as responsible example, fees and other fishery The ordinance-making function resource stewards. Strengthening charges shall be based on resource of local governments is enumerated the FARMCs is a thrust that will rent. This concept considers social by the Local Government Code enhance vigilance amongst fisher benefits from using the fishery as a (LGC) in Sections 447(a)(1)(vi) for communities. resource, over and above financial the Sangguniang Bayan and profits of users. By considering 468(a)(1)(vi) for the Provincial Board The next level of enforcement only the latter, there is a tendency to or Sangguniang Panlalawigan. It occurs when the crimes are actually expand fishing effort (both labor and is not necessary for LGUs to seek committed. The Code maintains the capital) to levels at which society is approval of such ordinances from multiplicity of government agencies suffering a net loss. Akin to the national agencies (Sec. 534(f) of the and other entities tasked to enforce paradigm of resource rent is that of LGC which repeals Sec. 4 of PD 704); fishery laws. Persons and deputies MSY which is related to quotas and and LGUs may enact ordinances who are authorized to enforce the total allowable catch. Estimating which have not been dealt with code include: law enforcement such parameters has traditionally sufficiently by any national law officers of the DA, Navy, Coast involved a huge and lengthy time provided that it does not contradict Guard, Philippine National Police- series of data; moreover, the any other. Enforcement of all fishery Maritime Command, law enforcement expertise is lodged in very few laws, rules and regulation, both officers of the LGU and other institutions. It becomes essential to nationally and locally promulgated, government enforcement agencies, develop appropriate and

18 understandable guidelines to be in the Code; thus, it People empowerment. The used by both national as well as is presumed that Code highlights the need for people local level institutions preferably guidelines on empowerment by consolidating and with the use of available data. determination of strengthening Executive Order (EO) overfishing 240, the creation of FARMCs (Table The Code also provides for should be 1). FARMCs act as consultative some relatively “radical” developed. bodies to LGUs in: a) determining procedures to limit access Another type of priorities on fishing activities of including the limited entry of control is the municipal fisherfolk; b) maintaining a both commercial and municipal absolute prohibition on registry of municipal fishing vessels fishing vessels in areas deemed the use of active (e.g. trawl, purse by gear and boat; c) assisting the as overfished by either the DA or seine, Danish seine and bag net) LGU in formulating mechanisms to the concerned LGU. The term fishing gears in municipal waters. include or exclude fisherfolk or overfishing however, is not defined groups in the use of municipal

TABLE 1. ASSESSMENT OF INTERPRETATIONS OF SELECTED FISHERY MANAGEMENT ISSUES BASED ON PRE AND POST FISHERIES CODE REGIMES.

Issue Laws existing prior to the Fisheries New Fisheries Code Code and interpretations thereof

1. Commercial fishing in Commercial fishing is not allowed The municipal or city government may, through its municipal waters within the 15-km municipal waters local chief executive and acting pursuant to an (Jurisdictional Guidebook, Q 5.1.4, pp. appropriate ordinance, authorize or permit small and 5-6). medium scale commercial fishing vessels to operate within the 10.1 to 15 kilometer area (Sec. 18). 2. Municipal fisherfolk There is no national law that prohibits The LGU shall maintain a registry of municipal fishing in waters beyond municipal fishers from fishing beyond fisherfolk, for the purpose of determining priorities their municipal their municipal boundaries; however, the among them, of limiting entry into the municipal boundaries Sangguniang Bayan may promulgate waters, and of monitoring fishing activities and/or rules and regulations regarding the other related purposes; and issuances of fishing boat licenses and the The LGU, in consultation with the FARMCs, shall possibility of prohibiting non-resident formulate the necessary mechanisms for inclusion or municipal fishers from fishing in said exclusion procedures that shall be most beneficial to municipal waters (Jurisdictional resident fisherfolk (Sec. 19). Guidebook, Q. 5.1.5, pp. 5-7).

3. Disposition of public Public lands suited for fishpond Public lands suited for fishpond operations shall not lands for fishery operations shall not be disposed or be disposed or alienated; Lands that are declared as purposes alienated; available for fishpond development will be turned There is no express provision on the over to qualified fisherfolk cooperatives/associations; granting of priority rights to fisherfolk However, upon expiration of existing FLAs, the organizations (PD 704). current lessees shall be given priority and be entitled to an extension of 25 years in the utilization of their respective leased areas (Sec. 45). 4. Lease area for fishponds For individuals, 50 hectares; for For individuals, 50 hectares (unchanged); for associations and corporations, 500 corporations, or fisherfolk organizations, 250 hectares, with possibility to extend lease hectares (Sec. 45 a) area subject to approval of the Secretary (PD 704)

5. Establishment of EO 240 recommends the creation of The establishment of FARMCs is obligatory; FARMCs FARMCs in coastal barangays, cities FARMCs should be established at the national level and municipalities. However, in the and in all municipalities abutting municipal waters; absence of penal provisions to the FARMCs shall be formed by fisherfolk contrary, the LGU is not obligated to organizations/cooperatives and non-government establish a FARMC (Guidebook, Q. organizations in the locality and be assisted by 5.7.1, pp. 5-46). LGUs and other government entities (Sec. 69). ..

19 waters; d) determining license fees, • that as a line bureau, the BFAR • list of breeders/spawners (Sec. catch ceilings, closed seasons, fish shall be headed by a Director 98). sanctuaries and/or refuges; and e) and assisted by two assistant the enactment of appropriate Directors, one each for • Other sections implicitly state ordinances. administrative and technical the need to develop or affirm existing guidelines such as: Integrated management. services; regional, provincial Within the purview of integrated and municipal offices are to be • Guidelines on reversion of management is the Code’s realization established if deemed abandoned, undeveloped and and acceptance of a broader appropriate and necessary. underutilized fishponds (Sec. environment that nurtures the Caveat: the need for fishery resource. This is affirmed by implementing guidelines. These the Code’s subscription to the new concepts and provisions imply Environment Impact Statement the necessity of developing system (Sec. 12) and supported by implementing guidelines or the drafting of a for mechanisms to avert confusion and sustainable aquaculture. The varying interpretations. Specific imposition of penalties against sections in the code explicitly entities causing aquatic pollution mention the need for developing (presumably including point and implementing guidelines for the : non-point sources!) further reinforces the wider environmental • licensing of fishing gear for framework. In the area of habitat commercial fishing vessels management, the Code provides that (Sec. 29); at least 25% but no more than 40% • duty and tax rebates on fuel of bays, foreshore lands, continental consumption for commercial shelves or any fishing ground shall 49). The DA-Department and fishing operators engaged in be set aside for the cultivation of Environment and Natural high seas fisheries (Sec. 35c); mangroves to strengthen the habitat Resources (DENR) Joint General and spawning grounds of fish. • operation of radio Memorandum of Agreement Lastly, the Code further posits that communication facilities in Order No. 3, s1991, prescribes management of contiguous fishery coordination with the National the guidelines for the reversion areas should not be made based on Telecommunications of Fishpond Lease Agreements political subdivisions but resource Commission (Sec. 43); (FLA) into mangrove forest management systems. lands and the DA-Department • number and wattage of Institutional strengthening. of Agrarian Reform AO No. 18, superlights to be regulated by The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic s1991, prescribes the guidelines the DA (Sec. 44); Resources (BFAR) could not be to be followed in the redistribution of cancelled and/ considered as a “new” creation, • identification of species which or expired FLAs to agrarian albeit, the restoration of its line are by nature small but already reform beneficiaries. functions and a general institutional mature in relation to exemption strengthening can very well be an in using fine mesh net; also, the • Determination of catch ceilings improved feature. Among the mesh size to be fixed by the DA (Sec. 101) which emanates from general provisions of the Code in (Sec. 89); the DA. relation to BFAR are: • determination of gears • Guidelines on determining point • the appointment of an destructive to coral reefs and and non-point sources of Undersecretary of Fisheries and other marine habitats (Sec. 92); aquatic pollution and of Aquatic Resources; monitoring and enforcement • list of endangered species thereof. Collaboration with • its reconstitution as a line outside of CITES (Convention other government agencies bureau under the DA with on the International Trade of such as the DENR and Coast functions outlined in the Box on Endangered Species) (Sec. 97); Guard need to be specified. page??; and and

20 Illegal Fishing Activity Pre-RA 8550 Law RA 8550 Law Comment Blast or dynamite fishing PD 704; as amended by PD 1058 • Mere possession of explosives: • Mere possession of dynamite, other • Penalty has imprisonment ranging from 12 to explosives, and chemical compounds decreased. 25 years which contain combustible elements: imprisonment ranging from 6 months to 2 years. • Fishing with explosives: • Fishing with explosives: • Penalty has imprisonment from 20 years to imprisonment ranging from 5 to 10 decreased. life imprisonment provided that if years without prejudice to the filing the use of explosives results in of separate criminal cases when the • Physical injury to any person; use results to physical injury or loss the penalty shall be of human life. imprisonment ranging from 25 years to life imprisonment. • The loss of human life, the penalty shall be life imprisonment to death. • Knowingly possessing, dealing in, • Dealing in, selling, or in any manner • Penalty has selling or in any manner disposing disposing of, for profit illegally decreased but of, for profit illegally caught/ caught/gathered fisheries: ignorance of the gathered fisheries: imprisonment imprisonment ranging from 6 months fish condition is ranging from 5 to 10 years. to 2 years. not an alibi. • The fishing vessels, fishing • Additional equipment, and catch shall be penalty. forfeited. Cyanide fishing PD 704; as amended by PD 1058 • Mere possession of noxious or • New • Fishing with noxious or poisonous poisonous substances such as sodium prohibition and substances: imprisonment ranging cyanide: imprisonment ranging from penalty. from 8 to 10 years, provided that 6 months to 2 years. if the use of substance results in • Fishing with noxious or poisonous • Penalty has • Physical injury to any person; the substances such as sodium cyanide: decreased. penalty shall be imprisonment imprisonment ranging from 5 to 10 from 10 to 12 years; or years without prejudice to the filing • The loss of human life, the of separate criminal cases when the penalty shall be imprisonment use results to physical injury or loss from 20 years to life or death. of human life. • Dealing in, selling, or in any manner • Penalty has • Knowingly possessing, dealing in, disposing of, for profit illegally decreased but selling or in any manner disposing caught/gathered fisheries: ignorance of the of, for profit illegally caught/ imprisonment ranging from 6 months fish condition is gathered fisheries: imprisonment to 2 years. not an alibi. ranging from 5 to 10 years. • The fishing vessels, fishing • Additional equipment, and catch shall be penalty. forfeited. Electrofishing RA 6541 • Imprisonment ranging from 2 to 4 • New prohibition years. and penalty. • Mere possession of equipment or • Penalty has device for electrofishing: increased. imprisonment ranging from 6 months to 2 years. • Imprisonment ranging from 5 to 10 • New prohibition years without prejudice to the filing and penalty. of separate criminal cases when the use results to physical injury or loss of human life. • Dealing in, selling, or in any manner • Additional disposing of, for profit illegally penalty. caught/gathered fisheries:

