Abbomocho. See Cheepi Abel, Abigail, 170 Acushnet, 100 African Americans and the Baptist Church, 239 and Wampanoag Communalism

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84280-8 - Faith and Boundaries: Colonists, Christianity, and Community among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha’s Vineyard, 1600–1871 David J. Silverman Index More information

Index

Abbomocho. See Cheepi Amos, Rachel, 117 Abel, Abigail, 170 Anabaptists. See Baptists Acushnet, 100 Andros, Governor Edmund, 107 African Americans animal husbandry. See livestock and the Baptist church, 239 Annampanu, 117 and Wampanoag communalism, 248 Annawanit, 43 antebellum reform movements of, Anthony, John, 228, 264 251–2 Anthony, Joseph P., 263 emancipation of, 262 Apess, William, 210, 213, 239, 256 enfranchisement of, 262 Aquinnah, 11, 42, 69, 106, 219, 241, Agawams, 104 243, 257, 280 Ahhunnut, Hannah, 117 churches of, 154, 162, 178, 182 Akoochuck, 88, 106 clay cliffs of, 17, 33, 78, 246, 247 Akoochuck, Hepzibah, 179 communalism of, 247, 271 alcohol. See liquor conﬂicts of, with non-Indian Alexander (son of Keteanummin), 134 residents, 248, 249 Alexander (son of Massasoit). See debate of, over citizenship, 258, 261, Wamsutta 264 Alice (sister of Wompamog), 139 division of commons, 270 Allen, Ebenezer, 146, 148 French raid against, 44 Allen, James, 189 Gay Head Farm of, 146–7, 180–1 Allen, John, 167, 168, 169–71, 191, geography of, 156, 246, 280 202, 204, 211 government of, 148 Amanhut, John, 87 guardians of, 169, 171, 175–9, 181 Amanhut, wife of John, 57 incorporated as town of Gay Head, American Revolution, 9, 180 268–70 Ames, Mehitable, 228 land sales and, 43, 141–4, 270 Amos, Elisha, 166–70 land use reforms of, 146 Amos, Israel, 106, 166, 168–70 made a state district, 259 Amos, Joe (Blind Joe), 246 marriage patterns of, 228 Amos, Jonathan, 87, 117, 127 and Massasoit, 41 Amos, Patience, 211 and the Mayhew mission, 44–6

291

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84280-8 - Faith and Boundaries: Colonists, Christianity, and Community among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha’s Vineyard, 1600–1871 David J. Silverman Index More information

292 Index

Aquinnah (cont.) Bowyer, James, 228 mnemonic devices of, 244–5 Brainerd, David, 61 oral traditions of, 69, 243, 272 Briant, Solomon, 220 population of, 175, 177, 226 Brinton, William, 43 proprietors of, 170, 175 Burgess, Edward, 221 racial composition of, 231, 237 Butler, John Jr., 197 relations of, with New England Butler, Simeon, 151–2, 167, 168, 200 Company, 145–8, 154 Buzzard’s Bay, 79 sachemship of, 19 “sheep right” leases of, 147, 168, 180 Cagenhew, Hepzibah, 153 survival of after the year 1870, 271–2 Cagenhew, Israel, 153 Wampanoag identity at, 241 Cagenhew, Reuben, 179 Wampanoag tribe of, xx, 12 Cagenhew, Samuel, 153 Assacomoit, 2 Call to the Unconverted (Baxter), 52, Assaquanhut (John Shohkow), 127 218 Assaquanhut, Hepzibah, 217 Cambridge Grammar School, 54 Assawompsett, 99, 100, 101, 102, 117, Cape Poge Bay, 41 143 Catawbas, 11 Athearn, Jabez, 161, 181 Cathcart, Robert, 159, 194, 196 Athearn, Samuel, 194 Cautantowit. See Kiehtan Athearn, Simon, 83, 95, 107, 131, 134 Cedar Tree Neck, 47 Attaquin, Lewis, 263 Chappaquiddick, 11, 19, 49, 55, 75, Awashunks, 84, 100, 101, 102 114, 158, 257 Christian meeting of, 36 Baptists (Anabaptists), 55, 58, 137, 144, church’s role at, 154 153 debate of, over citizenship, 262 and Aquinnah politics, 178 decline of sachemship at, 153 become majority at Aquinnah, 182, division of commons, 268 238–40 and epidemic of 1690, 127, 249 spread of, among Wampanoags, and epidemic of 1763–1764, 219 162–5 geography of, 156, 246, 280 Barnabus (Old Barnabus), 177, 209 guardians of, 152, 155, 172–3, 179 Barnabus, Gershom, 203 land disputes of, 172–4 Barnabus, Jerusha, 203 land sales on, 41, 172, 184, 270 Barnabus, Moses, 203 land use at, 247 Barnstable, 7 livestock on, 97, 149, 172, 180 Bassett, Cornelius, 189 population of, 149 Bassett, Samuel, 209 racial composition of, 232 Baxter, Richard Charles I, 81 Call to the Unconverted, 52 Charles II, 81, 84, 89, 100, 108 Baylies, Frederick, 218, 229, 254 Charles, Ruth, 166 Bayly, Bishop Lewis Charles, William, 167 Practice of Piety, 52 Chassuck, David, 201 Belain, David, 262 Cheepi, 30–1, 34, 50, 57, 59, 69, 245 Belain, George, 255 Cheeschamuck, 54 Bible, 21, 52, 70, 128 Cheeschamuck, Caleb, 54 Boston, Mass., 251 Chickemoo, 46 Bourne, Richard, 44, 75 Chilmark (town), 168

