A taste of the late q0s through the early '60s found in amateur stereo slides

by Mark Willke I ------I One of his pastimes while not at I bonus is that fact that a few of the I Stereo at the Ball Game work was apparently going to the shots included stereo equipment! ball game with his buddies. He Our first image shows a couple he collection of stereo slides attempted to capture the action on of gentlemen enjoying the game, which was the source of last the field in stereo on several occa- or at least some beer. The man in issue's pair of barber shop T sions, but even though he was front has a Stereo Realist around views continues to provide this shooting from right near the front his neck, and since the photogra- column with fun images. The pho- of the bleachers, little depth is visi- pher was also shooting with a tographer was apparently a barber ble among the distant players. stereo camera, I'm guessing stereo in a suburb of Milwaukee, Wiscon- Fortunately though, he some- photography was a common inter- sin, and while many of the views times turned the camera toward est in that circle of friends. This in the collection were taken in or closer subjects-other fans attend- Kodachrome slide is mounted in a immediately outside of his shop, ing the games-and ended up with cardboard slip-in mount with no he also recorded other facets of his some wonderful portraits. An extra date noted, but other slides from life in stereo. this photographer show dates from 1952 into the later 50s. Our second slide (also unlabeled, in an older-style [gray with red edges] Kodachrome cardboard mount) shows possibly one of the same men from the first slide at what appears to be the same stadi- um but during a warmer time of year. He is displaying a (Revere?) stereo viewer, and while I'm not sure why he took it to the game, I would guess that perhaps he want- ed to show his friends some slides taken at previous games. 963

is column combines a love of stereo r'photography with a fondness for 1950s-era styling, design and decor by sharing amateur itprpo ilidpi ihnt in th~"aoMpn ao~"of the

column, please send it to: Fifties Flavored Finds, 5610 SE 71st, Portland, OR 97206. As space allows, we will select a couple of images to reproduce in each issue. This is not a contest-just a place to share and enjoy. Please limit your submission to a single slide. If the subject, date, location, photographer or other details are known, please send that along too, but we'll understand if it's not available. Please include return postage with your slide. Slides will be returned within 6 to 14 weeks, and while we71 treat your slide as carefully as our own, Stereo World and the NSA assume no responsibility for its safety. A I',,lll,,al,on "1 National Stereoccopic Associatior

Volume 32, Numb C--*--L* .-/,,-*..L-- J~~L~IIIU~I/~LLUUCI

NSA Board of Direcl Larry Moor, Choirmar Andy Criscom Dieter Lorenz William Moll Russell Norton Page 5 Page 26 Page 28 Richard Twichell C lAl%l+nm Bill8 L. """,C",3 Helcma E. Wright NS :A Officers Lawrence Kaufrnan, President 4 3-D to Flip Over - ., ,,. " . Mary Ann hell, wce rresrl review by john Dennis Dean Kamin, Vice President, , Larry Hess, Secretory William Moll, Treosun 2 Editor's View Stereo World St6lff Comments and 5 Coming to the 3D Center John Dennis, Editor Observations Lawrence Kaufman, Contributing Editor by /ohn Dennis Ray Zone, Contributrng hrlitor Mark Willke, Art Dfrect~", Sylvia Dennis, Subscription h. 6 Kriegsmarine! Don R. Cibbs, Back Issues At Life in Hitler's Navy 3 Letters by Richard C. Ryder How to rteucn 1 Reader's Comments NSA members hi^ and Questions [New m~mhenhipr,n,r~rwol$ Ir odd,? P.O. Box 86708, Portland, 0 20 The Strange Case of Questions Concernint Stereo World Subscriptil Dr. Addison and the Croswell Twins PO Box 86708, Portland, OR 9 26 NewViews e-mail ~trwld@telepom Current Information by Christopher Schneberger or lal~yli~ker(~fip?hoo.com on Stereo Today by David Starkman Stereo WorlcI Back Issue Service & /ohn Dennis [Wr,tp I01 nvnrbb~!ily(r priw 1 J NSA, 23575 C.f 1. 77, Calhan, (CO 80808 24 Old Dark House -- Monster House Drives Stereo Digital Theaters Stereo World Editorial 1Office (Lrftrir lo th~~dlloi. oniflc.( Ei roPnrbrihlinqr) by Ray Zone 561 0 SE 71 st Ave., Portland, (IR 97206 34 Classified (503) 771-4440 Buy, Sell, or e-mail: st*[email protected] Trade It Here

Stereo World Adverti sing 28 Bryant Bradley's [Cior~!fird Ei dirploy odi) 5610 SE 71st Ave., -~ --. Portland,. . .- ()R 97206 "Mount Desert Scenery" 150 51 //I-444U by Logen Zimmerman e-mail: sttd@te_leporh (lnr rrl !ly?n Ir oiiirinn ads Jeffrey Kraus PO Box 99, Modena, NY 125 I:845) 255-791 3 e-mall lkraus@hvc rr c(

Stereo World (ISSN 01 91-4030) IS pub- NSA Regions Ihrhed bimonthly by the Nat~onal Please contact your re ~onal Stereoscop~cAssociaton, lnc., PO Box Front Cover: for ~nformat~onaboutqocal e - . 86708, Porlland, OR 97286, Entlre Raumbild-Verlad, "Unsese Kriegsmarine" No. 87, "Narvik. Posten am Hafen von NSA actlvlties See current l~stat conlents r'2006, all r~ghtsreserved Narvik. Im Hintergrund einer versenkten Dampfer. " A German soldier standing guard ~tp~stereov~ew_orgLaboutnsahtml Mater~alIn th~spubllcat~on may not - be reproduced without wrllten per- along the coast of occupied Norway at Narvik in World War 11. The sunken transport mlsrlon ol the NSA, Inc. Pr~ntedIn USA. suggests the fierceness of the battle fought here, which cost the Kriegsmarine half Stereoscopic Society of America A ruhrcrpt~onto Stereo World IS part (Alfil~olcdw~lh ill? Nolro!lo! \!~r~orropaArraiiotron) ol N

NSA's Deep Regional Assets to organize events involving trade regional NSA meetings when and e used to regularly run a fairs, projection shows, auctions, where supported by members, informing regional members of map of the NSA Regions workshops etc. (Regional meetings in Ohio have even expanded to a upcoming photographica or cam- Wacross the U.S. , showing the names and addresses of the various 2-day event.) era shows, notable films, 3-D Regional Directors. It took up an The NSA is divided into geo- gallery or historical exhibits, plus entire page, and whenever names graphic regions with a Director promoting the NSA at any such or regional boundaries were assigned to each, as your represen- events or in any local media where changed it became quite a job to tative. Please contact your regional possible. update the hand drawn map, so it Director for information about New England (ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI): vanished from the magazine. The local events or NSA activities. If Jan Rurandt, Boston, MA list is always available via the you would like to host a regional Jan(dmake3Dimages.com "About NSA" link at www.stereoview activity please contact either your Metro New York City: Greg Dinkins, a but it will now also appear in Director or the NSA Vice Presi- New York, NY dinking(nlamnh.org dent-Activities. Stereo World on occasion. Delaware Valley (PA, DE, NJ, Upstate As travel continues to become We again have two Canadian NY): Open more expensive, many members directors, one for the east and one for the west. And there is still an Middle Atlantic (VA, MD, NC, DC): may be more able to reach events Mike Canter, Greenbelt, MD within their region than those open region-Delaware Valley-for Pssv3d(~~aol.com anyone interested in becoming a across the country. This could Southeast (FL, AL, GA, MS, SC): Mike make the function of NSA regions regional Director. The job involves working with and encouraging any Griffith, Liburn GA more important than ever-espe- vanselo(~~email.msn.com local stereo groups, organizing cially those in which it's possible Eastern Midwest (KY, OH, WV, TN): George Themelis, Rrecksville OH drt-3d(n'att.net Upper Midwest (MN, WI, IA, ND, SD): Tom Martin, Golden Valley MN tlmartin(n'bitstream.net Central Midwest ([I,, IN, MI, MO): Dennis Green, Ferndale MI I'lease start my one-year subscri tion to dennisgreen(n'comcast.net South Central (TX, OK, KS, LA, AR): Stereo World magazine and enrol Pme as a Eddie Rowers, Dallas TX member of the National Stereoscopic Association. eddieb(n'microsoft.com ------U.S. membership mailed third class ($32). Mountain (CO, WY, NE): Dan Shelley, Colorado Springs CO U.S. membership mailed first class for faster delivery ($44). dshellev(n'ddde$ign.com C] All international memberships ($44). West south (So CA, So NV, HI): Lawrence Kaufman, Corona, CA I Send a sample copy (U.S. $6.00, all other $7.50). kaufman3d(nlearthlink.net I West north (No CA, No NV): Robert Please make checks payable to the National Stereoscopic Association. Bloomberg, Forest Knolls CA Foreign members please remit in U.S. dollars with a Canadian Postal Money ~b3d(n'attbi.com order, an International Money Order, or a foreign bank draft on a U.S. bank. Southwest (AZ, UT, NM): Tom Dory, Gilbert, AZ thomas.s.dory(~~inteI.com Northwest (WA, OR, AK, MT, ID): Mike Kenenbrock, Reaverton OR (metro Portland) michaelk(nY~hoto-3d.com Address Europe: Alexander Klein, Stuttgart, I Germany, +49 (711) 5208768-2 State Zip I klein(~~stereosco~v.com Canada east: Robert Wilson, Toronto, tional l Stert loscopic Association ON rmvils(n1svrnpatico.ca Canada west: Rolf Eipper, Vancouver, I PO Box 86708, Portland, OR 97286 I RC Canada rolfs-3d(n'telu~.net The Only National Or~anizationDevoted Exclusi\~elvTo Stereo Photography, Stereoriews, and 3-D imaging Techniques. Reader's Comments LETTERSand Questions

Three Holmes Library Views lection should by all means be rate, for a full two months before kept in tact. The decision to break the members were informed. t is with dismay that I read of Though I have great pride and the closing of the Oliver Wendell up the collection, based on the respect for the NSA as a whole, I Holmes Library. While research- assumption that it would not be 1 safe in any one place (editorial), must say that this turn of events ing my dissertation, I spent at least suggests insider favoritism, and it four full days at the former St. appears to be laboring under the is not becoming a membership Davids' location, graciously assist- presumptive that there exists no organization. ed by Mr. Raymond Holstein. The institution devoted to keeping donated collections together. How 1 am embarrassed to note this assistance of Mr. Holstein and the history, and I am forced to register benefit of this library helped to many have been surveyed? My my protest of the dismissive man- make my conclusions possible, and scholarly impression is that more than a few, such as the American ner in which the members of the I cannot begin to express the organization were excluded from depth of my gratitude to this man Antiquarian Society, would want to keep the NSA treasures together. the decision making process as and to the NSA for the opportunity But the membership has not been well as the questionable way our to so freely research the collection. library has been put up for auction I understand the pressure upon asked for its assistance. It appears without due notice. institutions and the rising costs that all decisions are already made and that our input as to the Melody Davis, PI!. D. incurred in maintaining the physi- Camp Hill, PA cal locations of research facilities. resources of our organization is of Yet, the benefit of research libraries no interest to the board. In addition to information or1 the NSA I was in for further shock when I cannot, absolutely cannot be mea- website, NSA Presidetit Lawrerlce Karrfrrlarl realized that stereoviews and texts armolrnced the initial ebay sale of come sured in the number of visitors from the collection have been auc- Library holdings on Marcli 24, 2006, or1 who come through the door. The pl1oto-3d(nI,ohoo,~ro11p~.corn.Ac a crcntzrre of number of persons seeking special tioned on ebay since prior to March 30, 2006. The seller tlie print media, I wolrld liove b~enIiappi- collections will always be few, but er if time and circlrm~tanceslion allowed their numbers are offset by the "OWHSRL" has been registered since March 8th. Why was the a detailed annormcermnt to be made seriousness of their inquiry. One rnlrcli earlier in Stereo World to ~iwtlie devoted scholar can change histo- membership not notified of this by fir11 membership advatice riotice. Tlie prec- ry, and perhaps through one visit. the board? Only an editorial facing wres stetntnit7,y from tlicl Ioc~of tlie That one scholar, through the ben- the announcement by Mr. Moor in Library's donated cpoce clearly rcs~rltedin efit of a special collection that few Stereo World made this public, to a lack of adeqlmte cornmrrriicatiori at first. visit, may reach a generation of my knowledge. Items have been TImt led to some early perceptiori~of ari ~lncoordinatedor it7eqlritnhle dicpc'rcal of thinkers, teachers, readers, and sold off, many at below market advocates. It is a fallacious assump- tion that "head count" matters. This populist viewpoint unfortu- by AARON WARNER GONE MADDD 7-n hv Rnv 7nne nately leads to the unavailability of materials to the people most passionate about and able to com- municate their history. It is shocking that the member- ship of the NSA was not allowed representation in this vital deci- sion. I read of it for the first time in the MayIJune issue of Stereo World that arrived via first class post only a few days ago. Many of us in the NSA community could have contributed to the decision making process. If the library could not be saved, then some of us surely could have offered solu- tions as to keeping the collection in tact elsewhere, such as in the spacious, under-utilized special col- IT WASN'T UNTIL CHRISTMAS BEFCRE IT WASN'T UNTI L CHRISTMAS BEF3RE lections department of Penn State, ANYONE U ISCOVERED CHARLIE'S ANYONE DISCOVERED CHARLIE'S GIRLFRIEND WAS JUST A REALLY GIRLFRIEND WAS JUST A REALLY Harrisburg. The Helen Mosley Col- GOOD LENTICULAR GO00 LENTICULAR Library Iloldin,y.r in tlre initial ebay alrc- list available of the institutions1 expenses. A fir11 list of ir~stifrrtioirsreceiv- tions. R~rttlre many l~rrndredsof people museums which have been ing Library materials will l7e prrhlislied as wlro discrrss, blry and sell stereoscopic approached to take part of the col- soon as the dispcJr.sol is complete. Port- items via the interiret corrstitlrte a tl~ron~y lection? Portland, Oregon has a land!~30 Center of Art orrtl Pl~oto~qraplry far too lacye and wide rangii~~yfor them to wonderful facility and I'm sure a (ww.3Dcenti~r.rr.r)llos received 15 cartons he considered "insiders". of materiol from tlie Library, and irr tlre - Ed. good home there could be found words of Ceriter Director Diane Rrrlien, for some of it. Also, I'm assuming It was with much dismay I read "Tlre Center will now be tlrc repository of that since the collection lost the inrrcl~of the liistory of 3-D imqyery irr in the MayIJune issue of the use of the Eastern College facility America." demise of the Holmes Library. I'm in 1997 and moved to the auto - Ed. appalled that parts of such a valu- parts store of the Sells some adver- While the decision to disperse able historical collection are now tising was done to let people know being sold to the highest bidder on the OWHSRL1s holdings is said to where it was. You can hardly look have been taken in accordance eRay. I was not, however, surprised at low visitorship when people that the decision to do so was with "the rules", I don't recall hav- don't know where it is and what ing seen those rules published in made without member input or the open hours are. This is a deci- notification. This simply follows Stereo World. While the "done sion many of us will regret. deal" presentation of it in our the format of the organization for Nancy Sobottka many years now. Maybe this indi- Florence, OR MayIJune issue of Stereo World is cates the by-laws need to be revis- firmly in the tradition of the top- ited. Larry Moor indicated that Fzrndr from the Library alrctions will down NSA organization, it's sur- also be rrsed to restore tlre NSA Researcl~ "some" of the money raised will be prising that the courtesy of invit- Grant program for writers, and for PR ing input from donors of record is used to help NSA continue improv- efforts (targeted advertising and new ing Stereo World, support our com- not. brochlrres) to brrild membership. The rest Croi'y Danie1.s munity in more advantageous will restore a small reserve in tlre NSA Nortlr Rerrd OR FSO ways and promote the organiza- treasrrry, nrrrently just barely eno1r~y11to tion. Where's the rest going? Is a cover a year's closely trimmed prrblication