21 imprisonment ranging from 6 months to 2 years. • The fishing vessels, fishing equipment, and catch shall be forfeited. Use of fine mesh FAO 155, s1986 nets • A fine of not less than PhP500.00 but • A fine from PhP2,000.00 to • Fine has increased not more than PhP5,000.00 or PhP20,000.00 or imprisonment from 6 but duration of imprisonment of not less than 6 months to 2 years, or both such fine and imprisonment has months to 4 years, or both such fine imprisonment at the discretion of the decreased. and imprisonment, at the discretion of court: Provided, that if the offense is Included also as the court: Provided, however, that the committed by a commercial fishing liable to the law Director of BFAR is empowered to vessel, the boat captain and the master are the boat impose upon the offender an fisherman shall also be subjected to the captain, master administrative fine of not more than penalties provided herein; Provided, fisherman and the PhP5,000.00 including the confiscation further, that the owner/operator of the owner/operator of of the fishery nets or paraphernalia and commercial fishing vessel who violates the commercial the fish catch. this provision shall be subjected to the fishing vessel. same penalties herein: Provided, finally, that the Department is hereby empowered to impose upon the offender an administrative fine and/or cancel his permit or license or both. Exportation of Section 36 PD 704 bangus • Imprisonment of 1 year to 5 years or a • Imprisonment of 8 years, confiscation • Severity of (milkfish) fry fine of PhP1,000.00 to PhP5,000.00 or of the breeders, spawners, eggs or fry or penalty has both. a fine equivalent to double the value of increased. the same, and revocation of the fishing and/or export license/permit. Fishing in FAO 163, s1996 Philippine • Imprisonment of 6 months to 4 years • Imprisonment of 2 to 10 years or a fine • Severity of waters with the or fine of PhP500.00 to PhP5,000.00 of PhP100,000.00 to PhP500,000.00 or penalty has use of muro-ami or both. both such fine and imprisonment at the increased. (drive-in-net), discretion of the court to the operator, Included as liable kayakas, boat captain, master fisherman. to the law are the scareline or operator, boat serosca) captain, and master fisherman. • The catch and gear used shall be • Additional confiscated. penalty. Operation of FAO 156, s1986 trawls and purse • ‘ A fine of not less than PhP500.00 but • The boat captain and master fisherman • The number of seine not more than PhP5,000.00 or of the vessel using active gears such as gears covered has imprisonment of not less than 6 trawls, purse seines, bag nets, Danish increased. Penalty months to 4 years, or both such fine seines, paaling, drift gill nets, tuna has increased. The and imprisonment, at the discretion of longlines, and other fishing devices penalty of the the court to those that fish using trawl characterized by gear movements and/or fishers differ from or purse seine within 7 km from pursuit of target species shall suffer the penalty of the shorelines of all provinces: Provided, imprisonment from 2 to 6 years. The owner/operator. however, that the Director of BFAR is owner/operator of the vessel shall be empowered to impose upon the fined from PhP2,000.00 to offender an administrative fine of not PhP20,000.00 upon the discretion of the more than PhP5,000.00 including the court: provided that if the owner/ confiscation of the fishery nets or operator is a corporation, the penalty paraphernalia and the fish catch. shall be imposed on the chief executive officer of the Corporation: provided further that if the owner/operator is a partnership the penalty shall be imposed on the managing partner. • The catch shall be confiscated.

22 Something Better the state and should be accessible to augmentation of prosecutorial any citizen. Residents of particular efforts dedicated to fishery-related First, the Code consolidates municipalities shall have priority over crimes and offenses. This will help previous laws governing fishery the use of its municipal waters. in solving some of the enforcement resources and affirms traditional Third, the Code introduces bottlenecks. “working” models. The important novel concepts for limiting access, role of LGUs in legislation, Fifth, the Code restored subscribes to the integrated enforcement and overall essential line functions to BFAR. management framework and management is stressed including This should not be viewed as a re- provides ample support mechanisms that of the corollary features of centralization of fisheries functions for community devolution. rather, as a technical support to participation. Interventions LGUs especially in the such as Fourth, the implementation of new management sanctuaries, Code reflects the interventions such as MSY, total closed seasons way society views allowable catch and municipality- and licensing crimes and based licensing. of municipal offenses related to There are more achievements fishing the fishery and probably some imperfections vessels are resource. There and misgivings, depending on who affirmed to be is a prevailing acts as the evaluator. However, the within the pattern of Fisheries Code does provide a solid purview of the viewing framework to address coastal and local crimes fishery management issues. government. against However, a fishery traditional resources as a grave offense. Acknowledgement model which was carried over and is This is reflected in the higher level of questioned for its seeming failures is fines, facilitation in the handling of Many thanks to Mr. Leo Pura, Policy that of law enforcement. As evidence and additional prohibitions Research Assistant of CRMP, who discussed in the previous section, (Table 2). In cases (e.g. blast and helped develop the penalty tables and the multiplicity of agencies involved cyanide fishing) where the Mr. Pol Zara of the Office of Senator in law enforcement is a bane. imprisonment period was shortened Leticia Shahani. vis-á-vis the pre-RA 8550 regime, Second, the Code resolved additional prohibitions were Reference conflicts between existing fishery incorporated and handling of laws and the Local Government evidence was made more simple. Department of Environment and Code. The issue of commercial The final level of enforcement is Natural Resources (DENR), fishing in municipal waters is one lodged with the Courts. This ultimate Department of Interior and Local such issue that has been settled and and definitive step is dogged by Government (DILG), Department clarified (Table 1). Although, other problems that beset the of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries sectors would like to focus on the and Aquatic Resources (DA- downside of this issue, i.e., entry of BFAR) and Coastal Resource commercial vessels up to 150 gross Management Project (CRMP). tons in municipal waters, this article 1997. Legal and Jurisdictional invokes the power of LGUs to Guidebook for Coastal determine this situation; otherwise, Resource Management in the the default condition is for no Philippines. Coastal Resource commercial fishing to occur. entire justice system (such as low Management Project, Manila, Meanwhile, the power of LGUs to ratio of prosecutors/judges to Philippines. 196 p. exclude non-resident fishers as a offenders) and those that are unique form of limiting access is affirmed to fisheries (handling of evidence, and strengthened by the Code witness support and protection). (Table 1). This clarifies the notion The Code provides for the that all Philippine waters is owned by

23 Banacon, the First Mangrove Community-based Forestry Management Area in a Protected Area

Calixto E. Yao Mangrove Technical Specialist CRMP

Banacon Island has come a long way since Nong center of community-based mangrove forest Denciong’s initial effort at mangrove farming in 1959 management, with Banacon as the flagship with 400 (see related story on page __). From a humble hectares of bakauan bato or spider mangrove plantation eked out to provide household needs, it has (Rhizophora styloza) plantation, half of which were since put Banacon on the map. Banacon is now known planted by the community. for its vast tracts of bakauan (mangrove) plantations. Mangrove planting in Banacon began with From 1984 to 1992, Banacon was made a model for Nong Denciong who recognized the values of the Community-based Mangrove Reforestation bakauan. As the plantation near his house grew, component of the World Bank funded Central some of his neighbors started to plant bakauan, too. Regional Project. The island has also been a popular After a few more years, the islanders started staking site with fishermen’s associations for cross visits; local claims around west of the island where the area is and foreign scientists doing research studies; and shallow with sandy substrate suited for bakauan policy makers who are challenged by the biggest and bato. Through time, the plantation has grown and most successful bakauan plantation initiated by a expanded into other plantations extending to a total community without assistance from the government. of 60 hectares by 1984. Bakauan planting has Fulgencio Factoran Jr. and Victor O. Ramos, former become a regular activity of the islanders. Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bakauan growers earn income from the (DENR) Secretaries and even Fidel V. Ramos, President plantation by selling bakauan poles for fish fences of the Republic of the Philippines, were keen enough to and as housing materials. Each pole measuring 10 visit the area. At present, there is a pending bill by cm in diameter at breast height and 10 m long sells at Congressman Aumentado of the Second Congressional P50 ($1.35). They are more highly prized though, as District of Bohol declaring the island an eco-tourism firewood for bakeries, selling at P300 ($8.11) per site. cubic meter (Melana 1995). In dire times, whole Banacon Island is located seven kilometers north plantations of approximately 0.5 hectare each of half of Getafe, Bohol, Philippines. It consists of 30 hectares a year old mangroves can be sold to businessmen as of Alienable and Disposable land and 37 hectares of some people did back in the late 1970s. Aside from timberland. The island is one of several islets within timber, the community also earns by selling the the Danajon Bank. The other two adjacent islets west of propagules (mangrove seeds) at approximately P0.20 Banacon, Jaguliao and Nasingin, are also surrounded each. Business is brisk with orders ranging from with plantations. In the east, Calituban island has 300 100,000-200,000 per year. Banacon has been the main hectares of young plantation. This makes Getafe the supplier of propagules in the Visayas and