Index 293

Chilmark Pond, 43 citizenship (Indian), 256–70, 278–80 Christianity Civil War in contemporary scholarship, 8–11 Indian soldiers in, 263 role of, in creating race, 119, 277–8 Cockquett, John, 152 in Wampanoag–English relations, Coffin, Enoch, 152 13–15, 93, 103, 276 Comech, Joseph, 211 Wampanoag attraction to, 25, 38–9, Connecticut (colony), 92, 102, 112, 47–8 142, 208 Wampanoag beliefs about, 34–8, Coomes, Joshua, 211 56–8, 60–3, 71–2 Coomes, Samuel, 88, 89 and Wampanoag community life, 76, Cooper, Elijah, 229 117, 276–7 Cooper, Thomas, 243, 255 and Wampanoag factionalism, 163 Coshomon, Johanna, 106 Wampanoag opposition to, 26 Coshomon, Samuel, 106 Wampanoag questions about, 50, 52, Cotton, John Jr., 49–50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 56–8 61, 85, 100, 117 and Wampanoag social structure, 42, Cotton, Josiah, 59, 194, 201 276 courts. See also magistrates and Wampanoag tradition, 245–6 (Wampanoag) Wampanoag varieties of, 62–3, bias against Indians, 92, 113, 196, 283 200 Christiantown, xx, 11, 95, 158, 212, fines of, against Wampanoags, 197 257 Philip’s (Metacom’s) complaints boundaries of, 246 against, 103 church’s role in, 154 of proprietary Martha’s Vineyard, 82, conflicts of, with non-Indian 92 residents, 248, 249 as replacement for paramount creation of, 47, 121 Wampanoag sachem, 89 division of commons, 268 seizure of Indian labor, 197–201 and epidemic of 1690, 249 and trials for murder, 115 government of, 135, 136 and Wampanoag family life, 90–1 land disputes of, 121, 131–6, 156, and Wampanoag land disputes, 132, 167–8 147, 149, 150, 170, 178, 181 land sales in, 174, 184, 270 of Wampanoags, 86, 160 land use at, 247 Covell, James, 197 racial composition of, 231 Cuff, Mary, 248 churches, Wampanoag. See also Cuffee, Jonathan, 253 Aquinnah; Chappaquiddick; Cuffee, Paul, 253 Christiantown; Nashuakemuck; Nunnepog; Sengekontacket Daggett, John, 138 discipline in, 85 Daggett, Joseph, 94, 138 formed by covenant, 37 Daggett, Thomas, 55, 93, 139 numbers of, 116 Dartmouth (town of), 60, 178, 253 recognized by English, 62 David, Joseph, 189 and Wampanaog community life, Dawes Allotment Act, 279 154, 165 Day which the Lord hath made, 52 weakening of, after epidemic of 1690, Deep Bottom, 136, 179, 231, 271, 280 137, 249 Deer Island, 105