I 3D I FLIP Il4 3-D to Flip Over review by Iohn Dennis

BOOK I A

Shab Levy flip book. Most of the 2.5" x 4" books have 40 pages printed on high quality photo paper and can I incorporate some complex be flipped smoothly with a little motions presented in smooth (not practice. n what he believes to be the first jumpy) movie-like animation- Each book comes in a plastic bag effort of its type, stereographer depending of course on the flip- with glasses, and prices depend on Shab Levy has published a I ping skill of your thumb. Particu- the number of pages. Available delightful series of anaglyphic 3-D larly well done is Snow People in 30 titles include: Kotty Divo Series 000 animated flip books incorporating Series 002, in which a snowball (48 Images) $18, Cat Womon Series multiple image elements moving seems to be thrown by the viewer 001 (36 Images) $10, Snow People through several depth planes. into the frame in the best tradition Series 002 (36 Images) $10, Orbits While the small books may be of Charles Bronson in Horise of Series 003 (36 Images) $10, Packing short on plot, the 3-D pictures Wax. In another ~ossiblefirst for a Crrbes Series 004 (36 Images) $10. flip book, one of the characters Pocking Crrbes Series 0041;(72 utters a brief expletive midway Images) $18, Tlie Pickrrp Series 005 through the action! (36 Images) $10, TokeorSeries 006 Three of the books were pro- (72 Images) $18. duced using a classic stop-motion Ten titles are planned for the animation cycle of 36 frames while series, and the complete set will the other four so far completed use later be available in a special bind- a digital 3-D rendering and anima- ing box. Covers and sample gif tion program. Coming next in the animations can be viewed on series are books that convert an the artist's website actual short 3-D movie into a 3-D www.~ravitram.com/fli~,books.htm. Comina to the 3D Center nly rarely are upcoming events at Portland's unique 3D Center of Art & Photogra- phy scheduled far enough in advance for promotion in Stereo World, but the following three make pleasing exceptions. "Drawing in Space" will exhibit stereoscopic drawings by Vladimir Tamari (See SW Vol. 31 No. 5 page 16) and will include one of his 3DDD drawing devices, September 28 through November 5, 2006. The 3D Center will offer two stereo- scopic drawing workshops in con- junction with the exhibit. Running through the same dates in the 3D Center theater will be John Roll's 3-D slide show "Canyons and Valleys". A recep- tion for both events is scheduled October 5th from 6 to 9pm. At the same time, material from the 15 cartons recently received by the 3D Center from the Holmes Library will be cataloged and inte- grated into the Center's collections of books periodicals, reference material, cameras, viewers, etc. One entire display case will be ini- tially devoted to a display of trea- sures from the Holmes Library to help promote the Center and its now greatly expanded reference and artifact collection. For more information, contact 3D Center of Art & Photography, 1928 NW Lovejoy, Portland OR 97209, (503) 227-6667, www.3dcenter.u~.

Briefly distracted by some of the interesting books, 3D Center Director Diane Rulien (stand- ing) and Assistant Director Annie Dubinsky dig into some of the cartons of material sent to ...... the Center from the Holmes Library. Months of cataloging and labeling will follow.

