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Volume 7, Issue 2, July 2021 Introduction: New Researchers and the Bright Future of Military History
www.bjmh.org.uk British Journal for Military History Volume 7, Issue 2, July 2021 Cover picture: Royal Navy destroyers visiting Derry, Northern Ireland, 11 June 1933. Photo © Imperial War Museum, HU 111339 www.bjmh.org.uk BRITISH JOURNAL FOR MILITARY HISTORY EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD The Editorial Team gratefully acknowledges the support of the British Journal for Military History’s Editorial Advisory Board the membership of which is as follows: Chair: Prof Alexander Watson (Goldsmiths, University of London, UK) Dr Laura Aguiar (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland / Nerve Centre, UK) Dr Andrew Ayton (Keele University, UK) Prof Tarak Barkawi (London School of Economics, UK) Prof Ian Beckett (University of Kent, UK) Dr Huw Bennett (University of Cardiff, UK) Prof Martyn Bennett (Nottingham Trent University, UK) Dr Matthew Bennett (University of Winchester, UK) Prof Brian Bond (King’s College London, UK) Dr Timothy Bowman (University of Kent, UK; Member BCMH, UK) Ian Brewer (Treasurer, BCMH, UK) Dr Ambrogio Caiani (University of Kent, UK) Prof Antoine Capet (University of Rouen, France) Dr Erica Charters (University of Oxford, UK) Sqn Ldr (Ret) Rana TS Chhina (United Service Institution of India, India) Dr Gemma Clark (University of Exeter, UK) Dr Marie Coleman (Queens University Belfast, UK) Prof Mark Connelly (University of Kent, UK) Seb Cox (Air Historical Branch, UK) Dr Selena Daly (Royal Holloway, University of London, UK) Dr Susan Edgington (Queen Mary University of London, UK) Prof Catharine Edwards (Birkbeck, University of London, -
Winter 2019 Full Issue the .SU
Naval War College Review Volume 72 Article 1 Number 1 Winter 2019 2019 Winter 2019 Full Issue The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The .SU . (2019) "Winter 2019 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 72 : No. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Winter 2019 Full Issue Winter 2019 Volume 72, Number 1 Winter 2019 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2019 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 72 [2019], No. 1, Art. 1 Cover Aerial view of an international container cargo ship. In “Ships of State?,” Christopher R. O’Dea describes how China COSCO Shipping Corporation Limited has come to control a rapidly expanding network of ports and terminals, ostensibly for commercial purposes, but has thereby gained the ability to project power through the increased physical presence of its naval vessels—turning the oceans that historically have protected the United States from foreign threats into a venue in which China can challenge U.S. interests. Credit: Getty Images https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss1/1 2 Naval War College: Winter 2019 Full Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Winter 2019 Volume 72, Number 1 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 Published by U.S. -
The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles
The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles The Chinese Navy Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Saunders, EDITED BY Yung, Swaine, PhILLIP C. SAUNderS, ChrISToPher YUNG, and Yang MIChAeL Swaine, ANd ANdreW NIeN-dzU YANG CeNTer For The STUdY oF ChINeSe MilitarY AffairS INSTITUTe For NATIoNAL STrATeGIC STUdIeS NatioNAL deFeNSe UNIverSITY COVER 4 SPINE 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY COVER.indd 3 COVER 1 11/29/11 12:35 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 1 11/29/11 12:37 PM 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 2 11/29/11 12:37 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Edited by Phillip C. Saunders, Christopher D. Yung, Michael Swaine, and Andrew Nien-Dzu Yang Published by National Defense University Press for the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies Washington, D.C. 2011 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 3 11/29/11 12:37 PM Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Chapter 5 was originally published as an article of the same title in Asian Security 5, no. 2 (2009), 144–169. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Chinese Navy : expanding capabilities, evolving roles / edited by Phillip C. Saunders ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. -
Sealane Defense : an Emerging Role for the JMSDF?