294 Index

DeGrasse, Joseph, 228 Farm Neck. See Sengekontacket Delawares, 9, 61 fences Demos, David, 195 on Aquinnah, 146 Dermer, Thomas, 3 Wampanoag appropriation of, 274 Devil’s Bridge, 33, 242 Wampanoag resistance to, 97 Devil’s Den, 32, 245 Fifteenth Amendment, 262, 266 Devine, John Sr., 229 ﬁrearms, 41, 108, 110 Diamond, Abiah, 264 Fourteenth Amendment, 263 Diamond, James, 263, 264 Francis, Isaac, 189 Dodge, Philip, 229 Francis, James, 229 Dongan, Governor Thomas, 140, Folger, Peter, 51, 55, 110 145 French, William, 62 Dukes County, 173 Dutch Rebellion, The, 107 Gay Head. See Aquinnah George III, 174 Easton, John, 99, 100 George, Abel, 204 Edgartown, 78, 82, 95, 270 Gilbert, Joseph, 138 Chappaquiddick proprietors of, Gilbert, Peter, 138 149–53, 173 Gilbert, Sarah, 138 English settlement of, 19 Glorious Revolution, The, 114 whaling and, 188 Gookin, Daniel, 63, 66 Ekoochuck, 87 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 2, 3 Eliot, John, 37, 43, 52, 64, 66, 71, 73, Great Harbor. See Edgartown 74, 75, 96, 102, 118, 277 Great James Pond, 47 Elisha, 88, 106 Grey’s Raid, 180 Elizabeth Islands, 17, 68, 81, 82, 116, guardians (of Indians), 161, 172–9, 180, 143 256 Emancipation Proclamation, 262 Epenow, 1, 12, 13 Hadley, 105 abduction of, 1 Hannit, Japheth, 16, 42, 71, 72, 89, 163 assault of, on Thomas Dermer, 3 during King Philip’s War, 109 in England, 1–2 as magistrate, 87 escape from captivity of, 2–3 mainland missionary work of, 117 Ephraim, 189 as preacher, 106, 128 Ephraim, Betty, 211 Hannit, Sarah, 42 epidemics Harlock, Thomas, 139 of 1616–1618, 5, 32 Harlow, Edward, 1 of 1633, 5, 101 Harry, Alice (Els), 177 of 1643, 22, 74 Harvard College, 49, 54, 102 of 1645, 22, 74 Haskins, Samuel J., 264 of 1690, 74, 126 Hassanamessit. See praying Indians of 1700s, 218 Hawes, Benjamin, 150–2, 196 effects of, 22–3, 127, 137, 194 Hawley, Gideon, 158, 213, 220 Indian beliefs about, 23, 34, 74, 128 Herring Pond Wampanoags, 234, 241, explorers (European), 1, 2, 3. See also 257 Dermer, Thomas; Harlow, Edward; Hiacoomes, 51, 54, 64, 66, 90 Hobson, Nicholas; Hunt, Thomas becomes Christian, 21

Index 295

friendship with Thomas Mayhew Jr., Hunt, William, 175, 176 20–1, 74 Hurons, 9 literacy skills of, 20, 74 missionary work of, 24, 34, 35, 60 Ianoxso, Amos, Sr., 166, 168 ordination of, as pastor, 62 Ianoxso, Israel. See Amos, Israel as outcast, 20, 38 Ianoxsoo. See Jannoquisso as preacher, 36 Ieogiscat, 24 suspected as witch, 21–2, 23 indentured servitude, 166, 197–215, Hiacoomes, Joel, 54, 92 222 Hiacoomes, John, 116 Indian Converts, 210, 215 Hiacoomes, wife of, 50, 57 Indian Library, 52, 58, 162 Hilcox, Thomas, 137 Inittuane, 43 Hobbomock. See Cheepi intermarriage Hobson, Nicholas, 2 and conflicts over Wampanoag Horn, James, 189 communalism, 248–9 Hossueit, Abel, 146, 177 and conflicts over communnity Hossueit, Betty, 159 support, 249 Hossueit, Deborah, 177 and the idea of the disappearing Hossueit, Hannah, 211 Indian, 233–7 Hossueit, Isaac, 179 and Wampanoag blood quantums, Hossueit, Jonah, 144, 162, 178 229–32 Hossueit, Jonas, 177 Wampanoags with people of color, Hossueit, Joseph, 177 223, 226–8 Hossueit, Josiah, 207 Wampanoags with English, 94 Hossueit, Rebecca, 170 interpreters, 20, 110, 171 Hossueit, Zachariah Jr. See Iroquois, 9, 283 Howwoswee, Zachariah Jr. Hossueit, Zachariah Sr., 158, 159, James, Duke of York. See James II 183 James, Samuel, 106, 189 childhood of, 159–60 James, Thomas, 251 as cultural broker, 171–2 James II, 81, 114 death of, 157 Janawanit, 42, 87 defense of Indian land, 169–70, Jannohquisso (Ianoxsoo), 68 176–7, 178 Jeffers, Sarah, 239 financial resources of, 170–1 Jeffers, Thomas, 182, 238 as magistrate, 160–1 Jeffers, William, 189 as minister, 162, 165 Jerod, Isaiah, 264 opponents of, 177–8 Joab, Isaac, 262 Howwoswee, Elemoth, 229 Job, Experience, 197 Howwoswee, Esther, 214 Job, Martha, 200 Howwoswee, Moses, 226, 237, 251 Job, Peter, 179 Howwoswee, Sarah, 179 Joel (of Chappaquiddick), 114 Howwoswee, Zachariah, Jr., 158, 159, Joel, Abigail, 207 179–83, 221, 223, 238, 240 Joel, Bethia, 197 Howwoswee, Zacheus, 249, 251, 264, Joel, Hezekiah, 206 270 Johaboy (Johnboy), 90 Hunt, Thomas, 3 Johnson, Joseph, 157