24 since the start of the first wave of high salinity. and wait until they could start mangrove reforestation in the late earning from the plantation again. Some conflicts exist in Banacon 1980s and early 1990s when DENR about the vast mangrove reserves Then, as if 2151 was not started the Contract Reforestation and how they are used. When the enough to contain harvesting in Program. Banacon itself got a old Bureau of Forest Development Banacon, Republic Act 7161, contract for 200 hectares. Today, became aware of the large bakauan banning cutting of all mangroves, selling of propagules is managed by plantation in Banacon in 1981, it was was passed in 1991. This time, not the people’s organization (Alcaria, placed under the Integrated Social only the community protested. The pers. comm.) Forestry (ISF) Program. At that DENR said that the law contradicted Three species are found in the time, no one checked whether there the department’s mission on social island: bakauan bato, pagatpat were users of this resource and on equity and people empowerment. (Sonneratia alba), bungalon or grey how much were natural growth. At The said law did more harm than mangrove (Avicennia marina) and a any rate, under the ISF the good to the coastal dwellers. The few piapi (A. lanata). In an attempt community could still harvest what Community-based Forestry to improve biodiversity in the island, they had planted. Unfortunately, in Management (CBFM) Program, the the Ecosystem Research and 1984, while processing the banner program of DENR, in line Development Bureau (then Forest Certificate of Stewardship Contract with its paradigm shift from the Research Institute) of the DENR (CSC) for the tenurial instrument in traditionally, regulatory approach to introduced several new species: Banacon, it was discovered that a more pro-people orientation, is in tangal (Ceriops tagal), busaing or Presidential Proclamation 2151 jeopardy if this law is not changed. black mangrove (Brugueira Series of 1982 had declared the Regulated harvesting is the best gymnorrhiza), nipa (Nypa fruticans), island as a Wilderness Area. reason to join the program. Without tabigi (Xylocarpus granatum), Subsequently, the NIPAS (National it, the community will not waste time tabyao (X. mekongensis), bakauan Integrated Protected Areas System) and effort protecting the mangroves babae (R. mucronata) and bakauan law included it as a Protected Area, knowing that they would not get lalaki (R. apiculata). Of these together with Jaguliao and any return. As stated by Mayor species, only Ceriops, Brugueira, X. Nasingin. The proclamation and the Camacho of Getafe, the said mekongensis and the two NIPAS law ban extraction of government policy is “forcing the Rhizophora species have survived, mangroves and would render the islanders to violate the law.” To with some already fruiting. Nipa and CSC useless. Obviously, the date, for plantations that have not the otheres failed, probably due to concerned government agencies been cut because of the ban, some were not coordinating. The trees are already 30 years old or Mahanay I. islanders had to defer harvesting Banacon I. more. Jagoliao I. Tom bu I.

Banbohon I. After some deliberation, Handayon I. the DENR formulated Department Administrative GETAFE Order No.10 Series of 1998, BOHOL permitting the cutting of planted mangroves as long as JAGOLIAO POINT they are under a CBFM area. Unfortunately, because of Presidential Proclamation 2151

BO. JAGOLIAO B

a of 1982, Banacon can not

n

a

c

o readily apply for the CBFM n BANACON I.

h

i program. It is also part of a g

BINALIO h POINT w protected area by virtue of the a

y BO. BANACON JAG OLIAO I. NIPAS law. The plantation has to be zoned as a Multiple Use

LEGEND Zone before harvesting can

Mangrove be granted. This means that Plantation the fate of the islanders are now in the hands of the MANGROVE PLANTATIONS IN BANACON AND VICINITY.

25 Protected Area Management Board • Establishment of a seed References that is responsible for zoning. The production area by thinning 5- Calumpong, H. 1996. The Central DENR, the local government units 10 year old plantations or Visayas Regional Project: (LGU) and non-government developing a new plantation Lessons Learned. Tambuli. organizations (NGO) need to using R. apiculata and S. alba. (1):12-17. facilitate zoning. • Establishment of a DENR. 1997. Sustainable The Coastal Resource “Mangrovetum” Livelihood Options for the Management Project is for Philippines. DENR, Quezon coordinating with DENR conservation City, Philippines. to facilitate the and seed Melana, E.E. 1995. Productivity and establishment of production Soil Deposition Movement in CBFMA in four purposes the Mangrove Plantation of municipalities in Bohol and as a Banacon Is., Bohol, Philippines. (Getafe, Inabanga, tourist In: Kikuchi, T. (ed.). Rapid Sea Mabini, ) attraction. A Level and Mangrove Habitat. through its Mangrove “Mangrovetum” Institute for Basin Ecosystem Management Component is a plantation Studies, Gifu University. (MMC). The MMC team are consisting of several Tura, C. and E. Melana. 1993. coordinating with the DENR, genera and species planted by Attitude and Perception of appropriate LGUs and NGOs in blocks per genus per species for Bakauan Planters in Bohol helping the community apply for easy identification and growth Towards Mangrove CBFMAs. Also, the MMC will comparison of look-alike species Reforestation. Ecosystem Digest, assign a community organizer in among the mangroves. This ERDS-DENR Region 7. each municipality to help the would also complement the Tura, C. and E. Melana. 1990. Folk community implement CBFM proposed Eco-tourism Bill. Technology on Mangrove effectively. Of particular concern is • Amatong (an indigenous way of Reforestation in Bohol. making Banacon the first mangrove Ecosystem Digest, ERDS-DENR catching fish using an CBFMA under a Protected Area. Region 7. excavation filled with rocks and Banacon is the cradle of community- mangrove branches that provide Yao, C.E. 1984. Banacon Is. Biggest based mangrove forest management a niche to ) fisherfolk Bakauan Plantation in Central in the country and the people of should practice conservation Visayas. Canopy International, Banacon deserve that honor. measures such as releasing July-September. In order to facilitate juveniles and gravid fish. Yao, C.E. and R. Bojos. 1986. implementation of CBFM in Banacon Mangrove Reforestation in • DENR should also work toward and effectively manage their . Canopy the granting of CBFM mangrove forest, including natural International, March-April. agreements, good for 25 years mangrove stands, the MMC and renewable for the same Yao, C.E. and R. Bojos. 1985. A Walk recommends the following: period, to beneficiaries who In The Bakauan Plantation in • Immediate appointment of could guarantee protection of Banacon. Habitat Philippines, FORI, College, Laguna. PAMB members to effect zoning the remaining mangrove stands. at the soonest possible time. Yao, C.E. and R. Bojos. (in press). • Concerned people’s Banacon has Xylocarpus • Harvesting of overmature trees organizations and LGUs should mekongensis. and replanting with bigger pledge accountability for abuse bakauan species, R. apiculata of the privilege and inability to and S. alba. Old plantations enforce forest protection Acknowledgement hardly grow anymore due to through an ordinance. over-crowding, a result of the J.A. Atchue III, Field Operations Leader community’s planting of CRMP’s Mangrove [If Banacon has been declared as Management Component, reviewed technique. It is better to harvest this article. these trees and invest the “ecotourism” area, it might be useful to preserve some of the 30-year old trees proceeds in other livelihood since these are unusual in Philippine activities. mangrove forests. Editor]

26 Lobster Farming

Sea farming is the growing of fishes, molluscs, Ipil-ipil, sharpened at one end and driven into the seaweeds or crustaceans to marketable size on the substrate 40-60 cm deep and carefully placed 20 sea bed or in special structures. Pen culture near cm apart to form all sides of the pen. They are the shore is an environment-friendly sea farming secured to each other by means of a bridging activity that employs simple technology and low (molding poles made from similar materials tied investment. The most recent trend in pen culture is perpendicular to the stakes). growing of lobsters and is practised in , , and now, in the southern part of 3. Installation of screens, netting or bamboo the Philippines. slats for enclosure. Dig a third of a meter-deep canal prior to the installation of netting materials. Lobsters are crustaceans from Family Make sure that the netting reaches the bottom of Homaridae. Common to Guimaras Island near Iloilo, the canal and cover again with the substrate to Philippines are Panulirus ornatus (tiger), P. prevent burrowing lobsters from escaping. Two versicolor (green) and P. longipes (red). These people, one person “inside” and the other spiny lobsters are characterized by a hard shell, “outside”, can set up the screen with an 80 lbs. stalked eyes, four pairs of walking legs, a pair of nylon twine. antennae below the eyes and a pair of chelipeds for grabbing food. 4. Division of compartments. Large mesh size nets and bamboo slats are also used to install Lobsters are valued in the export and local these compartments to provide protection to market for their delicate flesh. At present, Guimaras stocks in the molting stage. There are 3 main fishers sell them at P800 ($21.62) per kilogram from compartments: the rearing area (15 sq m), a total island catch of about 100-160 kilograms a transition area (6 sq m) and the nursery area (4 sq month from the wild. The capture method from the m). Steps in dividing the pen into these wild include use of gillnets and spears (hookah compartments are similar to step 3. Note the fishing is not advisable). For the newly introduced recommended stocking density and techno-pack culture method, juveniles are caught from shallow corresponding in the sample pen layout. reef flats at night using kerosene lamps, scoop nets and gillnets. 5. Construction of caretaker’s hut. A caretaker’s hut is essential in every pen to provide protection against inclement weather, not Site Selection only for the workers but also for the lobsters Critical to any sea farming activity is site during harvest. Local materials (e.g., nipa, cogon) selection. Below is a list of parameters and are recommended. requirements that would guide the potential entrepreneur in selecting a site for lobster farming.

Steps in Lobster Pen Construction A cubical pen measuring 5x5x4-6 meters is the most widely used. It is made with 3 cm mesh synthetic net, framed by wood or bamboo. It takes only 15 days to construct, from the lay-out to the construction of the caretaker’s hut. 1. Lay-out. Mark the corners of the area measuring 5x5 m with stout poles.