...... A tower made famous by Hollywood is includ- ed in john Roll's show "Canyons and Valleys" scheduled for the 3D Center Sept. 28 through Nov. 5, 2006. "Kr iegsmar ineI " -1 ife in Hitlerk lVav aptain E.C. Kennedy of the (and Japan) got progressively Scharnhorst and Gneisenarr were armed merchant cruiser stronger. The harshest critic of that believed to be safely at anchor in CRowalpindi had a problem. His policy, Winston Churchill, was home waters. ship was one of the least menacing now in charge of the Navy and a In the late-afternoon of 23 vessels in Rritain's vaunted Royal new aggressiveness permeated the November, 1939, Rowalpindi was Navy. In fact, the 16,700 ton fleet. Not that it would help patrolling southeast of Iceland in Rawalpindi was hardly a warship at Rawalpindi in the least. scattered showers and rising seas, all. Designed as a P & 0 passenger The armed merchant cruiser was with good visibility and a strong liner for the India-Far East trade, part of a long thin line of ships wind out of the northwest. Sud- she had no armor, while her high known as the "Northern Patrol," denly, a lookout sighted an enemy sides, 570-foot length, and slow which stretched in an elongated ship at a distance of four miles: it speed of 17 knots made her all too arc from Scotland past the Shet- was the Derrtschland. For a few hor- easy a target. Built in 1925 by Har- lands and Faroes all the way up to rifying seconds, Kennedy actually land and Wolff (the same company Iceland and Greenland, a line that thought it was the Scliarnliorst and that had built Titanic more than a was designed to intercept any Ger- his first radio signal to the Admi- decade earlier), Rawalpindi had man ships trying to break out into ralty, quickly amended, had so been taken over by the Royal Navy the Atlantic. The big fear at the indicated. Steam was hurriedly at the start of the Second World moment was the Deutschland, 1 raised on the battleships Nelson War and given an armament of which it was believed might and Rodney in the Clyde as the four 6-inch guns in open mounts attempt such a sortie; the monsters British Home Fleet prepared to sor- and two lighter 3-inch anti-aircraft guns. The armament was some- No. 2, "Schiachtschiff. Einlaufender Zerstorer passiert ein auf Reede liegendes what less than that of a light cruis- Schlachtschiff. Links im Bilde einer der Vierlingsrohrsatze des Zerstorers. " Seen from the er; furthermore, those vessels were deck of a German destroyer, battleship Gneisenau rides at anchor in the roadstead, possi- low to the water and hence harder bly at Brest in western France in 194 1. The 26,000 ton Gneisenau is easily distinguished to hit, carried up to 4 inches of from its sister-ship by having the mainmast located immediately abaft the funnel. Note steel armor plate on their sides and also the flared "Atlantic" or "Clipper bow. " decks to protect their vital machin- ery, and with speeds ranging up to 32 knots (almost twice that of Rawalpindi) could run away from most things they were too small to fight, something that for Captain Kennedy was clearly not an option. Rawalpindi had a good chance to take out a surfaced U-boat or a German raider (like herself a con- verted merchant ship, one armed by the enemy and sent out to prey on Rritish shipping in the Atlantic). Rut no one in their right mind would send Rawalpindi up against a major warship like the No. 3, "Schlachtscfiff. Schlachtschiff auf Reede. Blick vom Vorschiff auf die vordere Turm- "Panzerschiffe" Delrtschland and gruppe und den Gefechtsmast. Vor den Tijrmen der Wellenbrecher, die beiden Ankerspills Admiral Grof Spee (the Rritish called und die Ankerketten. " Looking aft from the bow of Cneisenau toward the six 7 1 -inch guns them "pocket battleshipsu)-let of "A" and "B" turrets and the bridge superstructure. Note the anchor chains and the alone against one of Germany's swastika painted on the foredeck for aircraft recognition. Because warships ship heavy seas two powerful new battleships, the over the bow In severe weather, a V-shaped breakwater in front of the turrets directs such water over the sides (this is the transverse barrier just beyond the anchor capstans). Scharnhorst and Gneisenalr (which Another large German warship, probably either Scharnhorst or Prinz Eugen is barely visible the Rritish dubbed battlecruisers). at extreme right on the horizon. In that event, all Rawalpindi could hope to do was to get off a radio message and try to dodge the shell- fire through judicious use of smoke screens until help arrived, a hun- dred-to-one long-shot at best. Rut that nightmare was the very sce- nario now developing for Kennedy and his 300-man crew. Rawalpindi was paying the price for a decade of "appeasement" by various British governments-a policy that deprived the Navy of money and ships while Germany tie. But they could not hope to a deadly game of two-cats-and- The story of Rawalpindi's last reach the scene in less than 48 one-mouse, the armed merchant fight illustrates the basic underly- hours. cruiser was quickly pounded to ing problem confronting the Ger- All Kennedy could hope to do pieces. Early in the action, a Ger- man Navy throughout the Second was to survive until a few closer man shell took out her bridge- World War. Although the Germans ships of the patrol line, like the and presumably Captain Kennedy might build magnificent ships cruiser Newcastle, arrived. At least as well. Soon she was ablaze in a capable of withstanding an incred- with the 26-knot Deutschland, dozen places-as fire and water ible amount of pounding, the Kennedy would only be dodging raced to see which would claim Rritish, despite their world-wide the fire of six 11-inch and eight her. Yet even now, one or two guns fleet commitments, would general- 5.9-inch guns-not the nine 11- fired back. Finally, as a series of ly manage to assemble a superior inchers and twelve 5.9's of the giant explosions ripped through force and, ultimately, aided by larger, faster, 32-knot battlecruiser! the doomed vessel and Rawalpindi radar and long-range air search, And his antiquated 6-inchers began to slip beneath the waves in track down their foes. And, might even hope to do some dam- the growing darkness, the battle- although the Germans might age to an armored ship while they ships ceased fire and the Germans inflict frightful havoc in the inter- could hardly chip the paint on the sent boats to rescue her survivors. im and might even at times dis- 12-inch thick sides of Scliarnhorst. Eventually, Schamhorst picked up patch a ship of seemingly equal The enemy was too close to run in 27 men before the appearance of strength with deceptive ease (as any case, so Kennedy dropped another British ship forced the happened in the Bismarck's leg- smoke floats and turned to evade. Germans to break off and retire. It endary encounter with the battle- We can only imagine his horror as was the Newcastle, obviously intent cruiser Hood), the British, despite the German shells began to drop on dogging the Germans until the some tense moments, would ulti- uncomfortably close around him, larger warships arrived. The cruiser mately exact their revenge. This for it was only now, as the German rescued another 11 survivors; Cap- happened again and again-to the ship turned broadside on to bring tain Kennedy and some 270 of Graf Spee, to the Bismarck, to the all her guns to bear that Kennedy Rawalpindi's crew had been lost. legendary German raider Atlantis, for the first time got a really good For his gallant defense against and eventually, to the Scliamliorst look at her. At the same time, a overwhelming odds, Kennedy and Gneisenau as well. The best second, similar German ship was would receive a posthumous V.C. ships in the world would eventual- sighted closing in. It had been the The German battleships, their ly prove no match for the most Scliarnhorst after all-and she had attempted breakout having been ships in the world. This is why, as brought her sister ship with her! discovered and fearing retribution the war went on, the German sur- Rawalpindi was clearly doomed. by the larger British ships, turned face fleet played a smaller and From one chance in a hundred, and headed back for home, hardly smaller role while that of the U- she now had no chance at all- covered in glory. The German sor- boats expanded. only the manner of her death, and tie was over almost before it began. It was a situation similar to that that of her gallant captain and Rawalpindi had hit the Schamhorst which had faced the Germans in crew, remained to be determined. exactly once and inflicted no seri- the First World War-but with In the event, that the action lasted ous damage, but she had spoiled some key differences. Then they nearly half an hour is a testament the Germans' plans and forced had possessed a substantial fleet, a to their skill and courage. Dodging them back to cover. fleet which, although markedly and weaving through the smoke in inferior to that of the Rritish, nev- ertheless remained capable of No. 5, "Schlachtschiff. Links unten Verkehrsboot auf dem Bootsdeck, der Barring. Schorn- inflicting major damage on their stein mit Scheinwerfer. Unter dem Schornstein eine der Ottern des Minensuchgerates." opponents in the epic Rattle of Jut- Looking up from the boatdeck to Gneisenau's single large funnel and one of the ship's land in 1916. The Germans, how- large searchlights. Smoke from the ship's oil-fired boilers is vented into the stack through a ever, had been fortunate to survive series of uptakes. The distinctive canted funnel cap, designed to channel the smoke away that encounter with their fleet from the bridge superstructure, is another tip-off that the ship question is in fact Cneise- more or less intact; for the rest of nau; it is painted silver, while Scharnhorst's was black. the war, they played the classic role of the underdog, what the great naval theorist Alfred Mahan had termed a "fleet in being," a threat whose very existence tied down almost every major warship in the Rritish navy just to guard against it. Now, in 1939, the Germans had gone to war with a navy, the "Kriegsmarine," which was hope- lessly outclassed. They possessed only two operational modern bat- tleships, the Scliarnlior.~tand Gneisenau, the three "Panzer- schiffe" or armored ships, Admiral Graf Spee, Admiral Sc/ieer, and Delrtschland, a pair of heavy cruis- ers, Hipper and Rliicher, and five or six light cruisers. This to face a British fleet that consisted of some fifteen capital ships (battleships and battlecruisers), all more heavi- ly armed than the Scharnliorst class, a score of heavy cruisers, and near- ly fifty light cruisers. On top of this, the British had some seven operational aircraft carriers-the .- r .+- only one the Germans ever built No. 10, "Schlachtschiff. Die beim Exerzieren an der Ladekanone (Hintergrund) verwandten would never become operational, Potronen mijssen ofter gereingt und ijberholt werden. Risse und Unebenheiten im Messing in part due to the absurd fact that der Hulse konnen Ladehemmungen und damit Verschlecterung des Resultates der the German Air Force or "Luft- Ladegeschwindigkeit nach sich ziehen. " A sailor cleans and polishes practice shells at one waffe," under its pompous yet of the ship's smaller gun batteries. Constant attention and overhaul was essential to pro- redoubtable leader, Hermann tect vital components from the ravages of the salt air and keep the ship running at peak efficiency. Goring, insisted that they rather ...... than the Navy should control the vessel! When it came to the small- er destroyers, the German position was even worse. And all of this without even considering Britain's allies, the French, who alone pos- sessed a fleet roughly equivalent to the "Kriegsmarine" in size. The fall of Norway, and later of France, would greatly simplify Ger- many's problem, removing the French fleet from the board, adding that of Germany's ally, Mussolini's Italy, and preventing England from bottling the Ger- mans up neatly in the North Sea, No. 7 7, "Schlachtschiff. Gefechtsmast mit Signallenen und zum Trocknen geheissten as they had done in the First Flaggen. Im Vordergrund ein Teil des grosseo Kranes zum Aus- und Einsetzen der Verkehrs- World War. Nevertheless, such boote. " Signal flags fly from hoists on the foremast affixed to the bridge superstructure of a Scharnhorst-class battlecruiser. Flag signals, either by hoists or semaphore, were a com- gains came at a considerable price, mon form of communication ships when radio silence had to be maintained. for the German Navy was brutally savaged in the ~orkegiancam- ones-before the British, aided by of the war. At great risk they could paign, losing the Rliicller, two light a substantial degree of luck, harass the enemy and hamper his cruisers, and fully half its modern tracked down the giant vessel and plans but that was all. Whatever destroyers, while the Hipper was so sent her to the bottom. Tirpitz and chance there was to affect the out- badly damaged that it had to be some of the others, based in Nor- come lay in the hands of the U- relegated to lengthy repairs. By way, remained a threat throughout boats-where it had largely been now too, Graf Spee was gone, scut- much of the war, but in the final all along. Hitler had doomed his tled by her captain after being analysis they were as hopelessly Navy from the moment he decided tracked down and damaged in a outclassed as Rawalpindi had been. on war in 1939, for the Fiihrer had fight with a trio of British cruisers For the British had not been idle, repeatedly promised not to embark off South America's River Plate in and, although they suffered serious on a conflict until 1945-and Ger- December, 1939, a month after losses in all classes of ships, man- man fleet construction had always Scharnhorst and Gneisenau's one- aged to complete five more battle- been based on that premise. Even sided encounter with Rawalpindi. ships, nine carriers, and nearly in the early days of the war, before The Germans did manage to add thirty additional light cruisers America's entry, the German fleet a few ships as the war progressed, before the war's end. Furthermore, had realistically been relegated to including the mammoth battle- with America's entry into the war what Admiral Mahan had called ships Rismarck and Tirpitz, and the in December 1941, major units of the "guerre de coursev-a war on heavy cruiser Prinz Elrgen. But the that fleet became available for merchant shipping carried out by latter simply replaced the lost Britain's defense as well. submarines and the occasional sur- Bliicher, while the Rismarck's entire After 1941, the surface vessels of face raider. As the experiences of operational career lasted a mere two Hitler's "Kriegsmarine" never had a the Graf Spee, Risrnorck, Scharn- weeks-admittedly highly eventful chance to influence the outcome horst, and Gneisenau demonstrat- ed, the latter was not a role for tioners of the art, Die Kriegsmarine, umes. Rorn in Munich, on August which major warships were partic- by Korvettencapitan Fritz Otto 1, 1891, the son of a dry-goods ularly well suited-the risks were Rusch, is probably that most avidly merchant, he had followed his enormous and the rewards, though sought by collectors today. The father into the textile business in often tempting, were hardly com- Army volumes, Die Soldaten des Ulm and later Ansbach. As was mensurate. It was a role for which Fiihrers un Felde and Der Kampf im often the case with 3-D, he initial- disguised and well-armed mer- Westen ("The Fiihrer's Soldiers in ly became interested in stereogra- chant ships like Atlantis were far the Field," a history of the Polish phy as a hobby. The company, better suited. campaign, and "The Struggle in Raumbild-Verlag ("Spatial Picture That said, Hitler's surface ships the West," devoted to Norway, the Publishing") was established as a and their crews acquitted them- Low Countries, and France) are far way of turning his passion for selves reasonably well under what more common-and even the vol- stereo into a livelihood. were often the most adverse of ume on the Luftwaffe, Fliegen lrnd Although supposedly founded in conditions. And it is a story that is, Siegen ("Flying and Winning") is 1932, the first documented records perhaps surprisingly, reasonably seen on rare occasions.' The "navy of the company occur at the start well documented in stereographs. book," by contrast, seems to be of 1935, the same year it began Of all the strictly military-themed extremely scarce, although why publishing the magazine Das stereo-books (as opposed to those this should be is far from clear. Rarrmbild and the first of the with a political or cultural empha- Otto Wilhelm Schonstein was "Raumbild Works" books from a sis) produced by Raumbild-Verlag, the man behind the "navy book" headquarters in Diessen. The firm the 'Third Reich's official practi- and indeed all the Raumbild vol- was in a sense co-opted by the Nazi establishment in 1939, when it was moved to Munich and Hein- No. 7 3, "Schlachtschiff. Blick vom Vormars nach achtern auf Schornstein mit Scheinwer- rich Hoffmann, the Reichsbild- fern an jeder Seite, Dreibeinmast; dahinter eines der Bordflugzeuge, achterer Mast mit berichterstatter of the NSDAP Kriegsflagge an der Caffel. " Looking aft on Cneisenau from the bridge to the stack, port (Chief Photo Reporter