296 Index

Johnson, Nathanm, 263 Lazarus, 44, 127 Johnson, Peter, 263 Leverich, William, 44, 75 Johnson, Sidney, 263 liquor, 94, 99, 116 Johnson, Simon (Deacon), 235, 255, and Wampanoag indebtedness, 261, 264, 270 193–4 Joseph (of Chappaquiddick), 57 Wampanoag temperance movement Joseph (of Takemmy), 47 against, 255 Joshua, 57 literacy Josias. See Keteanummin and cultural brokerage, 172 Josnin, Betty, 140 Wampanoag acquisition of, 20, 51–2 and Wampanoag oral authority, 91 Keape, 197, 201 Wampanoag rates of, 93, 117, 161, Kequish, 88 215–18, 254 Keteanummin (Josias), 46–7, 97, 160 Wampanoag ways of, 70, 91, 161 death of, 134 livestock land sales by, 121, 131–4 and Indian leases of pasture, 147, Ketsumin, 42 149, 168, 170 Kiehtan, 32, 59, 69 of Indians, 67, 149 King Philip’s War, 9, 81 and missionary civilizing goals, 67 causes of, 99–103 role of, in establishing Indian English violations of Indian neutrality usufruct rights, 148 during, 104–5, 111 seizure of, during American on Martha’s Vineyard and Revolution, 180 Nantucket, 107–12, 280 Wampanoag–English disputes about, results of, 112–13, 278 96–8, 99, 114, 149–50, 172 Kossunnut, John, 61 Logic Primer, 52 Lovelace, Governor John, 60 land sales. See also Aquinnah; Lovelace, Governor Francis, 82, 84 Chappaquiddick; Christiantown; Luce, Beriah, 179 Nashuakemuck; Nunnepog; sachems; Sengekontacket; Mackakunit, Sam, 88 Takemmy magistrates (Wampanoag), 44, 86, 87, and Indian economic strategies, 88–9, 90, 160–1 177–8 Mahicans, 112 inﬂuence of debt on, 128, 137, 139, Mammanuah, 100 153 Manhut, Hosea, 88, 106, 161, 167 and land deeds, 141–4 manit (manitou), 27–9, 31, 33, 34, 35, by paramount sachems, 42–3 50, 59, 62, 65, 76, 87 and “planting rights,” 126, 135 Manitouwatooan. See Christiantown and “sachem rights,” 126, 136, 139, Manor of Martha’s Vineyard, 140 152 Manor of Tisbury, 82, 140, 275 and Wampanoag–English relations, Manuck, Experience, 211 95–6, 100, 125 Martha’s Vineyard Wampanoag struggles with sachems annexed to New York, 81 over, 46–7, 121–56 during King Philip’s War, 107–12 Wampanoag understandings of, 41, English government on, 39, 82, 95 125 English political struggles on, 107 Lay, William, 49, 50, 71, 86, 87, 127 ﬁrst English settlement of, 17