2. Staking. Prepare the stakes. These are materials made from bamboo stumps or

27 Management of Pen PARAMETERS REQUIREMENTS 1. Lobsters grown in pens have the tendency to accumulate substrate sandy/rock/ coralline, with patches of algae on the external portion of seagrass if possible their exoskeleton probably due location marine waters, away from rivers and to the low level of salinity and creeks;freefromdomestic, industrial exposure to sunlight. To and agricultural wastes and from other control: (a) provide shelters environmental made from old tires, bamboo and rock piles on pen floors, water quality always clear, with abundant plankton and other food organisms, salinity not less with coconut, nipa or Buri than 30 parts per thousand leaves as roof; (b) polyculture with siganids and other water current minimum of 10-35 cm/sec or moderate herbivorous fish species; (c) current exchange; free from strong wave harvest the lobster one week action after molting; and (d) regularly water depth not less than one meter during the clean the nets. lowest low tide (neap tide) and not more six meters during high tide 2. Clean the netting twice a month by scrubbing it with coconut availability of the species indigenous species preffered to ensure husk or net bag material to take supply of juvenile away barnacles and other debris, allowing for the smooth conversion ratios (wet months after the first stocking, flow of water. food consumed: increase in when the lobster weighs an body weight) between 3.6:1 and average of one kilogram a piece 3. Do not 9:1 have been reported with and every month thereafter, mix the weak naturals foods. depending on the available marketable lobster. 5. Monitor the growth rate twice a month to determine the feed 2. The ideal time for harvesting is requirement and for record from 6:00 to 8:00 in the morning, purposes. or when the weather is particularly cloudy. 6. Establish perimeter stakes with light or kerosene lamp to warn 3. Use scoop net in harvesting or off boats at night. simply pick the lobsters. Goggles and snorkels may be 7. Constantly monitor and record needed. Weighing scales all activities and finance-related should be ready to immediately aspects of the project. and newly molted ones with the determine the weight of the healthy juveniles. Put the weak before packing for lobsters in the nursery transport to the restaurant or compartment for them to Harvesting 1. Selective harvesting is done six market. Care must be exercised recuperate. to ensure that all 4. Feed twice daily. Weigh 10 of appendages are intact. the lobsters (representative Damage to any part will sample) in the pen and compute reduce the market price. the average. The amount of Survival is high at 90% feed for each lobster would be for stocks of 250 gm for 15-20 % of the body weight. the culture period of Lobsters may be fed with four to seven months. chopped or ground rays, shark Thus, the culture of meat, sea urchins and other juvenile lobsters in foods. Food may be pens is also a profitable broadcasted. Wet weight food micro-project.

28 Rearing Compartment Nursery Compartment area = 15 sq m area = 4 sq m SD = 10:1 SD = 40:1 = 150 pieces = 160 pc w = below 800gm/pc w = all below 300 gm/pc Grading/transfer can be done when the lobster is about 400 gm/pc. Note: SD or stocking density = no. of Transition Compartment lobsters per square meter area = 6 sq m w = weight of the lobster during SD = 25:1 stocking = 150 pc w = all below 600 gm/pc Selective harvesting can be done when the lobster reaches about 1 kg/pc. Grading/transfer can be done when the lobster is about 700 gm/pc.

Example of a Pen layout (total area = 5x5 m)l Cagayan, Philippines. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly. Manila, By Leonides C. Tan Philippines. October. Fishery Technology Specialist, Zone 1 Justiniano, Caitum. 1990. Lobster Small Islands Culture in Pen. DA Reg. IX, Agricultural Support Zamboanga City. Service Programme Guimaras, Iloilo, Masatsume Nomoro. 1981. Illustration Philippines. of Design for Various Fishing Gears, Small Scale. JICA, Tokyo, Acknowledgement Japan. March.

Lobster culture is a community- Moore, R. and J.W. MacFarlane. 1997. based micro-enterprise project jointly Tropical Rock Lobster (Panulirus implemented by the Provincial ornatus) Research Program. 4. Always use a floating box made Government and the European Union Australian Fisheries. April. of plastic screen, partially through the SMISLE Programme in buoyed by bamboo poles, Guimaras. SMISLE aims to accelerate styropore or just an ordinary development in several Visayan Islands in floatation device, with the Philippines using the participatory dimensions of 60x60x60 cm to approach. keep the lobster in the water thereby reducing stress until Bibliography the collection is over. Aqua Farm News. 1994. SEAFDEC, 5. Newly molted lobster should Iloilo, Philippines. Volume XII No. 1. January-February. not be harvested as it could not withstand stress during Arellano, R.V. 1996. Growth of Spiny transportation. Lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) Caught Off San Vicente, Marketing

Classifications Price by species or color Weight (gm) Category Red Green Tiger all below juvenile N/A N/A P200.00/kg 200-299 small P200.00/kg P200.00/kg P370.00/kg 300-499 medium P400.00/kg P400.00/kg P650.00/kg 500-1.7 kg large P600.00/kg P600.00/kg P850.00/kg 29 Economics of Production (1997 Guimaras Prices)

# OF UNIT BUDGET ITEM TOTAL COST UNIT

Investment Cost 6,000.00 90 meters Plastic Screen # ½ 2,500.00 50 meters Polyethylene net # 3 cm x 100 mesh 1,300.00 10 kg Nylon twine # 100 lbs 650.00 5 kg Nylon twine # 180 lbs 750.00 5 rolls Nylon cord # 8 300.00 30 pcs. Bamboo stumps - 4 m 750.00 30 pcs. Bamboo poles 400.00 6 pcs. Coconut trunk - 5 m each 1,600.00 1 unit Weighing scale (with clear gram readings) 14,250.00

Operating Cost 3,200.00 160 pcs. Lobster juvenile at P20.00/pc. 9,500.00 500 kg Feeds for 180 days 3,600.00 15 days Construction of farm: 3-persons x P80.00 5,100.00 60 days Labor: P85.00 3,000.00 Less annual repair (maintenance) 24,400.00

Summary 76,800.00 Total revenue from expected harvest of 96 kg @ P800.00kg 38,650.00 Cost of Production 38,150.00 Net Return Note: Assumptions were based on 20% mortality rate. 80% of total stocks are harvested after 6-10 months. Nong Denciong and His Legacy

Banacon Island, lying eight kilometers north that he would put Banacon in the map as a model of Getafe, Bohol, Philippines, was noted for for community-based mangrove restoration 25 banak (Mugil caeruleomaculatum), the silvery years later. He planted bakauan with a simple thick scaled fish belonging to family Mugilidae, objective, that he would not have to go far to cut from which the island got its name. Banacon is or buy firewood and poles for his housing needs. one of several islets that has been supplying Cebu City with fishes, blue crabs and shells Nong Denciong started planting with daily. On the way back, traders bring basic propagules collected from a few mother trees of goods thus, establishing trade and commerce Sonneratia alba and Avicennia marina, the between Pasil, Cebu City and Banacon. dominant species at that time, and floating propagules found in fish pens (Cimagala pers. It was only in the early 1980s that Banacon comm). He established his first plantation of about started to make waves when visitors began to 500 square meters at the eastern side of the island. come in droves to see the biggest bakauan The trees grew up to 9 m with an average diameter (mangrove) plantation in Central Visayas—if not at breast height of 8 cm. They had an initial in the whole country (Yao 1984)—established spacing of about 30 cm x 30 cm so the propagules through community effort without government could protect each other from strong waves and assistance (see article on page ??). The winds especially in the exposed areas. This increasing number of visitors encouraged the strategy has been adopted by other planters not islanders further to plant more bakauan, specially only in the island but in the whole province as well. the late Eugenio Paden, popularly known as Where and how Nong Denciong learned the Nong Denciong, the man who started it all. technology, nobody seems to know. It is possible that he learned it from Mindanao where he spent

leadership models When Nong Denciong established his first some time working as a carpenter in the early bakauan plantation in 1959, he had no inkling 1950s.

30 Not long after Nong Denciong Nong Denciong, the silent with the Department’s new paradigm established his plantation, others, type who simply wanted to mind shift, from the traditionally like the brothers Sotero and Milan his own business, was happy that regulatory to community-based Torreon, also planted bakauan along his initiative has created an management. the now popular “Banacon opportunity for his fellow Highway”, the 30 m boat passage Boholanos, making money out of For his pioneering effort on presently surrounded by about 400 the bakauan. Nong Denciong mangrove restoration, Nong hectares of mangroves and himself planted a total of about Denciong received several citations connects Banacon and eight hectares and including DENR’s Likas Yaman Jaguliao Islands. The earned substantially Award given by President Corazon Torreons used from it. Yet, he Aquino in 1989 and the outstanding propagules believed that the Tree Farmer Award given by Her collected from planters could Royal Highness Princess Maha Ipil river in even make Chakri Sirindhor in Bangkok, Trinidad, more money Thailand in 1991 under the auspices Bohol where if the island of the Food and Agriculture they did had not Organization (Melana 1991). their been Recently, in posthumous recognition marketing. proclaimed by the people of Banacon, the Not to be as a Banacon Barangay Council passed a outdone Wilderness resolution naming the Banacon by several Area Highway as Paden’s Pass in honor planters, where of the man who put Banacon in the Nong harvesting map, including the small boat Denciong was not passage in honor of other original established allowed, bakauan planters. It is in poignant his second whether remembrance of how Nong plantation in planted or Denciong was always on the lookout front of the or original for new plantations that encroached Torreons. This growth. in the boat passage, aware that the started the When passage was one of the attractions plantation fever that Department of of the island. He would pull out new continues up to this time. Environment and plantings whenever he found some Natural Resources (DENR) in the effort to keep the passage In the 1960s, a self proclaimed Undersecretary Victor O. Ramos clear. Nobody challenged him. He firewood permittee tried to control visited Banacon in 1989, Nong was recognized and respected as the the island’s mangroves, including Denciong requested that DENR do pioneer of bakauan planting. True to the plantations. Many were something to amend the said the spirit of environmentalism, Nong discouraged to plant until Nong proclamation and let the people Denciong also practised the use of Deciong, together with his nephew, harvest their plantation so they can amatong (Calumpong1996), an Erning Paden, who was an employee sell bakauan to Cebu City at a indigenous way of catching fish of the then Bureau of Forestry, higher price. It finally happened using an excavation filled with rocks confronted the guy. It turned out but unfortunately, Nong Denciong and mangrove branches that serve that the alleged permittee had no did not live long enough to see the as a niche to fish, aside from proper documents. effort of the Department come to pioneering bakauan planting. By 1970, there were several fruition, the issuance of Days before he passed away on plantations established already and Department Administrative Order January 17,1993, he ordered a some capitalists from Cebu started 98-10 that permits harvesting walking stick made from mangrove buying young plantations, proving plantations provided the area is wood to support his weakening legs. that bakauan is truly bankable. under the Community-based Forest He held the stick as though holding During a financial crisis, a bakauan Management Program (CBFM). to the trees he loved so much. His plantation would always come in The CBFM is the most recent last request to his eldest daughter handy. More people therefore, were DENR program that integrates all was to take good care of his encouraged to plant more bakauan. the pro-people programs in line mementoes.