of the Nazi searchlight platform, and tripod mainmast; the after 7 7-inch turret is obscured by the cat- apult-mounted Arado floatplane and its hanger. The mast located further astern on Party) was installed as "bureau Scharnhorst. chief."' From this time on, Raum- bild-Verlag was an official adjunct of the Nazi State. In 1943, due to increased Allied bombing raids on Munich, the firm was moved to the town of Oberaudorf where the administra- tive offices found quarters in the Cafe Schwarzenberg, while the printing establishment wound up in a hotel. Although Schonstein managed to keep his photo archives intact throughout the war, and the firm flourished in the immediate postwar years by mar- keting new book sets with texts in English to the occupation forces, No. 15, "Schlachtschiff. Sonnabends ist grosses Reinschiff. Aus FeuerloschschlSiuchen wird das Seewasser an Deck gespult, mit Besen wird nachgefegt und mit Schwabbern the coming of View-Master steadily nachgetrocknet, bis das Eisen-oder Holzdeck wieder fleckenlos gMnzt. Das Fegen geschieht eroded the company's fortunes in im Takt." Scraping, painting, cleaning, mending, overhauling - such general maintenance the early 1950~~and Schonstein work, along with standing watch and frequent drills, made up the bulk of a sailor's daily sold the firm to an employee work schedule while in harbor. Swabbing the deck to remove salt build-up has been a shortly before his death in 1958 chore since the days of sailing ships. Seawater from the fire hose is swept with brooms and (apparently on his sixty-seventh swabbed with mops in a series of coordinated, almost choreographed movements. birthday).' It was in Munich, and 7-v----. bRF-"-< . . later Oberaudorf, that the navy $?fl;.I,. , !1ff ,'I, -*, volume was published. The Kriegsmorine book itself came "Mit 100 Raumbild-Auftiah- men und acht Farbtafelnn-with 100 Raumbild stereographs, which, together with the standard col- lapsible metal viewer, were securely pocketed within cutouts in the thick cardboard front and back covers. The viewer, of a type designed by Raumbild employee Adolf Potzl, was manufactured by the Winter company of Munich. The 84-page Kriegsmarine text, which covers events through Feb- ruary of 1942, is also accompanied by eight full-page color illustra- tions of ships and sailors (the "acht Farbtafeln"). The text itself, after some necessary general pre- liminaries, is divided into accounts of the various types of warships and their role in "Unsere Kriegs- marine im englischen Krieg" ("Our Navy in the English War"): "Schlachtschiffe"' (battleships), No. 30, "Schlachtschiff. Das Bordflugzeug wird vom Kran eingeschwungen, urn dann "Flugzeugtrdger" (aircraft carriers- gefiert und auf seinen Platz gesetzt zu werden. " Hoisting in the ship's Arado floatplane wishful thinking this), "Schwere during a drill. Catapulted from the ship, such aircraft were invaluable for scouting purposes Kreuzer" (heavy cruisers), "Leichte but could only land in reasonably calm sea conditions and were a nuisance during surface Kreuzer" (light cruisers), "Zerstor- combat. er" (destroyers), "Schnellboote" (the fast "E-boats" of the Channel war), "Unterseeboote" (U-boats), minecraft and the like, as well as shore duty along the Norwegian and French coasts. Photographic work on the series was shared among four individu- als, each identified as a "Kriegs- berichter" (or "war reporter"), Drs. Wehlau and Troller, Lt. Eschen- burg, and Engelmeyer (rank not indicated). The lion's share of the work was handled by Dr. Wehlau, who produced 43 of the images in the set, including all but four of No. 3 1, "Schlachtschiff. Blick in die Backerei. Auf langeren Seetorns wird das Brot an Bord those taken aboard Scharnhorst and gebacken." The ship's bakery as seen through a connecting hatchway (which offers an interesting 3-0 composition). Food prepared here and in the ship's main kitchens provided Gneisena~r.~Lieut. Eschenburg took ample nourishment for a ship's complement of some 1800 officers and men. Hatchways some views, while Engelmeyer was such as these allowed extensive internal compartmentalization and were a main reason for responsible for nine, including Kriegsmarine warships' legendary ability to absorb massive amounts of damage without most of the U-boats, and Dr. sinking. Troller a mere five. Twenty-six of the views in the set do not identify graphs earn high marks and some the most likely scenario for the the individual photographer, but are downright stunning. views of the battleships is that are simply noted as "M. W. Most if not all the stereographs they were taken in Brest between Oberkommando der Wehrmacht," appear to have been taken in 1941, March and June of 1941, although that is emanating from the "OKW" with those of the Gneisenau and/or a date later in the same year is also or German High C~mrnand.~ Scharnhorst most likely taken in the a distinct possibility. A less likely The stereographs themselves are harbor at Brest on the western alternative is that the photographs absolutely breathtaking, with no (Brittany) coast of France following were taken in Germany just prior fewer than thirty-seven views of a a highly successful Atlantic cruise to departure on the Atlantic sortie. Scharnhorst-class battleship, eight in February of that year and prior There is one stereograph which views of the destroyers, four of the to their return to Germany in the shows another large German war- Schnellboote, twelve U-boats (the celebrated "Channel dash" twelve ship in the far distance-this is subject of an earlier article), and months later. Furthermore, the set almost certainly either the other the remaining thirty-nine divided includes no views of cruisers at all, Scharnhorst-class battleship or Prinz among various minecraft, trans- a curious oversight if the Prinz Ezigen. It is impossible to tell which ports, and auxiliary vessels, togeth- Erigen had been present (and it of the two it is, for all large Ger- er with coastal defenses and sites I joined them there in June of 1941, man warships were designed with along the coasts of Norway and subsequent to the Bismarck similar silhouettes precisely for France, including Dunkirk-where episode). Therefore, given that the that reason-to confuse Rritish the Germans had come oh-so-close text terminates in February of observers as to a ship's true identi- to winning it all. From an artistic 1942, the same month as the ty. (The ploy worked too-for in perspective as well, the stereo- "Channel dash," and taking into Bismarck's encounter with the account the absence of Prinz Eugen. British battlecruiser Hood, the latter initially thought the Ezrgen was Bis- ships, with elegant lines, superbly tection, this had proven to be a marck!) constructed-and they possessed a questionable trade-off at Jutland, Wherever identifiable, the battle- rich and colorful history. where three British battlecruisers ship in the Raumbild views Designed in 1934 in response to had blown up and sunk with appears to be Gneisenarr, despite the French battlecruisers Dunkerqzre almost their entire crews. Accord- the fact that she (and subsequently and Strasbourg, Scharnhorst and ingly, Scharnliorst and Gneisenarr Prinz Err,yen) spent much of the Gneisenau were built by the Wil- obtained their qualities by sacrific- year repairing bomb damage (cour- helmshaven naval shipyard and ing not armor but firepower: tesy of Britain's Royal Air Force). Deutsche Werke, Kiel, respectively, whereas most battleships of their Gneisenarr's appearance differed both being launched toward the day carried a main armament of 14 from that of her sister in several end of 1936 and entering service to 16-inch guns, the Germans minor but distinguishing features. some two years later. Although opted for an 11-inch main battery. This does not of course preclude described as battleships, they were Although the Scharnhorst would the possibility that other, non- in fact battlecruisers, although of a lack the punch to stand up to identifiable views in the set could somewhat unorthodox design. other battleships in open battle, have been taken aboard Scharnhorst Whereas earlier battlecruisers had given the numbers possessed by as well. Whichever of the ships is reached their high speed and the British, this would hardly be featured, the battleships of the extended radius of operation by wise in any case. Furthermore, the Scllarnhorst class were beautiful sacrificing some of their armor pro- Germans could outrun almost any foe, while their 11-inchers, special- ly designed to fire at extremely No. 37, "Schlachtschiff. Befehlsubermittler bei einem Leichten Flageschutz. As1 Ausguck- long ranges, could wreak havoc posten gegen feindliche Nieger tragt der Matrose eine Sonnenbrille. ~benvachun~des among convoys of merchant ships. Luftraumes ist Vorbedingung fur erfolgreiche Fliegerabwehr." A German officer mans a light antiaircraft battery aboard a Scharnhorst-class ship. Constant vigilance and a keen Originally designed with a straight, eye were essential to survival given the frequent danger of British aerial attack. The jutting vertical bow and low, flat runnel, chin and low camera angle suggest not only such alertness but pride in German "Aryan" by the start of the war each ship superiority. had been fitted with an extended, flaring "clipper bow" for sur- mounting the rough swells of the open Atlantic, along with a rakish- ly canted funnel cap designed to keep the funnel smoke away from the bridge area. The result was a sleek, graceful appearance that if- placed the Scliarnliorsts among the most elegantly beautiful warships ever built. Subsequent to their encounter with the ill-fated Rawalpindi, both warships played major roles in the Norwegian campaign of April 1940, to which Hitler committed No. 39, "Zerstorer. Schlepper bringen einen Zerstorer von seinem Liegeplatz auf Reede. " virtually his entire navy, with suc- This view of a German destroyer at anchor is a splendid example of the magnificent stere- cessful though near catastrophic ography in the Raumbild volume. The flatness of the mid-distant subject (typical when results. On April 9th, early in the portraying an entire ship from the side) is not a problem for a mono image but is ruinous campaign, Scliarnl~orstand Gneise- to a stereograph; note how photographer Troller used the mooring cables at left to create nau, operating as a covering force the third dimension, while the sun shining through the German naval flag provides a sense for the assault on Narvik, encoun- of both patriotism and service pride. The destroyer is probably one of the ships of the earli- tered the British battlecruiser er Leberecht Maass class, as most of the rest were lost at Narvik during the Norwegian Renown in rough seas and intermit- campaign. tent snow squalls and fled from A A their slower and weaker opponent, rather than risk unnecessary dam- age from her six 15-inch guns. Although this was in accord with Hitler's directive to avoid unneces- sary exposure, one cannot help but wonder if the Germans missed an opportunity here, for their eigh- teen 11-inchers should have made short work of Renown-and the British didn't have tliat many extra capital ships! Rut Gneisenarr's fire- control equipment had been dam- aged in the brief encounter and the threat of British destroyers raised the specter of a potential torpedo attack-so perhaps the Germans were well-advised to withdraw after all. The Germans had better luck toward the end of the campaign. With the fall of France, the British were attempting to pull their remaining forces out of Norway when, in the afternoon of June 8th, Scllarnhorst and Gneisenau, together with the cruiser Hipper, unexpectedly surprised the aircraft No. 43, "Zerstorer. Achterer Vierlingsrohrsatz, aus dem die Torpedos losgemacht werden. carrier Gloriolrs with a pair of Nach dem Ausstoss fallt der Torpedo ins Wasser und Iauft mit eigener Kraft seiner beiden escorting destroyers. It should Treibschrauben auf vorher eingestellter Tiefe auf das Ziel 10s. " In a surface action against never have happened, an invalu- large enemy units, a destroyer's main weapon was her torpedoes. The quad torpedo mount seen here (one of two) swivels to allow the destroyer to fire her torpedoes over able carrier off by itself, virtually either her port or starboard side. Once in the water, an internal gyrocompass kept the tor- unprotected, and in harm's way. pedo on a preset course. Not only that but there was no air patrol to scout the surrounding area. In the event, despite gallant ,, UNS;ERE KRlE suicide charges by the escorting destroyers, Acosta and Ardent, all three British ships were sunk with %crstiirc,r. Achtcrcr \'icrlinfizrnl~rsnLz. nus dt.111 die Torpedo~losgcn~;ic' heavy loss of life, a major triumph Nnch dclu i\cts$toss liilll t1r.r Torpc7tlo ins \T':~s.;rr t~ridIAtrft mit caifit.ncrI< 1)eitle11'Trril)schrnul)c.n :~ufvorhcr ei~i~cstclllrr7'1(alc atif d:r\ Zic.1 I1 for the Germans. Although the Norwegian cam- PI<-Aufnahmc : IDenmark Strait at the begin- safely at anchor in the French port had begun a highly successful ning of February. During the next of Brest, on the Brittany coast. It foray at the end of 1940, ultimate- eight weeks, in a cruise that took was hoped that such positioning ly sinking 17 merchant ships total- them all the way from Newfound- would make the two ships more of ing some 113,000 tons in the land to the western coast of Africa, a threat to British shipping in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans before Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sank North Atlantic. Instead, it simply returning home safely. Now it nearly 116,000 tons of enemy made them more of a target for unremitting British air attacks. In short of a death trap for major mented by a protective umbrella of early ~~ril,Grieisenalrwas struck by German surface ships. Rut the German fighters overhead from an aerial torpedo and, while alternative was even more fright- airbases in France-why the ships docked for repairs, took another ening. The Channel was riddled might be almost to Dover before four bomb hits. When Sclinrnhorst with minefields, patrolled by the English realized what was up. was moved to nearby La Pallice in destroyers and torpedo boats, and, It might just work at that. an attempt to evade the attacks, within full view of the English And so, "Operation Cerberus" the Rritish promptly greeted her coast, was virtually a point blank was born. In the event, the English with five bomb hits. Obviously, target for the planes of Coastal were caught napping-but the this was getting the Germans Command (and much of the rest mines were not. Following several nowhere. of the Royal Air Force as well)! No, nights of mine clearance opera- A decision was now made to the Channel was out of the ques- tions by vessels based in the bring the battlecruisers, together tion. French Channel ports, Scliamhorst with the cruiser Prinz Eypen, which Or was it? A run up the Channel and Gneisenau, together with Prinz had survived the Bismarck episode was certainly the last thing the Eligen and an escort of destroyers unscathed, back to Germany. But British would expect. If handled and torpedo boats, sailed from how to do it? With increasing properly, some last minute surrep- Rrest under the command of Vice Rritish carrier strength, plus the titious minesweeping, a dusk Admiral Ciliax just at dusk on the implementation of radar and long- departure, and high speed run dur- evening of February 11, 1942. range air reconnaissance, the ing a long winter's night, with bad British aerial reconnaissance failed North Atlantic had become little weather and no moon, supple- to detect their departure and, by hugging the French coast, the ...... ships had almost reached the nar- No. 46, "Zerstorer. Achteres Geschijtz mit Befehlsijbermittlern und Ausguckposten row Strait of Dover well after day- wtjhrend eines Kriegsmarsches. Im Vordergrund werden Wasserbomben zur Bekampfung light before the Rritish even real- fiendlicher U-Boote klargemacht. " In its antisubmarine role, a destroyer's depth charges ("wasserbomben" or "water bombs") could be rolled over the stern on rails or catapulted ized what was happening. Now, as over the side from cradles like the one in the foreground. Both methods were used to cre- the ships entered the North Sea, ate a "pattern" around a suspected submarine. The charges then sank to a preset depth the attacks began, courageously where water pressure triggered the firing mechanism. In the rear is one of the destroyer's carried out by torpedo boats and 5-inch gun mounts. antiquated Swordfish torpedo bombers, obsolete biplanes that 4".I Fm? looked like a bad joke left over ' I from the First War but could be 0 lethal at times (just ask the Bismar- ck!). Nevertheless, no hits were obtained, either here or in later encounters with destroyers and more substantial Reaufort aircraft. Only as the Germans began to pull away from their enemies as they approached home waters did the ships suffer any damage. Schnrn- horst took a mine off the Dutch coast, then Gneisenalr, and finally ...... Schamhorst struck a third. No. 47, "Schnellboot. Schnellboot im Hafen. Das Boot fijhrt noch kurzen Signalmast, der Fortune had favored the bold- jetst bei allen Booten in Fortfoll gekommen ist. Rechts und links die fest eingebauten up to a point. The Rritish had