Index 297

geography of, 280 Mayhew family, xx, 64, 74, 78, 90, 275 natural resources of, 17 Mayhew, John, 55, 73, 83 purchased by Thomas Mayhew Sr., Mayhew, Matthew, 54, 55, 73, 82, 114, 17 119, 133, 140, 154, 197, 201 Martin’s Vineyard. See Martha’s Mayhew, Pain, 147, 175, 176, 177 Vineyard Mayhew, Simon, 181, 223 Mary II, 114 Mayhew, Thomas Jr., 16, 43, 58, 61, 66 Maryland, 282 disappearance of, 54 Mashoquen, 90 missionary work of, 19, 24, 34, 36, Mashpee, 44, 179, 184, 204, 217, 220, 51, 73, 74 225, 236, 257 as preacher to English, 17 conﬂicts with non-Indian residents, Wampanoag language skills of, 20, 74 248, 249 debate of, overcitizenship, 261 Mayhew, Thomas Sr., 49, 58, 72, 81, 93 land ways of, 247 appointed governor for life and protest of, against guardians, 256 manor lord by York, 82 racial composition of, 228, 234, 237 authors Wampanoag catechism, 52 Wampanoag language at, 220, 238 death of, 114 Mashquattuhkooit, 106 and Indian affairs, 43, 83, 84, 85, 90, Mason, John, 40 275 Massachusett (language), 52 during King Philip’s War, 108–9 Massachusetts (colony and state), 6, 7, missionary work of, 54–5, 63, 73 19, 73, 79, 101, 102, 109, 283 opponents of, 107 annexation of the islands and political power of, 39, 75, 81–3, 103 Plymouth, 143 purchases of Indian land by, 7, 46, and Indian citizenship, 256–70 95, 96 Indian guardians of, 152, 161, 172, purchases title to Martha’s Vineyard 176, 177, 181 and Nantucket, 7, 17 laws of, regarding Indian debt, 199, Mayhew, Thomas III, 132, 141 205 Mayhew, Zachariah, 181 laws of, protecting Indian land, 173, Mayhew, Zacheus, 147, 167 174, 197 Meeksishqune, 159 race codes of, 119 Menemsha, 43, 78, 156 Massachusett Indians, 44, 75, 78 Menemsha Pond, 96 Massasoit, 39, 41, 43, 101 Merry, Joseph, 47 Mather, Cotton, 59, 145 Meserick, David, 203 Mather, Increase, 145 Meserick, John, 203 Mattaponis, 11 Meserick, Robin, 203 Matthew (of Chappaquiddick), 57 Metacom (Metacomet). See Philip Matthews, William, 228 Micmacs, 189 Mattshuannamo, 102, 103 Middle Line, xx, 96, 144, 275, 284 Mayhew, Experience, 59, 161, 200, military service (Wampanoag), 189, 210, 216 225, 263 as interpreter, 146, 218 Mill Brook, 96 missionary work of, 208 Milton, Edward, 185 rejected as Wampanoag pastor, 163 Milton, Mary, 185 as Wampanoag advocate, 163 Mingo, Betsy, 228 and Wampanoag Baptists, 162 Mingo, William, 251

