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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Sociologia E Ciência Política UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA Yasmin Azucena Calmet Ipince O ISIS e a “Revanche de Dieu”: a demonização do secularismo e o Jihad como (re)estabelecedor do Islã Florianópolis 2020 Yasmin Azucena Calmet Ipince O ISIS e a “Revanche de Dieu”: a demonização do secularismo e o Jihad como (re)estabelecedor do Islã Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia e Ciência Política da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciência Política. Orientador: Prof. Jean Gabriel Castro da Costa, Dr. Florianópolis 2020 Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor, através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC. Calmet Ipince, Yasmin Azucena O ISIS e a "Revanche de Dieu": a demonização do secularismo e o Jihad como (re)estabelecedor do Islã / Yasmin Azucena Calmet Ipince; orientador, Jean Gabriel Castro da Costa, 2020. 166 p. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia e Ciência Política, Florianópolis, 2020. Inclui referências. 1. Sociologia e Ciência Política. 2. Estado Islâmico. 3. Jihad. 4. Secularização. 5. Violência. I. Costa, Jean Gabriel Castro da. II. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia e Ciência Política. III. Título. Yasmin Azucena Calmet Ipince O ISIS e a “Revanche de Dieu”: a demonização do secularismo e o Jihad como (re)estabelecedor do Islã O presente trabalho em nível de doutorado foi avaliado e aprovado por banca examinadora composta pelos seguintes membros: Profa. Juliana Lyra Viggiano Barroso, Dra. Instituição Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Prof. Tiago Dahel Padovezi Borges, Dr. Instituição Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Prof. Jorge Carlos Serrano Botelho Moniz, Dr. Instituição Universidade Nova de Lisboa Certificamos que esta é a versão original e final do trabalho de conclusão que foi julgado adequado para obtenção do título de doutor em Ciência Política obtido pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia e Ciência Política. ____________________________ Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação ____________________________ Prof. Jean Gabriel Castro da Costa, Dr. Orientador Florianópolis, 2020. Para o Elton Bruno, cuja luz se apagou muito cedo, onde estiveres meu amigo desejo que a força sempre esteja contigo. AGRADECIMENTOS Quero iniciar dizendo que pesquisar é uma arte difícil, árdua e cheia de altos e baixos. Sem autoconfiança e saúde física e mental os obstáculos tornam-se enormes buracos negros absorvendo-te o tempo inteiro. Infelizmente, ou felizmente, somos seres humanos imperfeitos com vontade de superar as adversidades, e, por que não dizer, ter a satisfação de reconhecer que tivemos a coragem e os aliados precisos que nos ajudaram a levantar, superar e ver o lado bom dos momentos difíceis. Sem esses aliados incondicionais, com certeza teria me afundado naquele buraco negro chamado depressão, ansiedade, falta de confiança e panes intelectuais. Por esse motivo início agradecendo ao Jean, quem gentilmente e insanamente, topou o desafio de me orientar em um tema demasiado controverso e desafiador. Acredito que a figura do orientador é fundamental na formação de novos teóricos e pesquisadores, e se tivermos mais Jeans aqui no Brasil, a saúde mental dos alunos seria totalmente diferente da que enfrentamos hoje em dia. Por isso, agradeço-lhe muito a confiança, a amizade, os desafios agonistas, o apoio incondicional nos momentos difíceis e por ter me tratado com muito respeito e paciência. Agradeço infinitamente a meus três mosqueteiros Vinicius, Ariadna e Penelope, por estar sempre me apoiando e tendo paciência e compreensão nos momentos de abandono, de angustia e mau humor. Gratulo muito tudo o que fizeram por mim, seu suporto foi essencial para elaboração da tese, agradeço-lhes por ter acreditado em mim, pelos conselhos, pelas revisões ortográficas, a ajuda nas traduções e as conversas descontraídas. Também é preciso agradecer aos companheiros e amigos que a UFSC me deu, especialmente do Grupo de Estudos em Segurança e Defesa e do Doutorado. Amigos são importante neste processo, por isso meu obrigado à Renata e à Karen, com as quais compartilhei momentos importantes dentro e fora da sala de aula, à Emili, Felipe, Lucimara, Fafá Capela e Luiza, meu muito obrigado pelos feedbacks, pelos diálogos intelectuais, pelas conversas irônicas e descontraídas, pelas parcerias acadêmicas, pelos momentos de pesquisa, pelas correções e por aguentar meus momentos de irreverencia e de sarcasmo acadêmico. Finalmente, não posso deixar de agradecer à CAPES pela ajuda financeira permitindo-me realizar esta pesquisa. Aos meus professores, especialmente ao Tiago