31 Nong Denciong’s bakauan References Yao, C.E. 1984. Banacon Is. Biggest plantation lives on and Banacon Bakauan Plantation in Central Calumpong, H. 1996. The Central continuous to make waves as the Visayas. Canopy International, Visayas Regional Project: Lessons July-September. candidate for the first Community- Learned. Tambuli. (1):12-17. based Forest Management area By Calixto E. Yao, Mangrove Technical under the protected area system and Melana, E.E. 1991. Mangrove Specialist, CRMP as visitors continue to journey Reforestation in Bohol: A Success among the mangroves of the island. Story.

Development of SimCoast TM Continues

After a series of workshops in the Philippines management of coastal resource systems, experts last year, SimCoastTM prepares to take on other from Europe and the ASEAN countries are being parts of the world in its continuing effort to make brought together to determine key issues within the the program even more efficient for coastal and coastal zone and to develop a transect based regional planners. SimCoastTM had its debut in environmental management system. 1995, the first phase of a European Union- A large part of integrated coastal management Association of Southeast Asian Nations (EU- deals with the creation of a framework in which TM ASEAN) funded project resulting in SimCoast , a information from many diverse sources can be fuzzy logic rule-based expert system and PC based evaluated and explicit guidelines issued. Managing software that was developed by Prof. Jacqueline coastal areas requires an interdisciplinary approach TM McGlade. SimCoast is designed as a which takes into account interactions between management tool for coastal and regional planners, natural, social and economic elements. Therefore, an supplying guideline information during integrated system such as SimCoastTM based on an development programs. The second phase, intelligent knowledge based expert system is initiated in 1997, was comprised of a series of required. workshops, the first of which was hosted by the Philippine Council For Marine And Aquatic The sustainable management model involves Research And Development in Manila in August the development of analytical techniques based on 1997. The workshops were designed as a forum in an information data base; which, when coupled with which the SimCoastTM expert system can be further software designed to set policies and monitor the refined for release in its PC based format. Further effects of changes, results in a dynamic process the news programs have now been initiated in and promoting conservation and sustainable multiple America. use of resources. As a direct result of the co- ordinated allocation of environmental, socio-cultural The marine environment has been exposed to and institutional resources, the values, interests and many pressures by both social and economic goals of people, many of which are in competition forces, emanating from land and aquatic based with each other, can be integrated. developments world-wide. These environmental stresses take the form of conflicts over resource There are three key intelligent systems allocation, degradation of habitats, exploitation of techniques which can be used in different resources, land and water misuse coupled with combinations for sustainable coastal zone pollution by chemical and biological wastes. The management: expert systems, neural networks and resulting decline in condition of the marine genetic algorithms. The expert system is comprised environment has exposed social and institutional of a knowledge base where the information is issues which are relevant to future development stored, an inference engine which decides how that programs and need to be addressed. Through the information should be applied to a task and a user EU-ASEAN study on Interdisciplinary scientific interface through which commands are issued to the methodologies for the sustainable use and system by the user. Fuzzy logic combined with an expert system, takes into account imprecision

32 the news

within the knowledge data base. On fixed so the relationship within the impact within an environment. It the other hand, issue analysis knowledge base is retained. However, examines their importance in terms of combined with an expert system the most important feature of the the influence each activity exerts on facilitates analysis of qualitative data SimCoastTM system is that the itself and others within the transect from many fields and indicates overall inference net is dynamic, allowing for zone and also takes into account the environmental policy priorities. In connections between data sets and effect of activities taking place some expert systems, results are given probabilities to have no fixed outside the designated area. This as either “true” or “false”. In fuzzy connections. produces a weighting of activity systems, variables become words or The resulting soft intelligence impacts in terms of targets such as sentences and operate with the same system uses stored knowledge to biodiversity or fisheries within the “natural” language as that used in make inferences and deductions designated area. Policy changes everyday life. SimCoastTM itself uses which are presented through a related to activities within the coastal fuzzy logic embedded in an expert multilingual user interface. This zone and the order of their priority are system together with issue analysis. TM incorporates a multidisciplinary indicated by SimCoast . The The other components utilized in lexicon enabling users from different weighted impacts can then be used SimCoastTM software are inference countries to find key words and derive by policy makers and planners during nets which are composed of data new information, in conjunction with a coastal development programs. groups supporting the ideas and 2D visual representation of the hypothesis of experts. These link transect. By Ann Novello Hogarth, Project together the knowledge stored within Manager, FUGRO GEOS, Singapore SimCoastTM unites expert the data base and can be encoded and Jacqueline McGlade, EU- knowledge from different fields within into a network of connections or ASEAN Co-ordinator, England. one system creating a powerful tool relations between evidence and for identifying which processes and hypothesis. In most inference nets, issues have the most significant the data sets and connections are Three Cheers for Caliling, Cauayan, Negros Occidental

Caliling residents are excited Hulao-hulao Fish Sanctuary. supplementary livelihood which over their close encounters with According to the people, catches began in 1994 has yielded about two large schools of fish like jacks, have been increasing in nearby metric tons of salt up to the present. snappers and rabbitfishes in the waters. Also, salt production, a Salt production in this barangay (village) is mainly dependent on direct solar energy so operations take place only during summer. Overfishing was one of the coastal management issues in Caliling. In order to improve the nearshore fishery, the community, together with the local government, Department of Environment and Natural Resources and professionals from a research institution, established the Hulao-hulao Fish Sanctuary in 1994 through a project that terminated in 1997. Hulao-hulao is one of four coral reefs in Caliling. To date, Hulao-hulao boasts of 63.13% live coral cover up from a dismal 27.0% in 1984 (SUML 1997, Salt production, a supplementary livelihood of fisher and family in Barangay Caliling.

33 the news

Alcala 1996, Luchavez et al. 1984). volunteers deputized by the Caliling, Cauayan, Negros Live coral cover in the other reefs are government to patrol the coasts Occidental, Philippines. still low: Takot, 26%; Buta, 18.66%; against illegal fishing activities), Luchavez, T.F., J.A. Luchavez and A.C. and Sojotan Pt., 14.88% (SUML today, they, numbering 20, have two Alcala. 1984. Fish and 1997). Catch landing has increased motorized patrol crafts. Some local Invertebrate Yields of the Coral from 2.0 mt to 4.9 mt. The estimated stakeholders donated an engine for Reefs of Selinog Island in the bangus (milkfish) fry seasonal the patrol boat, binoculars, 2 units of Mindanao Sea and Hulao-hulao collection also increased from VHF radio transceivers, 2 units of CB in , Philippines. 249,770 in 1995 to 305,956 in 1997 radio transceivers, a searchlight and Silliman Journal. 31: 53-71. (Luchavez in prep.). These data T-shirt uniforms. Thus far, more than Silliman University Marine Laboratory. however, are based on observations 10 groups of illegal fishers, all from 1997. Ecological Assessment of made for two seasons only. While other barangays, have been the Coral Reef, Seagrass and the results are very much apprehended and fined. More Algal Ecosystems of Caliling, encouraging, it will take more studies importantly, the number of violators Cauayan, Negros Occidental. A to determine the exact trends in has recently diminished. report submitted to the Community harvest. Environment and Natural Resources Out of three groups initially References Office, Department of Environment organized in 1994, the Calaogao and Natural Resources Region 6, Alcala, A.C. 1996. Management of Kabankalan City, Negros Marginal Fishers and Farmers Coastal Resources by Occidental, Philippines. pp. 1-93. Association has persisted to Communities in Southern continue management of the reef . A report submitted By Teodulo F. Luchavez, Silliman upon the project’s termination. to the Ramon Magsaysay Award University Marine Laboratory, Whereas at the start, the Foundation, Manila, Philippines. Dumaguete City, Negros Association was equipped with only pp. 1-28. Occidental, Philippines an outrigger canoe, manned by four Luchavez, T.F. (in prep.). Fish Yield bantay dagat (community from the Coastal Fisheries of Malang, Indonesia Hosted International Symposium for Agenda 21 Strategy

An international symposium Resources Center of the University practitioners that would enrich and focusing on Chapter 19, Integrated of Rhode Island (URI). It was enhance Indonesian ICM knowledge Management and Sustainable attended by 170 representatives from and capacity to implement the Development of Coastal and Marine the government, industry, academia, Agenda 21 Strategy. Areas, of the Indonesian Agenda 21 non-government and community About 39 papers were presented Strategy was convened in Malang, organizations as well as aid organiza- within 5 thematic sessions corre- East Java, Indonesia in November tions. sponding to parts of Chapter 19 of last year. The symposium was The Indonesian Agenda 21 the Indonesian Agenda 21 Strategy. jointly organized by the National Strategy was released by State The 5 thematic sessions were: 1) Technology Institute (ITN Malang), Minister for Environment Sarwono Integrated Coastal Zone Manage- the National Coordination Agency Kusumaatmadja in March 1997. The ment; 2) Marine and Coastal for Surveys and Mapping strategy is designed as a “one policy Mapping, Monitoring and Environ- (BAKOSURTANAL) and Proyek package with the objective of making mental Protection; 3) Utilization of Pesisir (the Coastal Resources sustainable development, with an Marine and Coastal Resources for Management Project of the Natural environmental perspective, a reality Sustainable Development; 4) Resources Management Program of in Indonesia.” The Malang sympo- Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise, the United States Agency for sium sought to provide a forum for Climate Change and Tsunami; and 5) International Development which is sharing information among inte- Training, Education and Research. implemented through the Coastal grated coastal management (ICM)

34 the news

In addition to these five In the concluding session, co- the broader global ICM community. sessions, a special evening seminar convenors Prof. Jacub Rais (Na- The Symposium proceedings are on coastal and marine geographic tional Research Council) and Ian now being edited and will be pub- information sessions (related to item Dutton (Coastal Resources Center, lished by ITN Malang in 1998. Copies no. 2) was conducted by the Marine URI) noted that the symposium may be ordered directly from Mr. Leo and Coastal Information Systems generated an unprecedented level of Pantimena (ITN Malang) via e-mail team of the Marine Resources interest in ICM as a framework for ([email protected]) or Evaluation and Planning Project, an resolving the many challenges of fax (62-341-553015). Asian Development Bank and managing Indonesia’s vast marine Government of Indonesia project. and coastal estate. The symposium By Ian Dutton, Proyek Pesisir (Coastal Five papers dealing with various “showcased” aspects of Resources Management Project), aspects of coastal and marine Indonesia’s rapidly developing ICM NRM Secretariat, Jl. Madiun No. 3, information systems, including capability and highlighted key Mentang 10320, Jakarta, Indonesia, Tel: 62-21-3926424, Fax: 62-21- Geographic Information System and strategic needs for further develop- 3926423 remote sensing applications, ment of capacity. Of particular note, metadata and spatial data standards the symposium assisted in linking were presented. Indonesian ICM practitioners with