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1981 Sealane defense : an emerging role for the JMSDF?. Wile, Ted Shannon Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/20663 & ®?V*,( !> Is mMm n :ot'. iVv'' :i^;:i' ,^,i^ ?v;0'.i,'--....;,'A.'.- *^.v;v3:--v v^^ ^rf^•;i;'-• l'-\ .IV ',VW .''»' .^ ;)-- q'-vM'A''P5;«fv^w.•';^ •/J'Jl , •i'-i>ii.^ •; 'I L,(,^s : NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS Seal ane Def ense : An Emerging Role for the JMSDF? 1 by Ted Shannon Wile September 1981 The sis Adv:-sor Edward A. Olsen Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 1204487 Unclassified SeCUWtTY CLASliriCATIOH OF Tmi> ^>GC rWhax Dmim Enfrmtt) READ !NSTRUr-^'nNS REPORT DOCUtAEHTATIOH PAGE BEFORE COMPLETTNO FORM a. OOVT ACCESSION NO. 1 neci^iCNT's CAr*L3C numbea 4. r\r\.t (and Subililm) Master's Thesis Sealane Defense: An r^merging Role for SeDtember 1981 the J?4SDF? t. ^enFOftMiNG OMG. i^e^oMT NvjMaen S. contmact om snamt m^mBimc) T. AuTmO«i«> Ted Shannon Wile ANO AOO«f ss 10. •«OC»»AM ElEnCnT P^OJEC T4SK ». VCnrOMMINC OnOANlZATION NAMC AMCA t «OHK ^NIT >4UMteRS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 - 12 «e^O«»T 0AT6 11 CONTHOULINC office name ANO AOOMCSS SeDtember 1981 Naval Postgraduate School ti NUMaen of pages Monterey, California 939^0 IS. SeCU^ITV CLASS, 'ol 'M« riporl) n MONl+0«1N0 AOBMCY NAMC k lkOOmtS%(ll dlllmrmni Irom Corttrolllnt Olllem) Unclasoif led IS«. OECL ASSlFlCATlON/ OOWNGRAOINC SCHEDULE (al rfll* ««»«rlj 'is. DISTRIBUTION STATCMCNT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ahmtrmel mi»T*^ In Block 30. -
Call Sign Book for Ships
UNCLASSIFIED ACP113 (AD) CALL SIGN BOOK FOR SHIPS ACP113 (AD) MARCH 1996 UNCLASSIFIED I UNCLASSIFIED ACP120 FOREWORD 1. The Combined Communications-Electronics Board (CCEB) is comprised of the five member nations, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States and is the Sponsoring Authority for all Allied Communications Publications (ACPs). ACPs are raised and issued under common agreement between the member nations. 2. ACP113 (AD), CALLSIGN BOOK FOR SHIPS, is an UNCLASSIFIED CCEB publication. 3. This publication contains Allied military information for official purposes only. 4. It is permitted to copy or make extracts from this publication. 5. This ACP is to be maintained and amended in accordance with the provisions of the current version of ACP198. UNCLASSIFIED II UNCLASSIFIED ACP120 THE COMBINED COMMUNICATION-ELECTRONICS BOARD LETTER OF PROMULGATION FOR ACP113 (AD) 1. The purpose of this Combined Communication Electronics Board (CCEB) Letter of Promulgation is to implement ACP113 (AD) within the Armed Forces of the CCEB Nations. ACP113 (AD) CALLSIGN BOOK FOR SHIPS, is an UNCLASSIFIED publication developed for Allied use and, under the direction of the CCEB Principals. It is promulgated for guidance, information, and use by the Armed Forces and other users of military communications facilities. 2. ACP113 (AD) is effective on receipt for CCEB Nations and when by the NATO Military Committee (NAMILCOM) for NATO nations and Strategic Commands. EFFECTIVE STATUS Publication Effective for Date Authority ACP113 (AD) CCEB On Receipt LOP 3. All proposed amendments to the publication are to be forwarded to the national co-ordinating authorities of the CCEB or NAMILCOM. For the CCEB Principals N. -
Saber and Scroll Journal Volume V Issue IV Fall 2016 Saber and Scroll Historical Society