Ausstossrohre im Vorschiff. " Akin to an American PT boat, the German "Schnellboot" was always supposed that any attempt a fast attack craft that often tangled with British forces in a deadly game of hit-and-run in on the Channel would involve a what the Germans referred to as the "Kanalkampf" (or "Channel fight"). With less imagi- daylight departure from Brest, so nation, the British referred to them as "E-boats" ("E" standing simply for enemy). as to transit the narrow Strait of Dover, the most dangerous point, in darkness. In the event, the Ger- mans had steamed through the Strait, in full view of coastwatchers atop the "White Cliffs" (or at least they would have been in view had visibility been better), before the British had time to react. Only in the wider reaches of the North Sea, as the Germans entered the "home stretch," had any attacks devel- oped, and the British had failed to inflict any damage whatsoever. Only the impersonal mines, laid anywhere from a few days to per- haps months before, had had any impact. The British were totally humili- ated. They needn't have been. The surface threat to the Atlantic con- voys had been effectively removed. Both battlecruisers were damaged and would require time to repair. And Gneis-enau, the least seriously damaged of the pair, would never sail again. Within a month, while undergo-

ing repairs, Gneiwnazr suffered such No. 67, "M~nenraumboot.Auslaufen zum Minensuchen. " A group of motor m~neswc.epers serious bomb damage to the for- ("Raumboot") leave a Norwegian port. Keeping the sea lanes clear of the deadly underwa- ward part of the ship that she was ter devices was an essential but unnerving chore, requiring constant vigilance and precise taken out of service. Repair plans shiphandling. As an anonymous sailor's joke went, "Any ship can be a minesweeper - were eventually abandoned as too once. extensive and her guns were removed and sent to various clerks, doctors, and cooks. They are about by the effects of the sea. The coastal defense positions. Eventual- divided into regular watches or result at first can be something ly, toward the end of the war, the shifts, for a warship never sleeps. akin to drunkenness, at least in hull was sunk to block the All are trained in emergency proce- appearance, until one acquires his entrance to the port of Goten- dures and damage control, trained "sea legs" and learns to respond hafen. and retrained, for war at sea is instinctively to such movement. What must it have been like to filled with uncertainty and one Nevertheless, a major storm will serve in one of the navies of World never knows when the alarm klax- generally result in a number of War 11, on a major warship such as ons will call all hands to action bumps and bruises, of varying Schornliorst or Gneisenazr? The stations at a moment's notice. severity. Raumbild set provides some sense, Another key is discipline- The Raumbild set does a remark- at least in small measure, of just immediate, unquestioning, iron- able job of recording this day-to- what such an experience must willed obedience to orders. For a day routine of shipboard life, the have been like. A warship is, first ship cannot survive in wartime as "human" side of the Kriegsmarine. and foremost, a community of a democracy-it must have a single Sailors and officers alike are repeat- men, men drawn from widely dif- head, a single mind and will edly shown engaged in various fering backgrounds, but thrown directing its every move. aspects of their duties-mustered together in a tight-knit group An inordinate amount of one's for inspection, cleaning the ship dependent upon each other for time is spent in cleaning, painting, (the time-honored "swabbing the their mutual survival. To a great and honing the ship to perfection, decks"), engaged in boat drill, sig- degree, their life is regimented: standing inspection, and otherwise nal-flag instruction, etc. Down- they rise together, eat together, attempting to satisfy officers who time activities are seen as well- sleep together, work together, and seem rarely if ever satisfied. The from a friendly game of cards on drill together-above all they drill initial response to those officers is deck to enjoying a well-earned together, for in endless repetition governed by time-honored form; shore leave. Through it all emerges lies the key to survival. Procedures soon will come respect and trust, a sense of pride, efficiency, and must become second nature, so while the officers in turn will learn comradeship. Some individuals in that they can be performed unerr- to gauge the abilities of their men. a few of the views seem all too ingly in the heat and chaos of bat- From it all, the ship will emerge as obviously (even awkwardly) tle. a well-oiled fighting machine, posed-yet for the most part there True, their duties and specialties whose crew acts and responds as is a naturalness that conveys a vary widely: some are squirreled one, even in the most trying of cir- sense of intimacy to the viewer, a away, deep below decks, keeping cumstances. sort of "you are there" perspective the boilers fired or the giant When at sea in the North that draws the viewer into the engines running at peak efficiency. Atlantic, the ship is often cold, shipboard experience. Others, encased in the huge tur- damp, and in constant motion, Given the overall comprehen- rets, are charged with loading and whether from the faint throb of siveness of Raumbild's volume, it is firing the 11-inch guns with maxi- the engines or from the pitch and all the more surprising that, except mum speed-loading and firing roll imparted by all the Atlantic for a single view of small boat drill but not aiming, for that is the job swells. On a big ship like Scharn- (which doesn't show the ship in of fire control. There are lookouts, horst, this latter will generally not any case), there are no views of anti-aircraft gunners, electricians, be much of a problem, except in any of the mid-size ships at all. aircraft mechanics to handle the the roughest of weather, On a None. Not the armored ships scout planes, radio operators, file smaller ship like a destroyer, how- Scheer and Liitzow, not the heavy ever, people are often being tossed cruisers Hipper and Ezr,yen, nor the light cruisers Koln, Leipzig and have attempted to conduct a major eight torpedo tubes, and could Niirnheyq, nor even the older, obso- war with a mere ten destroyers. Yet reach a top speed of anywhere lescent Emden, now largely relegat- that is just what Nazi Germany from 30 to 38 knots. Rut in the ed to training duties. It is true that possessed at the end of the Norwe- Norwegian campaign, they would the armored ships and heavy cruis- gian campaign.' It had started the be the only German ships with ers shared many of the characteris- campaign with twenty, down from both the speed and range capable tics of the larger battlecruisers, so a prewar total of twenty-two, and of delivering troops to the highly including them may have seemed it is a testimonial to the level of strategic port of Narvik in the far a bit redundant. Perhaps it was interservice cooperation in the north-and this would be their simply a question of paring down Third Reich that the only two downfall. The landings went off a wealth of material so as to fit the destroyers lost so far in the conflict without a hitch, but for once the hundred-card format. Nevertheless, had succumbed to an attack by British responded rapidly, and, omission of at least a couple of friendly, German aircraft! with the withdrawal of the Ger- views of the light cruisers is diffi- Offsetting this deficiency in man covering force, a British cult to explain. There are, however, numbers, the German destroyer or destroyer flotilla entered the fjords a number of views of the lighter "Zerstorer" tended to be larger and and managed to sink or damage Kriegsmarine units, destroyers and more heavily armed than most of several of the Germans at a cost of the like, and it is to these that we its counterparts in other navies. two of their own. A second, later must now turn. The typical German destroyer was incursion by the battleship Wor- It is absolutely inconceivable about 380 feet long, displaced spite, aided by carrier-based air that a modem naval power in the 2,200 to 2,400 tons, carried an attacks, accounted for the remain- mid-twentieth century should armament of five 5-inch guns and ing destroyers. In all, the Germans lost ten of their twenty destroyers \No. 69, "Minenraumboot Unteroffiziere einer RBumbootsflottille, die ihren Dienst im in the twin battles of Narvik. hohen Norden auszufijhren hat. " Junior officers don special cold weather gear aboard a Although a number of additional motor minesweeper in Norwegian waters. Arctic weather imposed severe hardship on the destroyers were already under con- crewmen of both sides - and should a vessel be sunk in such conditions, rescue was unlike- struction, it would take the Ger- ly in the few minutes before hypothermia proved fatal. mans until the start of 1942 just to replace these losses and they would never much better the num- ber with which they had started the war. The destroyers illustrated in the Raumbild volume stereographs are probably members of the older 16- ship Lebereclit Mooss class (21-21 6) for all but one of the subsequent, slighter larger but much faster Von Roeder class (217-222) were sunk at Narvik (the Germans, like the Americans, named their destroyers after people, not for martial quali- ties as the Rritish tended to do). No. 77, "Geleitdienst. Im Ruderhaus eines Transporters. Vor dem Ruderganger der Kom- Later destroyers were not named, pass und der Maschinentelegraph mit dem Posten, in der Bruckennock ein Leutnant zur simply numbered, although they See als Kommandant; hinter den Ruderganger rechts ein Oberfeldwebel, der als Wach- are often referred to as the habender das khiff fahrt. Wegen der Minen- und U-bootsgefahr tragen alle Manner "Narvik" class-because they were Schwimmwesten." On the navigating bridge ("Ruderhous" or "rudderhouse") of a German stationed there late in the war, not transport. The helmsman ("'Ruderganger") maintains his course by keeping his eyes fixed because they replaced those lost in on the compass in front of him. Because of the danger from mines and submarines, the that location! crew wear life jackets ("Schwimmwesten") while on duty. To some extent the Germans made up for their dearth of destroyers by relying on smaller, lighter warships called "torpedo boats," which varied greatly in size and armament but were roughly the equivalent of an American destroyer escort or British corvette. The U-boats and their substan- tial contribution to the German war effort are well represented by an even dozen views in the Raum- bild book (and have already been thoroughly discussed in an article in the Vol. 28 No. 3 issue of Stereo World). No more need be said of them here. Also present in the set are four views of "Schnellboote" (literally "fast boats"), which the British referred to as "E-boats" and which were roughly the equivalent of the American PT-boats which fought ;,P against the Japanese in the South i.. t #j:; &...! Pacific. The "Schnellboote" were active everywhere-from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Nevertheless, it was in the Channel that they found their true No. 79, "Geleitdienst. Transporter im Kielwasser eines Minenrcjumbootes des calling. Here the "Schnellboote" Geleitschutzes. Im Vorder-grund Schwimmflosse bezw. Schlauchboote." Decked out in one repeatedly harassed British ship- of many camouflage schemes, a German transport ship is escorted along the Norwegian ping in what the Germans called coast. Such vital convoy work went to various smaller ships, from torpedo boats to the "Kanalkampf" or "Channel minesweepers and motor minesweepers, and even hastily commissioned "Vorpostenboote" fight" and here too they had ("Outpost boats") much akin to the converted fishing trawlers employed by the English. Note the life rafts in the foreground, a sensible precaution given the constant danger of scored their first notable victory, attack. sinking both French and British ...... destroyers during the withdrawal from Dunkirk in May 1940. They achieved another noteworthy suc- cess at Slapton Sands on the south coast of England four years later, sinking two American LSTs with heavy loss of life in a "dress rehearsal" for the Normandy inva- sion. Nevertheless, they failed con- spicuously in their efforts to dis- rupt that Cross-Channel invasion ("D-Day") in June of 1944, and thereafter their role diminished as their bases were overrun. The set also includes several views devoted to the mine warfare No. 84, "Seeminen. Minen klar rum Verladen auf Minenleger. Oben die Bleikappen, die bei Anstossen eines Schiffskorpers die Detonation herbeifuhren, unten der Minenstuhl mit dem that had proved so disastrous for Anker, der die Mine auf vorher eingestellter Tiefe mittels des Mineankertaues am Crunde Scharnliorst and Gneisenau during festhalten soll. " A cargo of mines waits on the dock for loading onto a minelayer. Below the "Channel Dash." These include each is the mine harness and anchor, which fastens the mine securely to the sea bed at a views of both minesweepers and predetermined depth. Mines could be laid by specialized vessels and aircraft, but destroyers the smaller motor minesweepers and even submarines were often fitted for mine laying. Once deployed, the "horns" trig- ("Minensuchboote" and "Raum- gered a mine on contact, but mines could also be detonated by passing within a ship's boote" respectively), as well as of magnetic field. Such mines proved ruinous to Scharnhorst and Gneisenau during the the mines themselves. These types "Channel dash. " were far more versatile than their name implied, being used for Curiously, throughout the set, overlooked by those responsible escorting coastal convoys, mine ships are identified by type but for its creation. laying, and the rescue of downed never by individual name, an The final views in the set are airmen, in addition to their omission that is especially puzzling perhaps the most unusual, for they minesweeping duties. in the case of the easily identifiable depict naval troops in shore-based A number of transport ships and Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, which activities, coastal defense batteries, other auxiliaries also appear in the do after all comprise nearly 40%)of and the like, from Norway to Raumbild stereographs, many the set. Perhaps this was a ploy to France, Hitler's "Atlantic Wall," as painted in protective dazzle cam- allow civilians at home, who had well as sailors on leave, enjoying ouflage patterns. One such is the husbands and sons serving in simi- the sights along the coast. This last "Vorpostenboot" (or "outpost lar vessels, to identify more closely includes a number of views in the boat"), a type of small craft also with the views. That the set did Dunkirk area which show wrecked used in escorting convoys. These provide precisely this sort of Allied military equipment and are views and those of the minesweep- morale-building, bonding experi- designed as a none too subtle ers appear largely to have been ence for the "home front" is a fac- reminder of former victories. taken in Norwegian waters. tor that is unlikely to have been Throughout the set, in views which show sailors, emphasis is placed on training efficiency, and wild idea, clearly the navy was out ers, destroyers, and the battleship comradeship with one's fellows, all of favor with the Fuhrer. In the Duke of York while attempting to designed to reassure the folks at end, Raeder himself would go, intercept a Russian convoy in home that little Heinz is receiving replaced as head of the "Kriegsma- December of 1943. A year earlier, the best of care, is clean and rea- rine" by Karl Donitz, whose U- in the Battle of the Barents Sea, sonably comfortable, and in mini- boats seemed to be doing better, Hipper and Liitzow had barely mal danger. Sailors shown in close- although they too had been escaped a similar fate while up frequently appear to have been encountering hard going of late. engaged on a similar mission- selected for their clean-cut "superi- Perhaps it was inevitable, given escaped only to be hammered to or" Aryan or Nordic features and the relative strengths and geo- death by Allied bombs in their are often posed to bring out an air graphic situations of Germany and home ports, a fate that also await- of confidence, pride, and that England. Nevertheless, it hadn't ed the Admiral Scheer. sense of "superiority." helped that Hitler, that master of Tirpitz too would go. There had Views showing the grime, fear, realpolitik and the Blitzkrieg, had been a time when the mere rumor and chaos of battle (even if simu- never understood naval warfare of her approach had prompted the lated) are scrupulously avoided, as and the conditions nature imposed scattering of convoy PQ-17 and its are any depicting damage to Ger- on it. And all too often he listened subsequent destruction by subma- man ships or injuries to German to Goring, that self-inflating, rine and air attacks. Rut now Ris- sailors (something the folks didn't pompous windbag who headed the marck's sister-ship would be immo- like to think about)-with one sin- Luftwaffe. To hear Goring tell it, bilized and finally sunk in a Nor- gle exception, a sailor with a his planes could do anything Raed- wegian fjord by the combined bloodlessly bandaged head, pho- er's ships could do, only better. efforts of miniature submarines tographing the sights while on Sink the British merchant fleet? No and giant ship-killing bombs. leave. It was an acknowledgment problem. Sure he had promised to Only Prinz Ezr'pen would survive that while such risks were an crush Britain from the air and the war. Given to the United inevitable part of naval life, things failed to deliver. He had failed too States, she would be expended as a would turn out well in the end in his promises to save the army at target ship during atomic bomb and faithful service would always Stalingrad and to crush Malta. Not tests at Bikini Atoll in the Western be rewarded. The propagandists to mention the little matter of sup- Pacific in the summer of 1946. But didn't miss a trick. plying the armies in Russia and even then, German construction At the beginning of 1943, the North Africa by air. No matter. techniques would prove superior; Fuhrer was unhappy. And when Goring, Hitler's fair-haired boy, subsequently towed to Kwajalein, Hitler was unhappy, everyone was could do no wrong. He was still she would ultimately founder unhappy. In particular. Admiral basking in the afterglow of the there few months later. Raeder was unhappy. Angry at Luftwaffe's glory days in Poland, Given the track record of Nazi what he saw as the expensive fail- Norway, and France. And Goring Germany for brutality on an ure of his surface fleet to impact hated both the navy in general- almost unprecedented scale, there the war on British merchant ship- and Raeder personally. is little doubt that the sailors of ping, Hitler had just threatened to In the end it would all be the the "Kriegsmarine" were brave scrap all the big ships and transfer same. All the big ships would go. men enlisted in a very bad cause. their crews to the U-boats. Raeder Scharnhorst would be the first, sunk To what extent they were willing was appalled. Although he had off Norway's North Cape by torpe- participants or, alternatively, managed to talk Hitler out of this does and gunfire from British cruis- pawns in Hitler's racial and global ...... "Gotterdammerung" is hard to say. No. 86, "Man'neartillerie. Leichte Flawaffe an einem norwegischen Fjord. Gerade bei engen Many, perhaps most, fought out of Fahrwasser- verhtjltnissen muss fur genijgend Flakschutz gesorgt werden, da einoder aus- a sense of patriotism-fought loy- lafende Schiffe in den meist schwerigen Engen der norwegischen Fjords keine Ausweich- ally, courageously, and for the manover beim Erscheinen fiendlicher Flieger machen konnen. " A light antiaircraft or "flak" most part honorably, the latter a battery in a Norwegian fjord. It was the responsibility of such units to protect the warships claim that is harder to substantiate and merchant vessels in the harbor from the attentions of long-range British reconnais- for the other services. sance and bomber aircraft. Some of those who served aboard Scharnliorst and Gneisenarr were no doubt ardent Nazis, who thought of themselves in terms of Aryan racial superiority, while oth- ers supported Hitler because he had restored German pride after the hated Treaty of Versailles, and still others were simply Germans honoring their duty to stand by their country. Many were no doubt men of a type found in all coun- tries in all wars, men with families and aspirations, trapped in a war they wanted no part of yet could- n't avoid, men simply hoping to survive. All shared a sense of cama- raderie with their fellows and con- fidence in their leaders. They were part of a culture that could produce an Auschwitz or a Dachau, that could countenance the terror bombing of civilians in Warsaw or otterd dam. Yet at the same time the navy fought so cleanly that, when Admirals Raed- er and Donitz were later charged .. with war crimes, American and I British admirals, their own former No. 87, "Narvik. Posten am Hafen von Narvik. Im Hlntergrund elner versenkten Dampfer." enemies, offered to testify on their In another example of the superb stereographic composition in the Raumbild set, Lt. behalf! Eschenburg portrays a soldier standing his guard post along the Norwegian coast at Nevertheless, all who served Narvik. The binoculars suggest his alertness, while the entire composition draws your eye were conditioned to obey and all to the sunken transport that suggests the fierceness of the battle fought here. Occupation of this key northern port was crucial to the success of the entire Norwegian campaign and were indoctrinated in the twisted to securing Germany's supply of iron ore, yet the battles here cost the Kriegsmarine fully dream of a demonic genius who half of its modern destroyers. The port subsequently became vital for sorties against Russ- promised a thousand years of Ger- ian convoys, and much of the German Navy was based here late in the war. man glory and delivered only ashes. They and the world deserved better. The azrthor wozrld like to thank Cherokee Hic@?School langzrage teacher Vicki Hofmann and her hus- band Martin Hofinann for their kind assistance in help in,^ to decipher key elements of the German text and cap- tions zrsed in this article. Notes: Technically, both Army volumes are entitled Die Solrlntetl des Frrllrers rrn Felde, with the original volume subti- tled "Rand" (Volume) 1: Der Feldzrr'q No. 92, "Vormarsch in Frankreich. Veiwundeter Bildberlchter e~nerMarinepropaganda- irn Polen 1939 (The Polish Campaign Kompanie fotografiert die liegengebleibenen Tri'mmer des Artillerie- und Wagenparks der of 1939), while "Rand" 2: Der Kampf englischen Expeditionsarmee. " A wounded photo-journalist at work along the route of the im We.~tenusually omits the overall English retreat to Dunkirk. Abandoned enemy military equipment litters the roadside in this title. For a full review of Der Kampf irn "official" propaganda photograph. The final views of the Raumbild set depict naval per- Westen, see my "Blitzkrieg in the sonnel at various points along the "Kanal- und Atlantikkijste" ("Channel and Atlantic West: The Fateful Spring of 1940" in Coast") of France, what the Allies referred to as Hitler's "Atlantic Wall. " the Vol. 17 No. 1 issue of Stereo World. Although he had been Hitler's per- than further aft as was the case on Sweden, and Turkey - and markedly sonal photographer and early confi- Scl~arnhorst. inferior to the navies of Spain and dante, Hoffman's chief claim to fame Argentina! For what it's worth, they may be that he introduced the Fiihrer View #59 in the set is erroneously did have a slicqllt edge on the Por- to his young shop assistant, Eva labeled "Fliegen und Siegen" rather tuguese! r'r\'r Rraun. than "Unsere Kriegsmarine" on the reverse, which, as the topic shows, is For more on Otto Schonstein and clearly an error by the company and the Raumbild-Verlag company in gen- not a subsequent replacement by a eral, see Dieter Lorenz's superb article collector or dealer. in the November/December 1985 issue of Stereo World (Vol. 12, No. 5). Deutscl~landhad been renamed Liit- zow at the start of 1940, shortly after It is in fact likely that all of the stere- the loss of the Graf Spee, for fear of ographs of the battleships were taken the impact on public morale should a aboard Gneisenar~,as all of those warship bearing the name Deutsch- where positive identification is possi- land ("Germany") be sunk. ble clearly depict that ship, which can be distinguished from its sister by the In terms of destroyers, the German positioning of the tripod mainmast "Kriegsmarine" was at this point immediately behind the funnel rather roughly equivalent to such naval nonentities as Chile, the Netherlands, The Strange Case of Dr. Addison and the Crosswell Twins by Christopher Schneherger