Borges, Julian Borba, Ligia Luchmann e Ricardo Silva. Ao Sheikh Amim e ao Professor Muhammad por me permitir adquirir conhecimento na língua árabe e no Islã e, ao meu querido Héctor Léis, cujo exemplo de luta e perseverança, e a enorme confiança que depositou em mim durante todos os anos em que mantivemos a nossa parceria acadêmica foram extremamente importantes para mim. Onde quer que você esteja, a minha amizade e reconhecimento pela sua pessoa será eterna. RESUMO Este trabalho traz uma narrativa histórica acerca do processo de secularização nos países do Oriente Médio com o objetivo de identificar se este gerou condições favoráveis à radicalização do Islã e ao surgimento/fortalecimento de grupos fundamentalistas islâmicos. Para tanto, utilizou-se de pesquisas bibliográficas sobre a secularização, grupos radicais islâmicos e jihad, levantamento de documentos oficiais do Islã, e levantamento e análise de dados sobre atentados cometidos pelo Estado Islâmico (IS). Assim, foi possível observar que a forma como o processo de secularização é introduzido no Oriente Médio, apesar de trazer uma aparência de modernização na política, tornou-se um catalizador para o fortalecimento do nacionalismo árabe e de grupos contra secularização, como a Irmandade Muçulmana, al-Qaeda e o Estado Islâmico. Por fim, observou-se como, num complexo contexto geopolítico de países com forte influência externa, o jihad foi utilizado como uma ferramenta (re)estabelecedora do Islã. Palavras-chave: Estado Islâmico. Jihad. Secularização. Violência. ABSTRACT This work brings an historical narrative about the process of secularization in the countries of the Middle East in order to identify whether it has generated favorable conditions for the radicalization of Islam and the emergence / strengthening of Islamic fundamentalist groups. To this end, we used bibliographical research on secularization, Islamic radical groups and jihad, using official documents of Islam, and survey and data analysis on Islamic State attacks. Thus, it was possible to observe that way how the process of secularization is induce in the Middle East, despite bringing an appearance of modernization in politics, it become a catalyst for the strengthening of Arab nationalism and groups against secularization, such as the Muslin Brotherhood, al-Qaeda and Islamic State. Finally, it was observed how, in a complex geopolitical context in countries with a strong external influence, jihad was used like a tool to (re)establishing Islam. Keywords: Islamic State. Jihad. Secularization. Violence. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Expansão do Império Islâmico no século VII e VIII .................................. 50 Figura 2 - Tela do século XIII composta pela sura 176 ............................................. 55 Figura 3 - Dinar do Califado Abássida - Séc. VII d.C. ............................................... 57 Figura 4 - Território do Império Otomano no Século XVIII ........................................ 64 Figura 5 - Distribuição dos países árabes entre a França e a Inglaterra ................... 69 Figura 6 - Conversão do alfabeto árabe para o latino ............................................... 74 Figura 7 - Emblema da Irmandade Muçulmana ...................................................... 106 Figura 8 - Mujatweet Episode I ................................................................................ 130 Figura 9 - Mujahidin se unindo as tropas do IS ....................................................... 132 Figura 10 - Execução do jornalista James Foley ..................................................... 134 Figura 11 - Crianças em acampamentos de treinamento ........................................ 138 Figura 12 - Acusado de sodomia jogado do alto de um prédio em Raqqa .............. 140 Figura 13 - Principais áreas controladas pelo Estado Islâmico em Junho de 2014. 142 Figura 14 - Principais áreas controladas pelo Estado Islâmico em Junho de 2015. 142 Figura 15 - Principais áreas controladas pelo Estado Islâmico em Junho de 2016. 144 Figura 16 - Principais áreas controladas pelo Estado Islâmico em Agosto de 2019145 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – Atentados suicidas cometidos pelo IS (2013-2018) .............................. 137 Tabela 2 - Ataques jihadistas no Iraque e na Síria (2013-2018) ............................. 143 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS AQI al-Qaeda no Iraque IPC Iraqi Petroleum Company IS Estado Islâmico ISI Estado Islâmico do Iraque ISIS Estado Islâmico do Iraque e al-Sham RAU Repúblicas Árabes Unidas SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 15 2 A SECULARIZAÇÃO ...............................................................................................
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