Saber and Scroll Journal Volume V Issue IV Fall 2016 Saber and Scroll Historical Society 1 © Saber and Scroll Historical Society, 2018 Logo Design: Julian Maxwell Cover Design: Cincinnatus Leaves the Plow for the Roman Dictatorship, by Juan Antonio Ribera, c. 1806. Members of the Saber and Scroll Historical Society, the volunteer staff at the Saber and Scroll Journal publishes quarterly. saberandscroll.weebly.com 2 Editor-In-Chief Michael Majerczyk Content Editors Mike Gottert, Joe Cook, Kathleen Guler, Kyle Lockwood, Michael Majerczyk, Anne Midgley, Jack Morato, Chris Schloemer and Christopher Sheline Copy Editors Michael Majerczyk, Anne Midgley Proofreaders Aida Dias, Frank Hoeflinger, Anne Midgley, Michael Majerczyk, Jack Morato, John Persinger, Chris Schloemer, Susanne Watts Webmaster Jona Lunde Academic Advisors Emily Herff, Dr. Robert Smith, Jennifer Thompson 3 Contents Letter from the Editor 5 Fleet-in-Being: Tirpitz and the Battle for the Arctic Convoys 7 Tormod B. Engvig Outside the Sandbox: Camels in Antebellum America 25 Ryan Lancaster Aethelred and Cnut: Saxon England and the Vikings 37 Matthew Hudson Praecipitia in Ruinam: The Decline of the Small Roman Farmer and the Fall of the Roman Republic 53 Jack Morato The Washington Treaty and the Third Republic: French Naval 77 Development and Rivalry with Italy, 1922-1940 Tormod B. Engvig Book Reviews 93 4 Letter from the Editor The 2016 Fall issue came together quickly. The Journal Team put out a call for papers and indeed, Saber and Scroll members responded, evidencing solid membership engagement and dedication to historical research. This issue contains two articles from Tormod Engvig. In the first article, Tormod discusses the German Battleship Tirpitz and its effect on allied convoys during WWII. -
American Calculations of Battleline Strength, 1941-2 Alan D
American Calculations of Battleline Strength, 1941-2 Alan D. Zimm Il y a une notion populaire que l'attaque aérienne japonaise sur Pearl Harbor a irrévocablement accompli deux choses, l'une matérielle et l'autre doctrinale: elle a annihilé la ligne de bataille américaine, et elle a résolu le débat porte-avions d'entre-deux guerres contre cuirassés et a donc conduit les dirigeants navals à la conclusion ferme que les cuirassés étaient désuets. Ces points de vue ont été évidemment confirmés par le fait que les cuirassés américains n'ont pas été commis au combat purement maritime dans le Pacifique jusqu'à la fin de 1942. Les deux perceptions sont erronées. La plupart des cuirassés américains ont survécu Pearl Harbor. Elles n'ont pas été immédiatement utilisées pour un certain nombre de raisons. Les calculs basés sur la formation reçue par la plupart des cadres supérieurs des États-Unis prouveraient que la ligne de bataille des États-Unis avait perdu sa marge de puissance assurant la défaite de la ligne de bataille japonaise. La logistique a gardé les cuirassés lents, gourmands de nourriture et de carburant, près de leurs sources d'approvisionnement. There is the popular perception that the Japanese air attack on Pearl Harbor irrevocably accomplished two things, one material and one doctrinal: it annihilated the American battleline, and it resolved the interwar carriers versus battleships debate driving naval officers to the firm conclusion that battleships were obsolete. These views were evidently confirmed by the fact that American battleships were not committed to surface- to-surface combat in the Pacific until the end of 1942. -
Fight Slackens All Along Line Swift Emden Sinks War
ADVANCE OF THE ALLIES FIGHT SLACKENS ALL ALONG LINE SAYS MONEY CAUSED WAR SWIFT EMDEN SINKS WAR SHIPS Struggle for Commercial Su* TURKS BOMBARD RUSSIAN TOWN premacy Underlies Conflict -:o:- s —.....I ■ ... I... U. S. WORLD’S TRADE CENTRE Turks Shell GERMAN REINFORCEMENTS % BELGIUM I Tell* Steel Institute He I* Optimistic DEADLOCK IN t NEVER CEASE. 4 Russian Town on Future of Industry—Increas- ing Exports Will Stimulate WHILE AWAITING RECRUITS AMSTERDAM.—Great bodies Theodosia and Threaten to f All Lines, He Damage of German are hur- Says. — troops being :o:-• Bombard Novorossysk. § ried forward from the reserve 4 Tokio.—The Russian here II Embassy ■ > Birmingham, Ala.