298 Index

Misco, Joshua, 211 Moses, Titus, 189 Missionaries. See also Bourne, Richard; Moshup, 32–3, 244–5, 274 Cotton, John Jr.; Eliot, John; Myoxeo, 24, 38, 43 Folger, Peter; Hannit, Japheth; Hiacoomes; Leverich, William; Nahauton, William, 102 Mayhew, Thomas Jr.; Mayhew, Nahnehshehchat, 42, 127 Thomas Sr.; Pierson, Abraham; Nahnehshechat, Matthew, 106 Sassamon, John Nahnoso, John, 62, 87 French Jesuits as, 9, 281, 283 Nahoman, Jane, 169 Moravians as, 9 Nahoman, Sam, 134 Wampanoags as, 73, 116–17 Nanepopo, 90 Missions Nanosco, 88 of Cape Cod, 44 Nanoso, John, 54 as cause of King Philip’s War, 99 Nantucket, 55, 194, 239. See also civilization agenda of, 63–8 Wampanoags, of Nantucket English view of, 19 during King Philip’s War, 108 of Florida, 9, 34 Dutch Rebellion on, 107 lack of, in English colonies, 283 and epidemic of 1763–1764, 219 Moravian, 9 land disputes on, 95, 114, 143 of Nantucket, 73 livestock disputes on, 97, 98 of New England, 44, 73, 78 missionary work on, 73 of New France, 9, 34, 281 New Guinea village of, 241 of New Mexico, 9, 34 as part of York’s patent, 81 in Wampanoag–English relations, 75 Thomas Mayhew Sr.’s inﬂuence on, Mr. Sam. See Wompamog 39 Mittark, 76, 100 Thomas Mayhew Sr.’s purchase of, 7, becomes Christian, 44, 75 17 brother’s challenge to, 105 Wampanoags and the courts of, 88, during King Philip’s War, 109 90, 92, 114 as magistrate, 44, 87, 88 Wampanoag creation story about, and mission politics, 41, 46 33 as preacher, 60 whaling of, 188, 226 supposed declaration of, 141 Narragansetts, 11, 28, 32, 39–41, 44, Mittark, Joseph, 141, 146, 160 46, 75, 79, 84, 100, 102, 111, 112, Mittark, Joseph (II?), 179 155, 157, 208, 254 Moab, John, 199 Nashaquitsa, 43, 156 Mohawks, 105 Nashcompait, 88 Mohegans, 11, 100, 113, 155, 157, 184, Nashcompait, James, 106 219 Nashuakemuck, 11, 19, 85, 96, 158 Momatchegin, Joshua, 62, 106 Christian Indians of, 42, 75 Momonaquem, 36, 42, 54, 60, 62, 87 land sales in, 141, 144, 156 Momonaquem, John, 42, 88, 117, as part of the Mayhews’ manor, 82 136 Natick, Mass., 42, 62. See also praying Montauks, 59 Indians Mortal, Peter, 138 Ned, Solomon, 167, 189 Morton, William, 263 Nemasket, 100, 102 Moses, Eli, 179 Nevers, Daniel, 263 Moses, Ruth, 253 New Bedford, Mass., 227, 239, 251

Index 299

New England Company, 51, 54, 93, Ohquonhut, Dorcas, 127 118, 169, 174, 179, 217, 218 Ohquonhut, Peter, 127 as Aquinnah landlord, 145–8, 154, Ompany, Isaac, 106, 121, 122, 127, 160 180–1, 275 Ompany, Jerusha, 213 as Indian employer, 158, 170 Ompohhunnut, 105, 166, 169 and Indian churches, 163 Ossoit, Zachariah, 159 as sponsor of Indian schools, 161 New England Confession of Faith, 218 Paaonut, Elisha, 70, 87, 127 New France, 281 Paaonut, Job, 169 New Plymouth. See Plymouth (colony) Pakeponesso, 24, 25, 41, 96, 149 Newport, R.I., 43, 251 Pamick, 98 New York (colony), 60, 81, 82, 85, 92, Pammehannit, 16, 42, 110 106, 111, 141, 283 Pamunkeys, 11 annexes Martha’s Vineyard, 81 Panu, Joash, 87, 147 Niantics (Eastern), 112, 208 Panunnut. See Lay, William Nichols, Colonel Richard, 81 Panuppaqua, 87 Nickanoose, 70, 92 Papamick, 47 Nipmucs, 78, 100, 104, 105 Papamick, Zachariah, 135 Nobanash, Sarah, 211 Pattompan, 106 Nobnocket, 54 Pattompan, Elizabeth, 204 Noepe. See Martha’s Vineyard Pattompan, Josiah (Josias), 135, 204 Nohtouassuet (Notooksact), 106 Patuckson, 102 Nohnosso, 47 Paul, Anna, 203 Noman’s Land, 33, 141, 143, 162, 242 Paul, Obadiah, 122, 160 Noquittompany, 127 Paul, Silas, 178 North Neck, 152, 154, 246 Paul, Thomas, 135 Norton, Beriah, 191 Pawtuckets, 78 Norton, Peter, 191 Peag, Sarah, 213 Norton, Thomas, 197 Pease, John, 132, 154 Norwottucks, 104 Pease, Richard L., 270 Nunnamuck, Esther, 167 Pecosh, 96, 149 Nunnanennumuck, 57 Penacooks, 78 Nunnepog, 11, 19, 49, 75, 158 Pennsylvania, 282 begins hosting mission, 24 Pequin, Desire, 201 Christian meeting of, 25, 36, 42 Pequots, 6, 11, 113, 208 Church’s role in, 154 Pequot War, The, 6, 19, 40, 75, 102 decline of sachemship in, 138 Perkins, Jacob, 83 geography of, 156, 280 Philip (Metacom; Wampanoag sachem), land sales in, 136–8 46, 78 population of, 25, 137 grievances of, against the English, Tawanquatuck’s division of, 7 99–103 and John Sassamon, 91 Oak Bluffs, 270 during King Philip’s War, 105 Obadiah (of Nantucket), 90, 114 loss of Christian Wampanoag tribute, Occaom, Samson, 157, 210 89 Ocusha, Jonathan, 177 on Nantucket, 92 Ohhumuh, Caleb, 162 Philip, John, 140, 162 Ohkohtonat (Autumsquin), 41, 138 Pierson, Abraham, 59