r. Charles Addison disap- and biology in particular-and peared in the spring of 1908. attended Our Lady of Sorrows The noted botanist, amateur School for Boys where he excelled. zoologist, and portrait photograph- As a boy he worked as a grocery er had been making a series of delivery boy and met many inter- images of a young girl named Regi- esting people in the neighborhood. na Crosswell. Regina's twin sister Among those was a chemist, Dr. Lydia had died in the winter, Merz, who took the curious boy in though the circumstances were his lab and showed him the work- unclear. Dr. Addison, however, ings of the earliest photographic became convinced that Lydia processes-Daguerreotypes and Crosswell had not entirely depart- salted papers. Before long, Charles ed from our earthly plane. was Dr. Merz's assistant in the lab, Charles Horatio Addison was preparing solutions and coating born in Southampton, England, in plates. 1853. His parents lost their for- After receiving his degree in tunes in a failed venture that 1878, Dr. Charles Addison contin- promised to cure consumption ued his scientific research in many with the extracts of beetle wings. areas, though primarily zoology. As They moved to the Chicago in there were infestations of rats in Dr. Cliarles Addison. 1866, settling in the German his neighborhood, Addison was immigrant neighborhood of Pilsen. never lacking for subjects. However proved unprofitable. So Addison Charles, just 13, had become fasci- he was lacking for funds, as the began to make photographic por- nated with the sciences--chemistry knowledge of rodent ailments traits for paying customers. He was able to afford to rent an office and ...... 1...... studio above the Schneberger Gro- 1 DL Charles Addison 3 1 907 portraits of Lydia and Regina Crosswell. cery store at the corner of 18th Street and Fisk (now Carpenter) where he had worked as a boy. Addison made portraits of peo- ple from many different walks of life, including some of the power- ful businessmen and their families who were making fortunes in the booming industrial city of Chica- go. One family in particular that Addison came to know were the Crosswells. In 1907, he made portraits of Lydia and Regina Crosswell, twin sisters of a wealthy family from Chicago's north shore. Addison kept a semi-regular diary about the goings on of his studio, and he wrote of this session: noted in his diary: "I decided to working order. I am most per- use a new camera that photo- plexed." graphs in stereo, thus allowing the Another session followed at viewer to see the image with the Addison's studio: "In another pose, added dimension of depth. I sur- Regina held up a hand mirror, mise it shall be easy to render the seemingly to Lydia. But then Regi- notion of the spirit false this way, na suddenly began to weep. Maybe for it will certainly show no such with this release, Regina will cease depth or volume." having her visions, the question He goes on to describe his first remains-will I?" session with Regina at the studio: That night in his darkroom "I began by making a portrait of Addison found no such release, his Memorial portrait of Lydia Crosswell, Regina seated in a chair facing negatives again showing what 1908. front. Then another on the sofa appeared to be Lydia Crosswell where she insisted on sitting to playing with her sister. And the "Finished with a long day in the one side. Next I had Regina sit at stereo photographs had Addison studio. The brightest point was the my desk. She was very intrigued by very intrigued, writing: "Once making of portraits for Mr. Arthur the new typewriting machine and again all the images bear the like- Crosswell, who brought his daugh- enjoyed striking the keys. She fre- ness of Lydia Crosswell. Through ters. They are a most lovely pair of quently looked over her shoulder, the stereoscope I can look at Lydia twin sisters. The girls were so alike consulting her phantom sister. I Crosswell and through her at the that I could scarcely discern a dif- tried reminding Regina that there same time." ference, save for a mole above the was nobody there, but this was no The next step for Addison was to right eye of one. Their names were use. So I invited her to simply play photograph Regina Crosswell at Regina and Lydia." as she usually would. It was a fun her family's estate in Evanston, Illi- Sadly Lydia died in January of exercise and I may have made sev- nois. Addison describes this day: 1908, though the circumstances eral nice images, including one of Far from giving up the vision of her were unclear. Addison was called Regina holding a dress from the sister, Regina said that she and Lydia to the Crosswell estate to make a studio wardrobe in front of the would show me all the places they liked memorial portrait of Lydia. He dressing mirror. " to play. I followed Regina who often led records this day in his diary: That night in his laboratory her invisible sister by the hand. Some- times she was led by Lydia as well. Even "Though she had passed, Lydia Addison developed his negatives and found something very surpris- though I could not see Lydia myself, I was lovely as she had been at my was becoming more convinced of her studio, her skin like opal. I did ing, writing in his diary: "I am astonished. In every exposure presence, and have even begun to com- catch the briefest glimpse of the pose my exposures to account for her. other sister. Regina was weeping in there appears the image of Lydia The garden is immense and beautiful the parlor as I left." Crosswell. How can this be? The and includes a small pond where Regina Some time later Addison was vis- camera seems to be in perfect stared at her reflection. Regina also ited by Arthur Crosswell who wanted Addison to make a portrait of the family. Apparently, Regina was having visions of her deceased sister and claimed to still talk and play with her. Mr. Crosswell felt that a new image of the family would help quell these visions. However, when Addison devel- oped the glass plate from his view camera, he found something strik- ing-a figure of a young girl stood to the right, looking quite like Lydia Crosswell. Arthur Crosswell was not happy with this finding and accused Addison of being a charlatan. However, this served only to intrigue Addison who could not explain the image and sought to prove or disprove the phenomenon. He set about making a series of portraits of Regina Crosswell with the help of the Crosswell's gov- erness. And he made them using a Crosswell family portrait including an unexplained image at right. new camera he acquired, as he ...... Regina tries Dr. Addi- son's typewriter with advrce from her phan- ...... tom sister.

'I'J - present Lydia by the i$+., ''" "%I pond at her famrly's

I ' " '"'l&' estate in Evanston, Illi- The Crosswell twins at the family estate's gar- den gate.

On the beach behind their house, Regina writes her sister's name in the sand......

Regina (with Lydia) at Lydia's grave with her $ 1 oval portrait attached. t ....

(Text continlres on pnp 2.5)

SZEREOWORCD Septernber/October 2006 23 Monster House

Drives Stereo Diaital-I Theaters by Ray Zone

ery few people are interested in Spooky Story for Kids to-innocence sweetness that recalls an illusion of that kind just as Rated "PG," Monster Hozrse tells a some of the work of another of its an illusion. They may think it ((v fast-paced story (written by Dan executive producers-Steven Spiel- is clever but do not bother to won- Harmon, Rob Schrab and Pamela berg." Anne Thompson, writing in der how it is done; they don't even Pettler) about an eerie house that the July 28 Hollywood Reporter care. Unless it tells some story, or is more than haunted and eventu- writes that "This dynamic, expres- belongs to some story which can- ally demolished by a trio of sive universe brings live detail and not well be told without it, it very resourceful teenagers who unravel subtlety of performance not only soon ceases to intrigue them." the mystery behind its malevo- to its human characters but also to -Cecil Hepworth, Come the Dnwn: lence. DJ, a gawky teen (voiced by the title monster, a living, breath- Memories of n Filrn Pioneer Mitchel Mussoj) tracks the disap- ing shingled house with windows for eyes and a dangerous carpet Taking a page out of the Chicken pearance of objects on his cranky neighbor's lawn. Old man Nebber- tongue that stalks its neighbor- Little 3-0 playbook, Monster Hozrse hood on tree legs." from Columbia Pictures opened cracker (Steve Buscemi) scares July 21, 2006 on 178 digital 3-D passersby away from his large, Performance Capture 3-D screens and over 3500 "flat" ramshackle house which devours Working with Spielberg, Robert screens on 35mm film. Once again people and objects with fearsome Zemeckis also served as Executive the digital 3-D version of the film, rapidity. When DJ's best friend Producer on Monster Hozrse and the playing on the REAL D platform, Chowder (Sam Lerner) loses his movie marks his second effort in generated a higher per screen aver- basketball to the house, the pair creating a stereoscopic computer- age at the Box Office on its open- resolve to retrieve it and are aided generated (CG) feature using per- ing weekend pulling in a total of by a resourceful young girl formance capture technology and $2.4 million 3-D dollars. That (Spencer Locke). Kathleen Turner working with Sony Imageworks, means that more than 11(%)of the plays the house in a tour-de-force the team that also produced the gross earnings for the opening of vocal and physical acting. IMAX 3-D version of Tlie Polar weekend were generated by less First-time director Gil Kenan has Express in 2004. To capture the than 5(%)of the venues showing come up with a roller-coaster ride actors' performances with 360 Monster Hozrse with a 3-D theater of a film with some scary moments degree stereoscopic imaging, visual location average of $15,000. that reviewers say should not be effects (VFX) supervisor Jay Redd With the REAL D platform gener- witnessed by children younger and his team shot for 40 days with ating 72 frames a second for both than 8 years of age. Monster Hozrse 200 infrared cameras as the actors the left and right eyes, running at was characterized by reviewer performed wearing skin tight leo- 144 hertz, the audience viewed Kevin Crust in the July 21 Los tards and hundreds of reflective Monster House 3-0 on silver screens Angeles Times as having "a return- markers. 70 markers were placed with the custom passive circular polarizing glasses made for the fea- ture. Very few technical mishaps were reported from the field and - these were quickly addressed by --. s proving a slgnlrlcanr englne for the rollour of digital ci . . - . . .. . REAL D the technical team headed Chicken1 Little 3-0 opened on 84 scr .eens in hlovember 2005, M ons ter by Matt Cowan that is responsible House :!-D on more than twice that: many sc reens 8 rr ionths lat er. Josh for installation and implementa- Greer, (ZEO of REAL D, projects tha t as man)I as 1000 digital 3- D screens .. . tion of the dual-stream servers will be in place for 2007. Robert Zemeckls IS work~ngon his stereoscop~c running on Christie CP-2000 digi- feature film Beowulf using performance capture, James Cameron has his tal projectors with the Z-screen digital :3-D project Avatar, and the first of the Star Wars movies converted polarizer doing the high-rate tn ?-I7 will open in 2007. The future for digital stereo movies is looking switching of the circular polariza- ight. tion. There are a few "off-the-screen" effects in Monster Horrse and the 3-D action plays nicely inside, around, and out of the stereo win- dow. Some opportunities for greater depth and dynamic vari- able interocular could have been exploited but in general the Sony Imageworks team responsible for the stereoscopic version of Monster Hozrse did an excellent job, particu- larly when you consider their only prior experience with stereo was The trio of teenagers, Dl, Penny and Chowder check out the Monster House across with the IMAX 3-D format which is the street, a very effective shot in 3-0. O2006 Columbia Pictures immersive in nature. One of the real achievements of on their faces alone. The perfor- sion of disbelief and genuine inter- Monster Holrse 3-0 is the seamless mance capture technology gives est in the outcome of the story. marriage of stereoscopic effects the characters an expressiveness The Stereo Narrative with a well-told narrative. At no and subtlety that would not be time do the 3-D effects destroy the achieved by CG alone. If Chicken Little 3-0 is considered all-important suspension of disbe- To animate the house, Kathleen an eraser, a kind of stereoscopic lief so essential to motion picture Turner physically enacted the "square one," rubbing out the narrative. Historically, the narra- structure demolishing a miniature gross visual errors in the history of tives of stereoscopic motion pic- neighborhood. The animation of 3-D motion pictures, then Monster tures have suffered from an insen- the house alone required several Hozrse 3-0 represents an advance of sitive use of off-screen effects that thousand controls in over 260 at least a half a square, or possibly acknowledge the spectator, make a effects (FX) shots. As a result the a full one, from its predecessor on gratuitous display, and thereby house has an expressiveness it the REAL D platform. A long held take the viewer out of the story. would otherwise have lacked. dictum of many rigorous 3-D film- Stereoscopic motion pictures The look of the CG characters in makers has been "first do no should use the audience space as Monster Horrse is less photo-real harm." Both Chicken Little 3-0 and an integral part of the narrative, as than those in Polar Express, more a Monster Hortse 3-0 observe that dic- with The Polar Express. Ry making CG equivalent of "Rig Foot" style tum, respect the stereo window 3-D an inherent part of the story, cartoon art but the characters have and do not require the 3-D audi- emphasizing narrative elements, a humanity which quite often gen- ence to diverge at infinity with stereoscopic motion pictures are erates real humor, greater suspen- excessive parallax and suffer eye- guaranteed a future. mm strain.

The Strange Case of Dr. Addison and the Crosswell Twins (Continrred from page 2.0 seemed to follow Lydia to a spot in the at the grave. Lydia's is of rough stone, the Crosswell Family portrait, I garden of no obvious significance, but and affixed upon it was a portrait of realized something quite astonish- then she said to me, "Lydia says this is Lydia which I had made, now fashioned ing. It could prove to be the solu- where she was found." As the afternoon into a porcelain oval. Still, a man of tion to Lydia's murder. I am setting grew late Regina led me to the dunes Arthur Crosswell's means could afford a out tomorrow morning to see if and beach behind the house. Regina grander monument to his daughter. And wrote her sister's name in the sand. why a Bohemian cemetery? my suspicion is correct." Unfortunately, Charles Addison Addison s last session pho- In his diary, Dr. Addison began disappeared and was never heard tographing Regina Crosswell took to wonder about the death of from again. place in the cemetery where Lydia Lydia Crosswell, and had suspi- In January of 2005, I created an was buried. Here, again, from cions about several members of the exhibition at Flatfile Gallery in Addison's diary: Crosswell family, and Arthur Chicago about Dr. Addison. The Under pretense of a botanical lesson, Crosswell in particular. Addison front wall displayed text explain- the governess brought Regina to meet also tried to present his research to ing the story along with many me at the cemetery where Lydia is the American Society for Photogra- archival images. The inside of the buried. Surprisingly, it is a Bohemian phy but was rejected. His final exhibition space was a recreation cemetery. Clearly the Crosswells are of diary entry in June of 1908 records of Dr. Addison's studio as it may English descent, so I am most curious one last apparent finding: "I have have looked like in 1908 based on why they would entomb their daughter made an extraordinary discovery- the photographs that have been there. I did make some exposures which last night while closely examining hold promise. Some of these took place (Continrred on pqe 27) Current Information on Stereo Today David Starkman & john Dennis RBT Aims for Ultimate Rangefinder Stereo Camera ilm lovers will find a tempting combina- J. tion of 35mm rangefinder camera fea- tures in the new, full frame RRT S3A, based on professionally spliced Voitlander Ressa R3A cameras. The list only starts with interchange- able matched prime lens- es for the Konica, Voit- lander & Leica families from 21 to 90mm. It goes on to include: 7TL Center-weighted light metering with viewfinder indica- Except for the aperture and shutter pnonty contl-01s on top, the KBT 53A is externally tor identical to this 52 version, shown here with a paired/linked set of Leica Summilux f1.4, 35mm lenses. Selectable Manual and Auto Exposure aperture priority mode image rangefinder patch & ture Priority mode, with plus/ or shutter priority mode brightlines for 40190, 50, 75mm minus 2 stops compensation on IS0 setting range from 25-3200 lenses AE. Quiet, vertical-travel electronic Exposure lock control (like the Several advancements upon the metal focal plane shutters, 'Ism RBT S1, X2, X2V2 and X3) original Bessa R make the R2IR3 a to 1 Second + bulb, flash sync at wonderful and affordable entry to Hot flash shoe l/izs second the world of rangefinder cameras Standard mechanical cable LED Exposure scale with red for to compete with the Leica MI Koni- release under/overexposure and green ca Hexar RF & Contax G-Series for correct exposure. (Shutter RBT compares the sturdy con- cameras. Of course, all of the origi- speed indication line lights up to struction of the 1.8 Ib (without nal Bessa R's outstanding features indicate suggested speeds) lenses) S3A to the Realist, but with are retained; an exceptionally bright viewfinder, quiet shutter & Bright viewfinder with split features to make it a very fast oper- ating rangefinder stereo camera. simple LED metering system. Many Cosina-made Voigtlander Bessa internal parts of the R2 and R3 are cameras are light and unobtru- made of metal instead of plastic (as sive-ideal for handheld lowlight on the Bessa R), resulting in a cam- conditions. The Voigtlander Bessa era which feels more solid and R3A is an improved version of the durable in one's hands. Bessa R2 rangefinder camera. The According to Jon Golden of RUT R3A model is the first M mount importer 3D Concepts, orders for camera ever to feature a 1:l lifesize the S3A will be filled for early to viewfinder. As a result, shooting mid 2007 delivery. "Currently we with both eyes open is now possi- don't have a firm price ... but it ble. Also, when bundled with should be around $3500-$5000 The 53A's Auto-Exposur~Aperture 50mm lenses, the frame lines will depending on lens options." For Priority control, w~thup to show a bigger area in the viewfind- details, contact 3D Concepts, PO plus/minus 2 stops compensation er. A major improvement over the Box 715, Carlisle, MA 01741, (978) possible on AE. R2 is the AE (Auto-Exposure) Aper- 371-5557, www.make3Dimanes.com Dakota Photo History Captured Forget the Title SA member Robert Kolbe, with are separated by two photograph or Date of A Film? NRrian Bade, has published They sections that deal with Daguerreo- ndrew Wood's comprehensive Capfirred the Moment, an illustrated types, Ambrotypes, Tin Types, A "Illustrated 3D Movies List" at reference history of photographers Carte-de-Visites, cabinet cards, www.3d.curtin.edu.a~/3dmovies/ who recorded the visual history of stereographs, real photo postcards recently hit the top of the search the Dakota Territory as well as and a variety of other formats. A results for "3D Movies" on Google. North and South Dakota from total of 100 photographs, most The list includes includes those 1853 to 1920. never before published, help bring 3-D movies (or shorts) that have The work is the result of over life to the work of the over 1,700 been screened theatrically--or at twenty years of research and photographers listed. least to a reasonably large audi- should become a primary research The book is available in hard- ence. A thumbnail of the poster or tool itself for anyone interested in cover for $42.50 plus 6%)SD tax, an image from the movie is includ- Dakota's visual history-not only shipping and handling. Softcover ed where available. The list only collectors and institutions but edition is available for $29.95 plus includes those 3-D movies that genealogists as well. 6% SD tax, shipping and handling, were shot on film or at HDTV reso- Photographers are arranged by from Dakota Photo, 1301 S Duluth lution or above. Also identified are surname, town, and year they Ave., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, or by those 3-D movies that are available began operation. The three indices calling (605) 332-9662. on DVD or VHS in 2-D or 3-D, with links that will take you to various commercial providers. IMAX Looks for DEEP Pockets ant to buy a bunch of really wood releases are appearing in the Classic 3-D Movies Wbig 3-D screens? For the past IMAX format this year, compared at Home few months, the Imax Corporation to four in 2005, and all are expect- has been essentially up for auction, ed to continue drawing more view- ENS10 Inc. has announced the with four known potential buyers ers to venues that include IMAX Srelease of several 3-D movies including a private equity fund screens than those without them. from Universal Studio Home Enter- involving U2 lead singer Rono, Sharing the expense of expansion tainment, including Creafirre from Sony Corp., and a South Korean was seen as easier through outright the Black Lagoon, Jaws-.?D, It Came theater chain. Price is estimated at sale of the company than through from Outer Space, Taza Son of around $700-million. partnerships. Cochise, and Revenge of the Cwatlrre The money is apparently needed in SENSTO's 3-D format. According to fund faster expansion of addi- to Executive VP and CMO Richard tional theaters around the world LaRerge, "thanks to SENSIO's supe- ($75-million a year for about 50 his column depends on readers for rior technology these movies will information. (We don't know everything!) screens) due to the success of the T now be viewed in full color and Please send information or questions to David full DVD resolution in home the- pioneering Canadian firm's move Starkman, NewViews Editor, PO. Box 2368, into full length Hollywood movies, Culver City, CA 9023 1. aters. We're convinced that the both flat and 3-D. Six new Holly- library of 3-D movies in SENSIO" 3-D will continue to grow". cc