—Expressing only training camps to reinforce the Forces Air and Sea-Sub- announces that Turkey has opened the greatest optimism as to the busi- Kaiser Rushes Up by Land, II Kaiser’s battle line In Belgium 4 war of Russia. ness outlook for the future, and as- <• and France. Austrian troops 4 and Artillery Are serting that “the opportunities for marines, Zeppelins II have been brought up from the 4 and success in IPetrograd.—Turkey has begun hos- * * progress this country Hurried to Coast Rhine garrisonsy to occupy ? tilities sea- are greater than ever before,” Elbert by bombarding peaceful II Ghent, the German forces in 4 ■-; o — coast towns. Messages just received H. Gary, of the United States Steel that oity having been sent to at Petrograd announce the simultane- !> |l Corporation, and president of the Am- 11 strengthen the army attacking ous appearance of the cruiser Bres- |I erican Iron and Steel Institute, ad- RUSSIANS BREAK FOE’S BATTLE the Allies near Dlxmude, X lau off Theodosia, Caucasia, and the ’I dressed the semi-annual meeting of ,. -
Royal Navy Records
-1- PLEASE ALWAYS QUOTE LIST NUMBER WHEN ORDERING. BOOK POST: From the 1st April 2014. Our postage charges will be as follows:- UK Customers: 0 to 1 Kilo - £3.50 1 to 2 Kilos - £4.50 2 to 30 Kilos - £8.50* * UK Mainland only (exceptions Scottish Highlands & Islands, Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Isles of Scilly) Overseas customers: will be asked to pay the normal seamail, postage rates. Air Mail is available: extra charge on request. BOOK CARRIAGE: U.K. Parcels weighing less than 2kg are sent by 2nd class or Royal Mail standard parcel. Parcels weighing more than 2kg are sent via Parcel Force, 48 hour service. Books are sent at customers risk unless separately insured. The extra cost of insured carriage or ‘signed for’ delivery to customers is available on request. All orders are despatched promptly, usually next day. BOOK ORDERING: Books may be ordered by letter, phone, or e-mail or fax. Our e-mail is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Do not forget to look at the back-dated catalogues. Books are frequently unsold. BOOK PAYMENT: All customers may pay by Cash, Cheque and ALL Credit and Debit cards EXCEPT AMEX OR EUROCHEQUE. Please quote your card number, expiry date and security code (the last 3 digits on the signature strip) in separate emails if preferred for security reasons and the full address at which the card is registered when ordering. U.K and Overseas customers may also await our Proforma Invoice. Institutions will receive the books with an invoice plus postage or carriage charges. -
View of the British Way in Warfare, by Captain B
“The Bomber Will Always Get Through”: The Evolution of British Air Policy and Doctrine, 1914-1940 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Katie Lynn Brown August 2011 © 2011 Katie Lynn Brown. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled “The Bomber Will Always Get Through”: The Evolution of British Air Policy and Doctrine, 1914-1940 by KATIE LYNN BROWN has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Peter John Brobst Associate Professor of History Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT BROWN, KATIE LYNN, M.A., August 2011, History “The Bomber Will Always Get Through”: The Evolution of British Air Policy and Doctrine, 1914-1940 Director of Thesis: Peter John Brobst The historiography of British grand strategy in the interwar years overlooks the importance air power had in determining Britain’s interwar strategy. Rather than acknowledging the newly developed third dimension of warfare, most historians attempt to place air power in the traditional debate between a Continental commitment and a strong navy. By examining the development of the Royal Air Force in the interwar years, this thesis will show that air power was extremely influential in developing Britain’s grand strategy. Moreover, this thesis will study the Royal Air Force’s reliance on strategic bombing to consider any legal or moral issues. Finally, this thesis will explore British air defenses in the 1930s as well as the first major air battle in World War II, the Battle of Britain, to see if the Royal Air Force’s almost uncompromising faith in strategic bombing was warranted. -