Enterprising Olango

On March 28, 1998, the Enterprise first and only Ramsar Site in the Philippines. component of the Coastal Resource The Ramsar Convention is the world’s Management Project (CRMP) conducted a oldest international conservation treaty in special tour of Olango Island to help which signatory countries designate and stimulate development and explore feasible protect wetlands of international alternate livelihood for the learning area. importance. The endeavor, fully supported by Region The tour group comprised of delegates VII’s Department of Tourism, Department of from the Global Congress of the Pacific Asia Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Travel Association (PATA), in town for the and the Protected Area Management Board yearly international conference on tourism of the Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary development and operation. The PATA (OIWS), was organized by Monette Flores, delegates who joined the tour were from CRMP Enterprise Development Specialist. Germany, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, A test group of “tourists” were taken on a Monaco, Canada, the United States, day trip to the site to determine its viability Australia and New Zealand. Also present as a tourist destination (see lead article on was a Filipino tour operator. The tour page 1). consisted of a boat ride beginning from Located in the southern portion of Mactan Island, then around the southern

updates Olango Island, the area which is now the islands and islets of Olango, finally landing Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary was in Sabang, one of the gateway villages to recognized as a critical stopover point for the wildlife sanctuary. The “tourists” were tens of thousands of birds travelling the greeted and served refreshments by a East Asian Migratory Flyway, an important women’s group from one barangay (village) international route for migratory birds. The and then escorted to small paddleboats 920 hectares of tidal flats, mangroves, rowed by members of the community youth seagrass beds and sandy ridges were group and fishers for site-seeing in the officially declared a sanctuary in 1992 and is mangroves and bird sanctuary. managed by the DENR. The OIWS is the

35 updates

The response to the pilot tour was extremely positive. Evaluation results unanimously show that the trip can be successful as currently packaged. Virtually all respondents desired more interaction with the local community. This is a key indicator that low-impact eco- tourism that integrates and benefits the local residents is a viable livelihood option for Olango. Plans to set up an actual tour operation are in the works as well as plans for a variation of the tour which will focus on the southern islands and will include snorkeling around the Hilutungan marine sanctuary. Paddling through the shallows and mangroves. Caution must be exercised however, in choosing a national tour as is oftentimes the case when By Diane Antoinnette Parras, Intern, operator. The tour operator’s goals tourism enters a small island. This CRMP must be in keeping with CRMP’s pilot tour initiated by CRMP puts particular importance on community For more information, contact: Ma. objective to help local islanders Monina Flores, Enterprise involvement in resource prosper and become co-managers of Development Specialist, CRMP the environment. This means that conservation and providing them the residents must be an essential optimum economic benefit from the partner in the operation and not enterprise. alienated from their own resources, CRMP’s Mangrove Management Component Begins Pilot Operations in Bohol

The Mangrove Management organized, the CO will work with the people to pursue livelihood such as Component of the Coastal Resource groups to develop and apply for charcoal manufacture, sale of tangal Management Project (CRMP) began Community-based Forest Manage- (Ceriops tagal) bark and the sale of full operation in January of this year ment Agreements. mangrove timber. and has been moving towards When awarded with these The pilot program aims to hire establishing its pilot areas in Bohol. agreements, the organizations will be and train the four community organiz- As of March 16, the MMC staff have able to pursue a variety of livelihood ers and to initiate organizing activities identified four municipalities and activities (more than 35 have been immediately thereafter. The commu- obtained verbal approval from the identified) including use of amatong nity organizers will work for CRMP for concerned mayors or from senior (a local method of catching fish using one year. After that, CRMP hopes municipal staff to initiate the program. an excavation filled with rocks and that the COs will eventually be The pilot program will encompass mangrove branches that provide a absorbed by the Municipal Agricul- Candijay, Getafe, Inabanga and niche to fishes), manufacture of nipa turist Office or in other appropriate Mabini. alcohol and nipa shingles and bee offices in the municipality. This will Locally hired community keeping. As a result of the new help institutionalize the mangrove organizers (CO) will work in two sites Department Administrative Order management process. in each of the municipalities to (DAO) 98-10, the participants will now strengthen or form organizations that be able to cut mangroves that have By J.A. Atchue, Field Operations are interested in managing man- been planted unlike before when it Leader, Mangrove Management groves. After they have been was banned. The DAO will enable the Component, CRMP

36 updates

Philippine Navy, Coast Guard and BFAR Awarded for Coup

On March 19, 1998 the Coastal packed for shipping. A relatively also smuggled abroad, mostly to Resource Management Project fresh batch was found just near the Europe and the United States. presented certificates of appreciation shore piled in a heap. Most of the corals sold in trinket to the Philippine Navy, Coast Guard This makes the third truckload shops are illegally extracted. Please and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic of illegally collected corals seized do not support this industry. It is Resources for confiscating a stash within recent months. The entire better to have the living coral in the of illegally extracted corals. assemblage is estimated to be worth sea where it belongs, than a lifeless The corals were found in a P70,000.00 (US$1,891.00). The one wasting away on your mantel- deserted field near the University of extractors sell the corals for about piece! Visayas marine office training P15-20 per piece to souvenir shops, By Diane Antoinette Parras, Intern, outpost in Mactan Island. Most who then turn around and sell them CRMP were left out in the open to dry, some to tourists for US$5-10 per piece, were in styrofoam boxes soaking in depending on the kind and quality of bleach while others were already each individual specimen. Some are Sharing ICM Experiences from Rhode Island

Hermenigildo J. Cabangon, • Managing geographic areas of willingness and the capacity of the Learning Area Coordinator for concern. people to accept change as well as Sarangani Bay of the Coastal Re- • Applying the coastal manage- how much the government is willing source Management Project (CRMP) ment tools. to commit. and one of four Filipino participants to Sessions were loaded with case The last three days were spent the Summer Course on Coastal Zone studies, meticulously examining a mostly in trying to say “goodbye” Management held at the Coastal myriad of coastal management and sharing ideas on how to optimize Resources Center, University of approaches. Exercises focused on the opportunity provided by the Rhode Island (URI), Rhode Island, community participation, networking, course. Indeed, the 14 country USA from June 1-28, 1998, came back tapping of resources and mobilization. participants found much in common exuberant after four weeks of sharing According to Mr. Cabangon, this with respect to their coastal manage- experiences on integrated coastal aspect “is not different from the ment problems and solutions! management (ICM) with representa- Philippines’ community organizing The other Filipino participants tives from Fuji, Hongkong, Sri Lanka, and development approach to were Ms. Emma Melana of the Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad, Tobago, management. In fact, the Philippine Department of Environment and Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Mexico, experience has more options to offer Natural Resources Region VII, Ms. Nicaragua, Sweden and the Philip- “although perhaps, efforts at sustain- Rose-Liza Eisma of the Silliman pines. ing the momentum and elevating it to University and Ms. Mercy Teves of The course helped participants to the next step still need to be im- the Provincial Government of Negros better understand many of the proved.” Oriental. Their participation were elements in a strategically designed After exploring the coastal supported by the CRMP as part of its ICM program and the strategies, tools management models provided by institutional strengthening effort. and techniques that promote its both the URI and the participants, sustainability. The major topics were: they all realized that they were By Dolores Ariadne D. Diamante- Fabunan, CRM Specialist, • Introduction to coastal manage- practically doing the same things, CRMP ment. only at different levels, with varying • Coastal management tools and approaches depending on culture, the solutions.

37 T he Coastal Reso urce Manageme Project invite nt s you to send in question burning s that you may CRM have on any -related issue. Please contact us at th To e CRMP, 5/F C CRM HOTLINE wers, J. Luna c IFC or. Humabon St Reclamatio s., North n Area, Cebu Tel. City, (032) 232-182 3 Fax (032) 2 E-mail: prcceb 32-1825 [email protected]

Saving the Whale Sharks and Manta Rays

On March 25, 1998, the government promulgated Fisheries Administrative Order (FAO) No. 193, Series of 1998. The law took effect on April 12, 1998 prohibiting the catching, selling, buying, possessing, transporting and exporting of whale sharks and manta rays in Philippine waters. The Order also forbids wounding or killing these animals while in the course of targeting other fish. Whale sharks and manta rays accidentally caught must immediately be released unharmed. Those that die and are washed ashore must be turned over to the regional office of the Department of Agriculture (DA) or to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) regional or provincial office. These offices are responsible for the disposal of the carcasses. Exempted from the ban are scientists doing research work. However, they must first get a permit from the Secretary of Agriculture. Violators of this Order could be fined from P500 ($13.50) to P5,000 ($135) and/or imprisoned from six months to four years or the BFAR Director could fine them a maximum of P5,000 and/or cancel their fishing license and confiscate the whale shark or manta ray. In some parts of the Philippines, hunting whale sharks as well as manta rays, whales and mainly for local consumption is a tradition among fishers who are highly dependent on fishing for their livelihood. However, whereas before, the purpose of the hunt was limited to local consumption, now it is more in response to increasing export demand. Today, at least two companies, one of which is the Filmosa Trading Corporation, buy the sharks from fishers at P10,000 ($270) to P20,000 ($540) each, to export mainly to , Hong Kong, Singapore and Japan. These companies sell each shark, cut and frozen, for as much as P800,000 ($21,621). Whale sharks are considered delicacies and it is thought prestigious to serve them in banquets. Beginning on the last week of March this year however, articles in the national circulation newspaper, the Philippine Daily Inquirer, a n d coverage by the GMA television network brought public attention to t h e slaughter of Whale sharks and whale sharks in Manta rays of the subclass Elasmobranchii (Selachii) ate Sorsogon, and Bohol by cartilaginous fishes with a skeleton fishers compelled by the rising commercial demand. made of catilage and a skin covered by a Soon after the exposé, the press and environmental minute scales. Today, there are about 250 species of sharks and about 300 species of groups, joined by candidates in the May election, rays and skates. Whale sharks or Rhincodon denounced the supposed atrocity and demanded quick typus are locally known as balilan, butanding,tawiki, isdang tuko, or tuki-tuki. They action from BFAR to stop the killing and unequal trade. measurefrom 12 to 21 m, and can weigh up to However, there is no regulation specific to the issue 25 t. They are pelagic and can be found in which could immediately be invoked. It seems that alltropical seas. Their bodies may be dark and gray, blue gray, purplish to reddish brown, whale sharks are being over-fished, yet, despite studies reddish or greenish grey above, with large by the Silliman University, Worldwide Fund for Nature- white or yellow spots and transverse stripes. Whale sharks have small, conical teeth on Philippines, BFAR, Hubbs Sea World Research Institute their huge, almost terminal mouths for filter and the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric feeding. They feed on plankton squids, Administration, information about its biology, population crustaceans and small fishes like anchovies and sardines. Whale dynamics and on catch effort and production is still inadequate sharks are oviparous (egg- to be able to determine a more precise measure. Amidst these layers).