The-- - Strange -- Case - of- Dr.- - Addison- - - -- and- - - - the- - - - Crosswell- - - - - A Twins- - - (Continrred from page 25) uncovered. All of the images that and to order the View-Master set, exl~ibitionsinclrrde Tlie Utiiver.sity of remain of the Crosswell twins were please visit www.christopher Notre Dame, TIie S~rb~rrbariFirie Art Ceti- displayed in the studio along with schneber~er.com/viewmaster.htm. ter in Hi~ql~landPark, Illit~ois,arid Flatfile several means for viewing the A more recent two-reel set titled Gallery iri Chicago. I also teocll plrotop- stereo photographs, including a A Case of Levitation: The Story of plly at Collrmbia College, Cllica,qo, ariti nit? the pl~oto~yrapllyproOqram at tlie large-format stereo print viewer. Frances Naylor is illustrated on the Evanston Art Cerltcr. I make my itno,qJ.s Also, many of the original pieces site as well. ~rsinga Splrblik medilrm fonnot stereo of furniture were found and placed About the author camera, sliootin~qKodak Tri-X and Plrrs-X in the studio to recreate the films, tlreri scan my ne'qative.~and atit tlie arrangement found in the images. I am an artist livitig and working in images in Photosliop. I'ritits arc. r7iode di'q- Cllicacqo,Illinois. I grew lip in Miarni, A selection of these images were itally on wntercolor pnper ~rsiti,yon Epsorl Florida and received my RFA from Univer- 2200 printer. also produced as a limited edition sity of Florida, my MFA from Indiana Uni- two-reel View-Master set. For more versity I /lave exhibited my photo'qraphy information about the exhibition, nationally and internationally. Recerit Bryant Bradley's "Mount Desert Scc By Lo

ryant Bradley (1838-1890), tions. He recorded the society ship" elsewhere in the country, identified only as "B. Bradley" around him as well as produced and Bar Harbor in Bradley's time on his stereoviews, was, during some rather serene landscapes in would have constituted an unin- his limited time on Maine's Mount the more remote stretches. corporated village within the larger Desert Island, its greatest stereo In order to begin to approach Town of Eden. Rar Harbor's even- photographer. Bradley resided in the stereo work of Bradley, it is tual economic dominance and the Bar Harbor at the time that town important to look at that work clout of its summer residents, was beginning to blossom as a within the context of his commu- known as "Rusticators," is certainly summer resort and he captured a nity. Bradley operated out of the what led to all of Eden being offi- unique period of its history. He then-fledgling summer colony cially renamed Bar Harbor in 1918. also navigated around the island, known as Bar Harbor. Yet, Bradley's views, dating as far documenting a few of its more rus- although Bradley's views give that back as 1873, show that "Bar Har- tic sites in a poetic detail that town name as the location of his bor" was indeed part of the local demonstrates just how some of its business and several of his views lexicon for quite some time before champions could eventually be depict the town by that name, that official change. In the few inspired to form Acadia National there was in fact no official "Bar short years he spent in Bar Harbor, Park there. Thus, Bradley, clearly Harbor" in existence at that time. he charted the new community immersed in the stereoview sou- It was actually called Eden, and that was blooming out of the veri- venir trade market of his day, is had been since its founding in table wilderness that was Eden. now distinguished for both the 1796. Yet, "town" in New England Incidentally, no one knows for historical record he left of Mount means what is known as a "town- sure why the name "Eden" had Desert Island as well as his ...... thoughtful photographic composi- Bryant Bradle~C 1813 view of "Bar Harbo~ Script ink on the back of the view 1 identifies it by that title. ------m-w." i An ornate typeface found on the back of many Bradley cabinet size views. Some of his views don't have any publisher/photographer identification on the back, yet are still easy to identify as being by Bradley through size, color, image content, and espe- cially the catalog numbers that he almost always featured on the front. Large Bradley collections in Maine show numbers for his cabinet views well into the ZOOS, but how many of the smaller, unnumbered views he produced is uncertain.

been chosen for the town, yet pop- Bradley of Bar Harbor, Me." in an The subject descriptions are ular speculation is that the term Old English typeface) and series extremely straightforward, as derives from Eden, the earthly par- ("Mt. Desert Scenery") on the front Bradley no doubt wanted photo- adise. When viewing some of of the card, and list the subject in graphs to speak more loudly than Bradley's pastoral views, that theo- script on its back. These views are words. On the backs of the larger ry becomes very believable. less common than his larger for- format views one usually finds the Rradley's stereoviews fall within mat views (4.25" x 7'7, which are photographer's name (once again two distinct formats. First, there I on beige or cream mounts and listed only as "B. Bradley") as well are his views of Mount Desert contain type on front (sometimes as his location of "Bar Harbor," Island that are in the standard size in the photo) and back. On the printed with varying typefaces stereoview format (roughly 3.5" x front of the larger views are typi- (italicized sans serifs and/or Old 7") and which are mostly on yel- cally catalog numbers (going into English). Further, whereas the low (sometimes creamlbeige) the 200s; numbers are missing smaller views' photos are square in mounts, have typeset printing from his smaller views) and subject shape, the larger views feature regarding the photographer ("B. identities. arch-shaped, rectangular photos...... Those format variations can like- Bryant Bradley No. 7 38, "The Buckboard, Mt. Desert, Me. " The buckboard was a ly be explained by the historical common mode of transportation around Bar Harbor. Another Bradley view depicts a data available as to when Bradley full "Buckboard Brigade" on Main Street, yet this view shows people better. T

" 1. . .. * . . .-.I

. , ,.. , I,'