300 Index

Plymouth (colony), 4, 58, 78, 84, 92, of Punkapoag, 75, 102 142, 283 reforms of, 64–5, 66, 67–8, 89–90 disputes of, with Philip, 100–3 scholarly treatment of, 8–10 during King Philip’s War, 104, 108 schools of, 51 Plymouth (town), 55 praying towns, 8–9, 44, 75, 102, 105 Pniesok, 30–1 Prince, Margaret, 228 Pocasset, 99, 101 Providence, R.I., 251 Pocumtucks, 104 Pueblo Indians, 9 Ponit, Jane, 127 Punkapoag. See praying Indians Pokanoket, 89, 99, 100 Puttuspaquin, 94 Pomatook, 115 Pynchon, John, 39 Pomet, Joseph, 177 Pooskin, Zachariah, 134 Quakers, 58 Pond, Caleb, 207 Quanch, Jeremy, 189 Popmechohoo, Joseph, 70, 106 Quasson, Joseph, 203 population. See also Aquinnah; Queen Anne’s War, 189 Chappaquiddick; Christiantown; Quene, Sarah, 166 Nashuakemuck; Nunnepog; Praying Indians; Takemmy; race, 224 Wampanoags among sailors, 227 colonists of Martha’s Vineyard, 68, and blood quantum, 229 130 Christianity’s role in, 119–20, colonists of New England, 6 277–8 Indians of New England, 5 and deﬁnitions of Indians as colored, losses of, from King Philip’s War, 112 232–6, 261, 266 Wampanoags of Elizabeth Islands, 72 white notions of Indians, 186–7, 224, Wampanoags of Martha’s Vineyard, 233–7, 278–9 19, 72, 74, 107, 127, 130 white notions of blacks, 224 Potter, Tobit, 185 Randolph, John, 264 powwows (shamans), 24, 31, 34, 35–7, Randolph, Serena, 264 44, 62, 71, 73, 76 Rappahannocks, 11 Poxim, 47 Reconstruction, 262, 263 Practice of Piety (Baylies), 52, 218 Rehoboth, 78 praying Indians religious translation colonial bias against, 113 deﬁned, 33 colonists’ treatment of, during King illustrated, 34–7, 58–60 Philip’s War, 105, 109 Rhode Island, 55, 58, 92, 142, 208 gather covenanted church on Roaring Brook, 156, 168 Martha’s Vineyard, 37–8 Rodgers, Joel, 251 of Hassanamessit, 75 Rodman, Abram, 264, 271 of Massachusetts, 73 Rodman, Hosanna, 264 of Nantucket, 73 Rogers, Ebenezer, 167 of Natick, 62, 75 Rose, Alfred P., 263 number of, 36 ordination of, on Martha’s Vineyard, sachems. See also Awashunks; 62 Cagenhew, Hepzibah; pre-Christian traditions of, 56–7, Cheeschamuck; Inittuane; 68–71 Keteanummin; Massasoit; Mittark;