38 hotline

conditions came about a growing concern for the whale sharks, the largest fish in the world, often described as slow-growing, slow-reproducing, gentle and majestic creatures in danger of extinction. The issue was brought to the attention of President Fidel Ramos. He then gave the directive for the government to conclude on the side of conservation. Because manta rays are also believed to be overexploited, they were included in the FAO. Mantas are the largest rays in the world and like the whale sharks, the mantas have also been poignantly painted in the public’s mind. They are likewise highly priced. Recently, dried, sweet tasting manta strips sell at P450 ($12) per kilogram in Bohol. FAO 193 was issued by the DA based on the recommendation of BFAR, the lead national government agency responsible for formulating and enforcing regulations regarding the use, conservation and management of fishery resources outside of municipal waters. FAO 193 is supposed to apply nationwide, including municipal waters which are also under the jurisdiction of municipal and city governments. Republic Act (RA) No. 8550, the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, however, requires the DA, through BFAR, to consult the local governments and Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils before issuing FAOs. In any case, in certain areas, already there exists local legislation that concur with and support the FAO. For example, in Donsol, Sorsogon, there is an ordinance declaring the entire municipal waters as a whale shark sanctuary. The province of Misamis Oriental in has an ordinance prohibiting whale shark fishing. Although, legally there is no such thing as “provincial waters”, Section 468 of RA 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991, empowers the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) to pass laws protecting natural resources and endangered flora and fauna. Section 465 of the same law authorizes the governor to adopt measures to safeguard marine and other resources of the province. The province of Sorsogon is said to be proposing a similar ordinance. FAO 193 is applying the precautionary approach to the issue—conserving the resources for the time being while continuing research efforts to better understand them to provide decision makers viable options for the future. An unrelenting enforcement of the national and local laws protecting the whale sharks and manta rays, without question, is very much needed lest there be no choices for the future. The organization of localized interagency, multi-sectoral task forces such as the Butanding Conservation Task and the Mindanao Marine Wildlife Watch to ensure compliance of the law have been agreed on and announced. Questions remain however, if these groups will be able to achieve what they were set out to do and if they will There are three species of manta last. Past efforts of a or devil rays from the Family Mobulidae: Manta birostris, similar nature have Mobula japanica and M. diabola. gone to naught due Manta rays are locally known as to inadequate salanga, mantihan, piantaihan, saiag, buntok talibatad. They have equipment, poor training, reassignment of personnel, lack of generally flattened bodies with cooperation, evidentiary problems and depletion of five pairs of gill slits located on the underside and a whip-like tail. operating funds. So far, it is not known if the task forces have Their fectoral fins are flat and already succeeded in making apprehensions. If enforcement is expanded, like wing which can going to be weak or absent, the FAO and related ordinances will simply span up to seven meters and weigh two tons. Mantas have join the ranks of so called “dead-letter laws”. smooth skin, greyish, brownish The Department of Tourism (DOT) played a prominent role in to blackish on the dorsal side and whitish below. The broad head organizing the task forces since it wants to promote whale shark watching has two long forward projections as an alternative to hunting them. Whale shark watching is a seasonal called cephalic fins which help event occurring from November to May. Trained local fishers serve as direct food into the mouth. Mantas, with minute teeth spotters, guides or boat operators. The guidelines for interacting with the arranged in bands in the jaws, whale sharks have been set. The tourists have to study and follow them. are also filter feeders. They are pelagic and migratory, found in Unfortunately, the first season in Sorsogon this year has been described tropical and sub-tropical seas. as chaotic. The current break should be used to better prepare for the next Mantas are viviparous (live bearers), producing several season. offsprings in one season. On the other hand, exporters are said to have increased their buying

39 hotline

price to P80,000 ($2,162), even offering boats and other means of support to the fishers. To facilitate enforcement and compliance of FAO 193, BFAR will soon launch a public information drive. It will include basic information about whale sharks and manta rays. The government could also increase the penalties by classifying the resources under the rare, threatened or endangered species categories and listing them in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Then, violations would be punishable by 12 to 20 years imprisonment, P120,000 (P3,243) fine, forfeiture of the catch and cancellation of the permit (sec. 97, RA 8550). Still, what law is strong enough when there are poor, hungry, desperate fishers? To date, fishers from Bohol and Mindanao made it clear that they will stop hunting the whale sharks, which they claim to be their traditional right, only when they are given alternative livelihood. Obviously, other income diversification alternatives, which have to be site-specific, need to be explored, too. Thus, management has to be both resource- and people-oriented, employing the “stick” of enforcement and the “carrot” of incentives for compliance.

By Ruperto Sievert, Technical Assistant, CRMP

References

Gould, Stephen Jay (ed.). 1993. The Book of Life. Ebury Hutchinson, London, United Kingdom. Jamoralin, R. “Gentle Whale Sharks in Bicol Threatened.” Philippine Daily Inquirer [Manila, Philippines], 23 March 1998, p. 1 and 18. Pazzibugan, D. “Whale Sharks’ Slaughter Stopped”. Philippine Daily Inquirer [Manila, Philippines], 27 March 1998, p. 1 and 6.

Mangrove Cutting Is Now Allowed... in CBFM areas!

Finally, cutting of planted mangrove is allowed. Department administrative Order (DAO) 98-10 provides the guidelines for the establishment of community-based forest management (CBFM) projects within mangrove areas. Section 3 fo said DAO states that “cutting or harvesting of mangrove species shall be allowed provided that these are planted by CBFM agreement holders themselves and that the harvesting operations are included in the affirmed Community Resource Management Framework, Ancestral Domain Management Plan or Protected Area Management Plan, as the case may be, and Annual Workplan; provided, further that replanting of area harvested shall be undertaken within six months after harvesting operations and provided, finally that the harvesting operations shall be closely monitored by the Community Environment and Natural Resource Office concerned.” DAO 98-10 is consistent with other issuances that reflect the Department of Environment and Natural Resources’ (DENR) policy of “putting people first so that sustainable forestry may follow”. Such insuances include Executive order 263, adopting community-based forest management (CBFM) as the national strategy to ensure the sustainable development of the country’s forestland resources and providing mechanisms for its implementation; DAO 96-29, its Implementing Rules and Regulations that pertains to its operationalization; and AO 96-30, Integration of all community-based forest management strategy and people-oriented forestry programs and projects into the DENR regular structure. A key feature of the CBFM is hte assignment of access and use rights to CBFM agreement holders including indigegous peoples and migrant forest-depen- dent communities, the frontline managers or stewards of the resource. The CBFM also integrates all types of tenurial instruments including that of the Mangrove Stewardship Agreement.

By Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Policy Advisor, CRMP, PRIMEX, 502 Manila Luxury Condominium, Pearl Drive, Ortigas Complex, Pasig City, Philippines

40 Useful References and Sources of Information

The following references on coastal management are available at the CRMP library. Photocopies of short references that are not available from the authors or publishers can be provided upon request. All references are listed alphabetically within the year of publication.

1998 Ansula, Alex C. 1998. Coastal Whale Sharks and Manta Brown, K., R. K. Turner, H. Hameed Community Empowerment Rays in the Bohol Sea, and I. Bateman. 1997. Project: Destructive Fishing Philippines. Marine Laboratory, Environmental Carrying Reform Program (DFRB) Silliman University, Dumaguete Capacity and Tourism International Marinelife Alliance, City, Philippines. Development in the Maldives Mandaue City, Philippines. Phuket Marine Biological Center. and Nepal. Environmental Cicin-Sain, Biliana and Robert 1998. International Worshop Conservation. 24(4): 316-325. Knecth. 1998. Integrated on the Rehabilitation of Coastal and Ocean Degraded Coastal Systems. Calumpong, Hilconida P., Janet S. Management: Concepts and Phuket Marine Biological Center, Estacion and Myrissa Lepiten. Practices. Island Press, USA. Phuket, Thailand. p 56. 1997. Status of the Coastal Resources of the Olango 416 p. Walters, Jeffrey, James Maragos, Learning Site. Silliman Susana Siar and Alan White. 1998. Crosby, M. 1998. The Philippine University Marine Laboratory, Participatory Coastal Paradise in Peril. Haribon Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Resource Assessment: A Quarterly. 4(1): 4-5.` Philippines. Handbook for Community Francisco, B. and G. C. Sosmena. Workers and Coastal IPFC, UNESCO, RP, ADSAFDC and 1998. Economic Tools for Resource Managers. CRMP, UNEP. 1997. Proceedings of Coastal Resource Cebu City, Philippines. the International Workshop Management, Palawan, Ziegler, F. 1998. Small-Scale on Mangrove and Estuarine Philippines: Experiences and Tourism in Eastern Africa: Area Development for the Possibilities. Paper presented at Helpful or Harmful to Local Indo-Pacific Region. Philippine Workshop on the Development Communities? Intercoast Council for Agriculture and and Implementation of Economic Network. 31:3. Resources Research. Manila, Instruments for the Protection of Philippines. 199 p. the Marine and Coastal Environment by Local 1997 Mapalo, Amuerfino M. 1997. Survey Governments, Lisbon, Portugal. Babaran, Ricardo P. and Jose A. Ingles of Mangrove Associated 18 p. (eds.). 1997. Philippine Coastal Wildlife in Central Visayas. Friel, C., C. Westlake, R. Hudson, H. Marine Habitats at Risk: A Ecosystems Research Digest. Norris and C. Fowler, C. 1998. Case Study of Guinmaras 7(2): 24 p. Can GIS help Save Our Island. Institute of Marine ? GIS World Inc. January. Fisheries and Oceanology, Pastakia, M. 1997. Taming the pp. 49-51. University of the Philippines in Trade. People & the the Visayas; UP Center for Planet. 6(2): 28-29. Gunawan, I. 1998. Typical information section Integrative and Development Geographic Information Studies, Marine Affairs Program; Roberts, C. M. and J.P. Hawkins. 1997. System (GIS) Application for and University of the Philippines How Small Can a Marine Coastal Resource Press, Diliman, Quezon City, Reserve Be and Still Be Management in Indonesia. Philippines. Effective? Coral Reefs Journal of Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya the International Society for Reef Pesisir Dan Lautan Indonesia Barut, N. C., Santos, M. D. and Studies. 16(3): 150. (Indonesian Journal of Coastal and Garces, L. R. 1997. Overview of Marine Resources Management). Philippine Marine Fisheries. Ross, S. A. and C.S. Tejam. 1997. 1(1): 1-12. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 53, pp 62- 71. Manual of Practice: Nickerson, D. J., G. Chong and K. Contingent Valuation Survey Hiew. 1998. Balancing Tourism Brown, B. E. 1997. Integrated for Integrated Coastal and Resource Conservation in Coastal Management: South Management (ICM) Malaysia’s Pulau Payar Asia. Department of Marine Applications. GEF/UNDP/IMO, Marine Park. Intercoast Sciences and Coastal Management, Quezon City, Philippines. Network. 31: 8-9. University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Olava, M. N. R., A. A. Yaptichay, R. Santos, Lilette C., Filipina B. Sotto, Kingdom. B. Trono and R. Z. Dolumbal. Thomas Heeger and Samuel D. 1998. Fishery and Trade of Albert. 1997. Livelihood and