© Osprey Publishing • © Osprey Publishing • HITLER’S EAGLES
www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com HITLER’S EAGLES THE LUFTWAFFE 1933–45 Chris McNab © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS Introduction 6 The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe 10 Luftwaffe – Organization and Manpower 56 Bombers – Strategic Reach 120 Fighters – Sky Warriors 174 Ground Attack – Strike from Above 238 Sea Eagles – Maritime Operations 292 Ground Forces – Eagles on the Land 340 Conclusion 382 Further Reading 387 Index 390 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION A force of Heinkel He 111s near their target over England during the summer of 1940. Once deprived of their Bf 109 escorts, the German bombers were acutely vulnerable to the predations of British Spitfires and Hurricanes. © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com he story of the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) has been an abiding focus of military Thistorians since the end of World War II in 1945. It is not difficult to see why. Like many aspects of the German war machine, the Luftwaffe was a crowning achievement of the German rearmament programme. During the 1920s and early 1930s, the air force was a shadowy organization, operating furtively under the tight restrictions on military development imposed by the Versailles Treaty. Yet through foreign-based aircraft design agencies, civilian air transport and nationalistic gliding clubs, the seeds of a future air force were nevertheless kept alive and growing in Hitler’s new Germany, and would eventually emerge in the formation of the Luftwaffe itself in 1935. The nascent Luftwaffe thereafter grew rapidly, its ranks of both men and aircraft swelling under the ambition of its commander-in-chief, Hermann Göring. -
I Bf 109E-4, Wnr. 5375, Flown by Hptm. Wilhelm
ADLERANGRIFF in Scandinavia and focused on action over eastern Scotland. With bases in Western Europe, Luftotte 2 concentrated their efforts on eastern England and Luftotte 3 was to focus on western England and Wales. Fighter wings armed with single engined aircraft (Jagdgeschwader) during the spring of 1940 were taking delivery of the modernized Bf 109E-4, which were equ-i pped with a pair of 20mm MG FF/M cannon in the wings, instead of the MG FF that was in the Bf 109E-3. The redesigned cockpit canopy allowed for the installation of a larger armoured plate behind the pilot’s head, and for the easier installation of an armoured windscreen. However, this version still did not offer the option of a long range tank under the fuselage. This resulted in limited range for the Bf 109s used against England, and the Bf 109E-7, which did accommodate a drop tank, did not come into service until after the Battle of Britain, in November 1940. The older E-3, with two cannon and two 7.92mm machine guns, and the ‘light’ E-1 version, armed with four of the 7.92mm guns, were, surprisingly, in production until August 1940. To facilitate the Bf 109’s use as a ghter-bomber, German aircraft manufacturers were producing the E-1/B and the E-4/B, equipped with fuselage racks for 250kg bombs. Another modication, albeit less common, was in the installation of the DB 601N engine, rated at 1175k. So-equipped aircraft were designated Bf 109E-3/N or E-4/N, and required the use of 100octane fuel, C3.