138. The Buckboard, Mt. Drsprf, Mt,, operated in Bar Harbor. First, he English language translation of the that is with the place today, yet arrived there from Cornish, Maine name given to that island (upon portray some buildings and modes (where he was active as a photog- which Bar Harbor rests) in 1604 by of transportation that no longer rapher from 1867-79) for a short the French explorer, Samuel de exist. His charming views of the stint in 1873. Since his standard- Champlain. This name derives buckboard (see Bradley catalog sized views (see image, unnum- essentially from Champlain's #138) exhibit a long-vanished way bered, of Bar Harbor) are apparent- description of an "island of bare of mobility for the town. He also ly scarcer and also mountains." While photographed the many major tend to be on yel- there were differ- hotels; these locally-owned estab- low mounts ent European- lishments could be quite large, as (which were com- "Bradley3 nature based settlements with Daniel Rodick's Rodick mon in the 1870~), are expertly on the island from House, which by the time Bradley it is almost certain the seventeenth photographed it (#Ill) in the that they are what composed and Can through nine- 1880s had been expanded to he produced in teenth centuries, it accommodate more than 600 1873. Then, as match the quality was not until the guests. The steamer Lewiston of the Earle Shettleworth, of the work of the 1840s that a Portland, Bangor, and Machias Jr. states, "Bar Har- tourist trade began Steamship Line, recorded by bor's growing pop- finest landscape to emerge there. Bradley (#17) at the wharf, was a ularity as a sum- s tereographers was when vessel that brought many of the mer resort attract- artists, beginning hotels' residents to Bar Harbor. ed Bradley back to of his day." with Thomas Cole, There was also the short-lived Mount Desert in began to visit the Green Mountain Railway, which 1880, and he area for its inspira- beginning in 1883 took passengers remained on the island until tional scenery. By the 1870s and up Green Mountain (now called 1886." Since larger format views 80s, fledgling Bar Harbor was a fine Cadillac Mountain), the area's were enjoying their brief success place for Bradley to operate as tallest mountain, to a hotel at the during this latter period and since memory-capturer for the visiting summit. There is a record of those Bradley views are more ubiq- public. All of Bradley's Mount Bradley having been one of the uitous, it is obvious that they were Desert views, whether dealing with photographers on hand to photo- produced during that longer civilization or nature, relate to graph an early run of the engine, stretch of his residence in Bar Har- tourist interests of some kind. and, judging by the freshly cut bor. Bradley's views of Bar Harbor timbers near the track in the stere- Many of Bradley's views list a reveal an entrepreneurial spirit oview here (#180), this view must location of "Mount Desert," the ...... Bryant Bradley No. 17, "St'r Lewiston, Mt. Desert, Me. " I-~J,I* ,l'c!it<+: ). "a,)nrqj,, Mt, QI'SP~,KP, Byant Bmdley No. 180, ''Green Mountorn Ro~lwo):Mt. Desert, Me. " In the dfstonce ofrhls new (especrally m stereo), i I I you can see Eagle Lake, where o steamship woujd travel Bryant Bradley No. 75, "Echo lake, Mt. Desert, Me. " Bradley across carrying passengers to the base of Green Mountain to clearly had a fine sense of composition. His nature views seem bwrd the tram. to be far less popular thon his civilization views among ...... ~ ...... co!lectors ond coll~ction5,yet they r~crljyoppwl for both their I coiming effect and [heir depiction ofmany sites that are now port of Acodio National Park. -- - 7. Balanc~Rock, Mi., Destmlt, Mp, Bryant Bradley No. 7, "Balance Rock, Mt. Desert, Me." The rock is still in the same place on the shore in Bar Harbor. It ...... remains commonly photoqraphed by tourists, and despite constant efforts td push it-over it stiil balanc~sfirmly dn the Bryant Bradley No. 18, "Green Mountain, Mt. Desert, Me. " A rocks underneath as it has since a glacier put it there long view somewhere on top of Green (now Cadillac) Mountain. ago. This is the same mountain that featured the train service...... Cadillac Mountain is Dart of Acadia National Park and cur- rently features a ranbe of hiking trails as well as a roadway for automobiles and bicycles. also have been taken early in the ture in the foreground magnifi- Sources train service's history (which lasted cent, ocean-worn rocks. One can See Samuel Eliot Morison, The Story for about ten years). imagine Bradley trekking around of Mount Desert I~lnnd(1st edition; Bradley's nature views are the island, up hills and mountains, Frenchboro, ME: Islandport Press, expertly composed and can match down to its shores, and through 2001 [1960]), 100-101. the quality of the work of the the growing towns in search of his Thoughts about the name change finest landscape stereographers of (and now our) vision. may be found in Richard Walden his day. These views also truly ben- Bradley, like so many photogra- Hale, Jr., The Story of Rnr Hnrlmr (New efit from the larger format he used phers of his day, made stereoviews York: Ives Washburn, 1949), 178 and for the majority of them. Bradley's as part of his trade, yet like a more 213. views of moving water are quite select few, had an excellent eye for See Morison, 101 and also Hale, 101 striking, often displaying an eerie detail and created images that con- for clues to the origin of the Eden haze. His crisp tones also rendered tinue to resonate for both their name. well the calm waters and vistas aesthetic qualities and the histori- John Chandler and Earle Shettle- afforded by ponds and lakes, such cal information they record. worth, Jr., Pllotpyrapliin~yMairlc: 1840- as Echo Lake (#75). He also found Mount Desert Island, whose 2000 (exhibition catalog; Augusta, visual poetry in the character of "scenery" he depicted, was and is a ME: Maine Coast Artists [Center for the craggy rock formations and place where the wilderness meets Maine Contemporary Art], 2000), 4 boulders that span the island (see the garden, where civilization and 23. There is also mention in Hale's book on page 153, of Bradley view of Balance Rock, #7). Even meets its outer edge. This was listed in an 1880 census account as the (predominantly pine) trees live more the case, especially in Bar being employed as a "Photographic with great personality in these Harbor, during Bradley's time, yet Artist." views, and, in the case of a stump thankfully, things have not See Morison, 8-11 for information on in a Green Mountain view, can changed too much since then. Champlain's naming of the island. become personified (see #18). Fur- Bradley may only have applied his For a complete history of the railway, ther, Bradley used heights (both skills there for a short while, yet see Hale, 156-160. 91 high and low) to great effect. Take his visual contribution continues for example his large format view with us to this day. Bradley's work of Bass Head Lighthouse (still a helps us remember why the island landmark on the island; #30). has been and continues to be a Bradley photographed the struc- place many of us wish to visit in ture at a distance and from a low three dimensions. angle, which allowed him to cap- ...... Bryant Bradley No. 30, "Bass Head Lighthouse, Mt. Desert, Me. " This lighthouse is now more commonly known as the Bass Harbor Head Light. - .- /" -8 - "3-D AND NAUGHTY" 48 page book of new sen- STEREO VIEWCARD book boxes. Now accepting MUYERIDGE VIEWS - Top prlces pald Also sual black and white nude stereoviews perfect orders for handmade, fully personalized boxes. Michlgan and Mining - the 3Ms. Many views for fans of pin-up girls! Each copy comes sealed Fit sleeved viewcards. Send SASE for full details available for trade. Leonard Walle, 47530 Edin- with glasses. Send $19.95 to SHH! Productions, to Boxcrafters, PO Box 55, Holtville, CA 92250 or borough Lane, Novi, MI 48374. PO Box 621, Battle Creek MI 49016. See more at call (760) 36-4102. www.sex~hardcorehumor.com . SINGLE VIEWS, or complete sets of "Longfellow's . STEREO VIEWS FOR SALE on our website at: Wayside Inn" done by D. C. Osborn, Artist, Ass- CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD Photographic His- www.daves-stereos.com email: cdwoodQ~td abet, Mass., Lawrence M. Rochette, 169 Wood- tory Museum. Stereographs of the first -.net or contact us by writing to Dave or Cyndi land Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752. transcontinental railroad are now on display at: Wood, PO Box 838, Milford, PA 18337, Phone: - htt~://CPRR.org (570) 296-6176. Also wanted: views by L. STEREOVIEWS of or about Teddy Roosevelt; - Hensel of NY and PA. Long Island, NY views including Greensport, CLEARANCE: CIVIL WAR 3D. Sets contain nine East Marion, Suffolk, Nassau and Queens coun- great reproductions of original Civil War views, STEREOVIEW BOOK OF PRICES, only $18.00, ties; Puerto Rico views; NY Stock Exchange. originally $6.95. Case lots of approximately 250 includes postage, 198 pages, soft cover, 5300 Fred Rodrigeuz fredsbooksQvahoo.com . sets now available, $200 plus postage. View stereoviews listed. Great for auction bidding, ~- - - fredbishopauctions.corn/3d. Jim Van Eldik. 22 collectors, and insurance companies. Doc THE DETROIT Stereographic Society invites you Horizon Hill, Newnan, GA 30265. Boehme, PO Box 326, Osakis, MN 56360. to attend our monthly meetings at the Livonia Senior Center, on the second Wednesdays, Sep- tember through June. Visit our website httD:// LCD SHUTTER glasses with or without drivers - home.comcast.net/-dsswebl or call Dennis NTSC. Make $ offer@) 7 avail. Brad Bishop, Green at (313) 755-1389. 3-D NUDE STEREO SL nude stereo - - - 7728 Boeing Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90045. &L. .fir,-. slides from rrle IY~USW~IIIBU. VVIII ouy large col- WEST VIRGINIA stereoviews from all over WV NEW REVISED EDITION of John Waldsmith's lections or individual slides. Henry Feldstein, including Harpers Ferry, Fairrnont, Morgantown, "Stereo Views, An illustrated History and Price 107-40 Queens Blvd. #6D, Forest Hills, NY Parkersburg, Wheeling, Weston, Buckhannon, Guide" is available signed by the author, $24.95 11375, (71 8) 544-3002, [email protected] . and elsewhere. Send Xerox or email scans. Tom softbound, add $2.95 postage and handling. ALASKA & KLONDIKE stereos needed, especially Prall, PO Box 155, Weston, WV 26452, (Foreign customers add an additional $1.25.) [email protected], (304) 472-1787. Muybridge; Maynard; Brodeck; Hunt; Winter & - -- Please note there is no hardbound of this edi- Brown; Continent Stereoscopic. Also buying old WHITE MOUNTAINS: Early photographic views tion. Mastercard or Visa accepted. John Wald- Alaska photographs, books, postcards, smith, PO Box 83, Sharon Center, OH 44274. and stereoviews of new Hampshire White Moun- ephemera, etc. Wood, PO Box 22165, Juneau, tain and northern NH regions, 1850s-1890s Website: www.YourAuctionPaae.com AK 99802 (907) 789-8450 email: Maldsmith. wanted for my collection. Town views, main - [email protected] . streets, bridges, homes, occupational, coaches, Q-VU mounting ANY IMAGES of Nevada City or Grass Valley, Gal- railroads, etc. E-mail images to dsundmanQ your print stereo views. Sample kit $8. Med. for- ifornia, 329 Bridge Way, Nevada City, CA LittletonCoin.com, or send photocopies to David mat mounts, white or (new!) black. Beginner's Sundman, President, Littleton Coin Company, 95959, cmautzQnccn,net , stereo kits: camera. viewer. views. etc.. $89.99 1309 Mt. Eustis Rd., Littleton, NH 03561-3735. up. Q-VU, Box 55, ~oltville,'~~92250-0055. COLLECT, TRADE, BUY & SELL: 19th Century images (cased, stereo, Cdv, cabinet & large YOU COULD HAVE told the world of your stereo STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY WORKSHOP Videos. paper) Bill Lee, 8658 Galdiator Way, Sandy, UT needs in this ad space! Your membership enti- Topics include Making Anaglyphs, 2D To 3D 84094. [email protected] Specialties: West- tles you to 100 words per year, divided into three Conversion, Making Stereo Cards, etc. More ern, Locomotives, Photographers, Indians, Min- ads with a maximum of 35 words per ad. Addi- coming. $25 each. Details: htt~://home.comcast ing, J. Carbutt, Expeditions, Ships, Utah and tional words and additional ads may be inserted .net/-worksho~s/ or send SASE for list to Den- occupational at the rate of 20% per word. Send ads to the nis Green. 550 E. Webster. Ferndale. MI 48220. National Stereoscopic Association, P.O. Box COLUMBIA, SC views from the firms of Wearn & 14801, Columbus, OH 43214. A rate sheet for Hix, W.A. Reckling, Rufus Morgan, others display ads is available upon request. (Please sought by collector. Robert W. Buff, Jr., 33 Pala- send SASE for rate sheet.) tine Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, buff2buffQearthlink.net . s one of the benefits of membership, NSA CORTE-SCOPE VIEWS or sets, any subject or A members are offered free use of classified condition. No viewers unless with views. John advertising. Members may use 100 words per Waldsmith, 302 Granger Rd., Medina, OH year, divided into three ads with a maximum 44256. of 35 words per ad. Additional words or addi- tional ads may be inserted at the rate of 200 I BUY ARIZONA PHOTOGRAPHS! Stereoviews, per word. Please include payments with ads. cabinet cards, mounted photographs, RP post We cannot provide billings. Ads will be placed cards, albums and photographs taken before Correctioin in the issue being assembled at the time of 1920. Also interested in Xeroxes of Arizona In the art icle "Rrit ish Army stereographs and photos for research. Will pay .- ,.a? *I-- < their arrival unless a specific later issue is Survcv View\ UI LIIC Yinai requested. postage and copy costs. Jeremy Rowe, 2120 S. Las Palmas Cir., Mesa, AZ 85202. Per lin~sula1 868-1869 1" author Send all ads, wi 'th payment , to: Ret .t M. Zuc kcrman cvishes to STEREO WORLD Clossifieds, . . I BUY PENNSYLVANIA stereoviews by Purviance, 561 0 SE 71st, Portland, OR credit Russe l Norton and Ken Gutekunst, Henderson, and John Moran. Fred <, . .. (A rate sheet for display ads IS avalrao~efrom Lerch, Lewistown, PA 17044, PHIFAX (71 7) 248- Rosen tor pnotoc tnat tlley cent the same address. Please send SASE.) 4454, fredanddee83Qvahoo.com . of ceveral ltcmc from thic scrics.

-- -~ ~ CDV ISNAPSHOT (3 318" X 4 3/87 per 100: $9 case of 1000: $85 CDV POLYESTER (3-mil) per 100: $15 case of 1000: $140 POSTCARD (3 3'4' X 5 3/43 per 100: $10 case of 1000: $90 19th 100: $11 case of 1000: and 4" x 5" per $90 STEREO 1 #3 314 COVER (3 314'x 7") per 100: $11 case of 1000: $100 STEREO POLYESTER (3-mil) per 100: $24 case of 1000: Q33 Early 20th CABINET ICONTINENTAL (4 318" X 7") per 100: $12 case of 1000: $110 b10 COVER IBROCHURE (4 3B"x 9ys3 per 50: $12 case of 500: $110 5" x T per 50: $10 case of 200: $35 BOUDOIR (5 112" X 8 1/r) per 25: $9 case of 500: $110 8"x 10' per 25: $10 case of 200: $55 10" x 14" MUSEUM BOX SIZE per 10: $11 caseof 100: $85 11'x 14' per 10: $10 caseof 100: $60 16" x 20" per 10: $24 case of 100: $160 Russell Norton, PO Bx 1070, New Haven, CT 065061070 US SHIPPING (48 States): $4 per order. InstiMional bill~ng.(2008) For Sale Conned~artorders add 6% tax on emwe tdal ~ncludlngshipping. Over 10,000 all illustrated, graded Explore the World & priced,(including glass of 3-L) Imaging, Past & Present, in views), work by Bedford, England, Sedgfield etc. Especially strong on UK and European views.

Only online at: Only NATIONAL P.O. Box 86708 www.worldofstereoviews.com STEREOSCOPIC ASSOCIATION, INC. Portland a year from: OR 97286

Carl's Clean & Clear Archival Sleeves : National : Polypropolene Acid Free Cdv (2 314 x 4 318) lo0 $8 1000 $70 ;Bank Views: Snapshot (3 114 x 4 318) 100 $8 1000 $70 . Postcard(3314x5314) 100 $9 1000 $80 . Wanted i 4x5 100 $9 1000 $80 Stereo (3 314 x 7) 100 $10 1000 $90 : Desire stereo views : Cabinet (4 318 x 7) 100 $11 1000 $100 . of national. banks . 5x7 50 $8 200 $30 0, : #10 Cover (4 318 x 9 518) 50 $10 200 $35 (not savings banks or . Boudoir (5 112 x 8 112) 25 $8 200 $45 : other banks). anv state : 8x10 25 $9 200 $45 : or territory,'usA; any : 8 1.2 x 11 20 $9 200 $50 : and all 19th century : 11 x 14 10 $9 100 $55 and early 20th century. 16 x 20 [sealed] 10 $22 100 $140 : I am just beginnin this : Total : endeavor and nee !.just . Shipping $3.75 + $1 extra for each $50 over $50 : aboout everything! : California residents pay sales tax of 7.38% . . Grand Total . Dave Bowers . • PO BOX539 • Carl Mautz :Wolfeboro Falls, NH 03896 : 15472 Shannon Way . e-mail: . Nevada City, CA 95959 :[email protected] : 530-478-1610 Fax 530-478-0466 . Order sleeves or books online at www.car1rnautz.corn That's noshcrtwdd Alter mamhctunng over 5W WO WO pap 30 glasw, we knewweml sahqpur taste fw 30 Amemn Paper Opbcs WELCOMETO lhe wollds leading mamhdurer and marketer 0130 olamand IDproducts, 1s ywr ax sfo~saurcelor amih~ng30 Avanely of ham qes AMERICANPAPER OPTICS - soec~akyoptaiu' wlorpn~liyandmtnm~ed1ea(nmgmpb1~~make~ea~lorywIo~Hm1ywrrmy'

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Am hap~cuslwnershave meluded NMlGeog h we served up over 20 DtO WO anagbhc @ssesfwlhe30 vlemng olMaaandltanlc S~m~1ImnhvecofDlwry"ChannelsShah Weekarest~wtolthewateraterexoeneImth wr3D SPFcIAI purmh glasses Just bst summer our @ml chlconcccled over 10 000 WO Illemel Wersbr a specla sweepstakes lor But@ andtger\vcods -- *' &M~~natra~1~wdwolanyol~13D~a~~w~red1nI~1ng~oramaIwderoI~slornpl~3O~asses w knnvpu dlbe pleased Mh wr sem ~a1Qand mpelhve Dncing We wen have greal sM on lhe hd's menu1 We rlldelwr the hoyest 3D pmduck qNto your door '1 I*~:cJJI~~

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1 (~n~@rnake3~ima~es.com 978-37 1-5557 P.O. Box 715 Carlisle, MA 01741 ...... , ...... I .. . John Saddy 50 Foxborough Grove London, Ontario N6K 4A8 CANADA Phone: (519) 641-4431 Fax: (519) 641-0695 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http:llwww3.sympatico.caljohn.saddy.3d FINE OFF-EBAY STEREOVIEW AUCTIONS WITH DIRECT BIDDING ON-LINE, AS WELL AS BY PHONE, FAX, E-MAIL TO ME, AND POSTAL MAIL. (Paper Catalogues available.) You are welcome to register for my stereoview auctions. There is no charge. I also have a separate registration for my View-Master (Etc.) Auctions, which have more-modern stereo and 3-D formats. I am presently selling off the Willie Aarts Collection with some of the Rarest of the Rare in View-Master reels and viewers. I SPECIALIZE IN CONSIGNMENTS. Consignments welcome, from a single view to giant collections.

+Left: Helene Leutner (German Actress) ) + Right:' The Young ~eloci~edist

I c Left: Edward Stokes, who shot 1 Jim Fisk over a woman. + ~ight:View from the wood car, behind the locomotive I I in full motion. I i I I

+ Left: Tissue Genre View. 1 qC 14i5 a. 4" ~ight:General U.S. Grant + , l',h 1 1 h

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9

STEREO WORLD Septernber/October 2006