41 information

the Environment: Inextricable 1996 1995 Issue in Olango Island. Univer- sity of San Carlos, Cebu City, Alcala, Angel C. 1996. Management of Segovia, Raul E. 1995. A Dictionary of Philippines. Coastal Resources by Communi- the Crisis in the Philippine ties in Southern Negros Island. A Ecosystems. Raul E. Segovia, Silliman University Marine Laboratory. report submitted to the Ramon Philippine Environmental Action 1997. Ecological Assessment of Magsaysay Award Foundation, Network and Citizens’ Alliance for the Coral Reef, Seagrass and Manila, Philippines. pp. 1-28. Consumer Protection, Metro Manila, Algal Ecosystems of Caliling, Philippines. 98 p. Cauayan, Negros Occidental. A Allen, Gerald R. 1996. Tropical Reef report submitted to the Community Fishes of Indonesia. Periplus 1994 Environment and Natural Resources Editions (HK) Ltd., Republic of Office, Department of Environment Singapore. 64 p. Ushijima, Iwao and Cynthia Neri Zayas and Natural Resources Region 6, (eds.). 1994. Fishers of the Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental, Melana, Emma E., Solon D. Bagalihog and Visayas, Visayas Maritime Philippines. pp. 1-93. Daisy S. Camello. 1997. Assess- Anthropological Studies I: 1991- ment of Structure and Species 1993. College of Social Sciences and Trono, Gavino C. Jr. 1997. Field Composition of Remaining Philosophy Publications and Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Mangrove Forests in Central University of the Philippines Press, Resources of the Philippines. Visayas. Ecosystems Research University of the Philippines, Bookmark, Inc., Makati, Philip- Digest. 6(2): 47 p. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. pines. 306 p. 464 p. Sinohin, Veronica O., Digno C. Garcia and Turner, R. E. and R.R. Lewis. 1997. Santiago R. Baconguis. 1996. 1992 Hydrologic Restoration of Manual on Mangrove Nursery Coastal Wetlands. Wetlands Establishment and Development. Ham, Sam H. 1992. Environmental Ecology and Management. 4(4): 63- Ecosystems Research and Develop- Interpretation: A Practical Guide 72. ment Bureau-Department of for People with Big Ideas and Environment and Natural Resources, Small Budgets. North American College, Laguna, Philippines. 18 p. Press, Colorado, USA. 456 p.

UPCOMING CONFERENCE AND SEMINARS

September 7- October 2, 1998. November 8-14, 1998. November 23-26, 1998. International Course on Integrated 2nd International Conference on International Tropical Marine Conservation and Development. Wetlands and Development. Ecosystems Management Sympo- Silang, Cavite, Philippines. Dakar, Senegal. sium. Townsville, North Contact: Tita Rios, Training Coordi- Contact: Wetlands International, Queensland, Australia. nator, Education and Training Marijkeweg 11, PO Box 7002, 6700 Contact: Harvey Events Group PTY Division, International Institute of AC Wageningen, The Netherlands, LTD, PO Box 1811 Aitkenvale, Qld Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Tel: + 31 317 47 47 11, 4814, Australia, Tel: (+61) 07 4771 Philippines. Fax: + 31 317 47 47 12, 5755, Fax: (+61) 07 4771 5455, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected], http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/~icri/ secretariat/itmems/

42 information

CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS An invitation to write...

Indonesian Journal of Coastal and Marine Resources Management

The Objectives: Increase public awareness of the benefits of the Integrated Coastal and Marine Management Stimulate dialogue between practitioners and scientific community Share experience and learn lessons within the coastal and marine management community Editorial Address: Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Themes: Pesisir dan Lautan The technical, legal, political, social and policies (Center for Coastal and issues relating to the management of Indonesia’s Marine Studies) Precious coastal and marine resources Gedung Marine Center Lt. 4, Fakultas Perikanan Format: IPB Research and Policy Review papers (up to 3,000 words) Kampus IPB Darmaga, Research Notes (usually based upon more limited set of data Bogor 16680 not exceeding 1,500 words) INDONESIA Tel/Fax. Topic Review Articles (not more than 8,000 words) 62-251-621086, Comments (opinions relating to previously published material Tel. 62-251-626380 and all issues relevant to the journal’s objectives, e-mail: not more than 1,000 words) [email protected] Book Reviews (usually by invitation)

Bandilo ng Palawan Room 8 Garcillano Complex Bldg., Rizal Ave. Puerto Prinsesa City 5300 Palawan, Philippines Tel. (48) 434-2882 SUBSCRIPTION FORM Subscriber name ______Mailing address ______

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43 TAMBULI: A PUBLICATION FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTITIONERS is published biannually by the Coastal Resource Management Project, a five-year technical assistance project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), implemented by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and managed by Tetra Tech EM Inc. CRMP focuses on leadership and empowerment, informed decision-making, and positive changes in human behavior in the implementation of CRM. This Publication aims to encourage continued exchange of information, experience and ideas on coastal management among planners, managers, community leaders and other coastal resource users, given the increas- ing need for improved coastal management and in recognition of the need for sustained environmental advocacy. Readers are enjoined to contribute by sending: • Substantive articles (1,000-2,000 words) that highlight coastal management issues, management plans and implementation, leadership for the responsible use and management of coastal resources, processes and methodologies, mitigating measures and other pertinent aspects of coastal management. • Short articles (500-1,000 words) on topics relevant to coastal management. • News items concerning coastal management activities. • Notices of upcoming coastal management related events, meetings or workshops. • Letters and comments for publication, or otherwise, which clarify views or suggestions on how to improve this publication. We require both diskette and hard copies of the articles as well as their appropriate illustrations. Diskette copies should be in MS Word. Hard copies should be typewritten, double-spaced, with font (font size)—Univers (11). Illustrations (e.g., graphs, tables, maps, sketches), photographs and/or slides (colored) should have corresponding captions. Please send all contributions and correspondence to: The Editor, Tambuli, CRMP, 5th Floor, CIFC Towers, North Reclamation Area, Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines. Tel. No. (63-32) 232-1821 to 22, 412-0487 to 89, 412-0645; Fax No.: (63-32) 232-1825; Hotline: 1-800-1-888-1823; E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.oneocean.org Tambuli is distributed without cost to all network members and others upon request. This publication was made possible through support provided by the USAID under the terms of Contract No. AID 492-0444-C-00-6028-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or Tetra Tech EM Inc. Articles may be quoted or reproduced in other publications as long as proper reference is made to the source. Editor: Alan T. White Associate Editors: Dolores Ariadne D. Diamante-Fabunan and Catherine A. Courtney. Production and Artwork: M. Gale B. C. dela Cruz, Ysolde A. Collantes, Caridad Balisacan and Leslie S. Tinapay. Photographs are by the authors or as indicated.

Editorial Board The Editorial Board Members will be coordinating submission of news items and major articles from their respective agencies or countries and serve as resource persons for future network activities.

Ms. Jessica Muñoz Dr. Rokhmin Dahuri Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) Director Department of Agriculture (DA) Centre for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies Arcadia Bldg., Quezon Blvd. Ext. Bogor Agricultural University Quezon City Gedung Marine Center Lantai 4, Fakultas Perikanan IPB Philippines Tel: (63-2) 9265428 Indonesia Tel: (62-251) 621086 Fax: (63-2) 9267790 Fax: (62-251) 625556 Mr. Urbano Pilar Program Coordinator Dr.Rafael D. Guerrero III Coastal Environment Program (CEP) Executive Director Department of Environment and Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research Natural Resources (DENR) and Development (PCAMRD) Visayas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City Los Baños, Laguna Philippines Tel: (63-2) 9202211 Philippines Telefax:(63-94) 5361582 Fax: (63-2) 9264826 Dr. Liana T. McManus Mr. Rathin Roy Program Coordinator Programme-FAO Community-based Coastal Resources 91 St. Mary’s Road Management Abhiramapuram, Madras 600 018 Tel: (91-44) 4936294 Marine Science Institute, College of Science India Fax: (91-44) 4936102 University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Philippines Tel: (63-2) 9223921 Fax: (63-2) 9247678 Dr. Hilconida Calumpong Marine Laboratory Silliman University Dumaguete City 6200, Negros Oriental Philippines Telefax: (63-35) 2252500

Mr. Stephen Olsen Director Coastal Resources Center University of Rhode Island Narragansett, RI, 02882 USA Tel: (1-401) 8746224 Fax: (1-401) 7894670

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