Index 301

Mittark, Joseph; Myoxeo; Sengekontacket, 11, 19, 49, 158 Ohkohtonat; Pakeponesso; church’s role in, 154 Pammehannit; Philip; Philip, John; geography of, 156, 280 Pooskin, Zachariah; Puttuspaquin; land sales in, 138–40, 197 Seeknout; Seeknout, Jacob; population of, 139 Seeknout, Joseph; Tawanquatuck; racial composition of, 232 Tispaquin; Towtowe; Uncas; Seven Years’ War, 189 Wamsutta; Wannamanhut; Sewall, Samuel, 118, 120, 145, 218 Wassulon; Weetamoo; Wompamog; shamans. See powwows Wuttununohkomkooh Shohkow, John. See Assaquanhut and customs of succession, 124, 134 Shohkow, Micah, 127 debts of, 128 Silas, Abigail, 212 duties of, 89, 123, 124 Simpson, Sam, 189 importance of, to missions, 25 Sims, Joel, 88 land sales of, 95, 121–56 Sissetom, Dinah, 199 and mission politics, 41–8, 86, Sissetom, Hannah, 217 100 Sissetom, Thomas, 117 of Mohegans, 155 Sissetome. See Seanan of Narragansetts, 155 Skiff, Benjamin, 178 unseating of, 135 Skiff, Ebenezer, 184 and Wampanoag courts, 86, 87 Skiff, Nathan, 178 sachemship(s). See also Aquinnah, Skinny, Jo, 199 Chappaquiddick; Nunnepog; slaves (Indian), 104, 111, 188 Sengekontacket; Takemmy Slocum, Cuffee (Kofi), 253 definition of, 123, 124 smallpox, 22 of Martha’s Vineyard, 19, 124 Society or Company for the Saconnet, 84, 99, 100, 101, 117 Propagation of the Gospel in New Salisbury, Beulah, 228 England and the parts adjacent. See Salisbury, John, 251 New England Company Sandwich, 7, 104, 108, 178 Society of Friends. See Quakers Sarah (of Takemmy), 115 Society for the Propagation of the Sarson, Richard, 108 Gospel in North America, 241, Sarson, Samuel, 139 254 Sassachuamin, 149 Soomanan, Job, 63, 122, 141 Sassamon, John, 79, 91, 100, 101–3 Soquin, William, 167 Saul, 25 Sowomog, Pilot, 189 Saunders, John, 231 Springfield, 105 schools (Wampanoag), 51, 161–2, Squakheags, 104 254 Squant, 32 Seantan, 50 Squanto, 3 Seeknout, 96, 114, 149 Squibnocket, 140, 143 Seeknout, Hepzibah. See Cagenhew, Stonewall Pond, 96 Hepzibah Sumner, John, 173, 191 Seeknout, Hezekiah, 152 Suncosoh, Daniel, 167 Seeknout, Jacob, 150–3, 155 Swansea, 78, 103 Seeknout, Joseph, 152 Seeknout, Joshua, 149 Tabor, Peter Jr., 137 Seeknout, Matthew, 152 Tackamasun, Stephen, 162

302 Index

Tackanash, 50 violence, in Wampanoag–English Tackanash, John, 54, 55, 60, 62 relations, 92–3, 115 Tackanash, Stephen, 106 vision quest, 28–9, 30 Tackanash, Thomas, 218 Takemmy, 75, 82, 96, 97 Wabenakis, 2, 112, 189 land sales in, 46–7, 131–6 Wampanoag language, xxi, 19, 20 sachemship of, 19 Christian terminology in, 58–60, 61 struggles with sachem, 46–7, 95, colonists’ ignorance of, 93 131–6 decline of, 185, 237–8 Talman, James, Jr., 140 use of, in church, 165, 238 Talman, John, 140, 212 and Wampanoag identity, 240, 242 Talman, Peter, 140 Wampanoags Talman, Sarah. See Howwoswee, blackface rite of, 22, 66 Sarah of Cape Cod, 6, 84, 89, 100, 108, Taphaus, Bethia, 127 218, 225 Taphaus, William, 194, 196 Christianity of, and community life, Taunosan, 47 76, 117, 276–7 Taunton, 78 communal ways of, 183–4, 195, 244, Tawanquatuck 246–8, 264–5 attempted assasination of, 26 contacts of, with European explorers, as Christian magistrate, 38, 87, 88 2 divides Nunnepog, 26 dance ways of, 65 sells land to Thomas Mayhew Sr., 7, of Dartmouth, 60 17 death ways of, 65–6, 69–70, 195 supports mission, 25, 38 dress ways of, 63–5, 191, 213, 243 Tequannum, 47 economy of, 187–93, 211–12 Tequanonim, 35, 38 of Eel River, 220 Thaxter, Joseph, 158, 234 female traditions of, 242 Thaxter, Leavitt, 243, 261 food ways of, 214, 242 Thirteenth Amendment, 262 of Herring Pond, 234, 239, 241, 257 Tickipit, 47 Indian identity of, 221–2, 242–51 Tisbury (town), 47, 131 and indentured servitude, 197–215 Tisbury Great Pond, 96 justice ways of, 87 Tispaquin, 39, 100, 101, 102 and King Philip’s War, 104, 110, 111, Tisquantum. See Kiehtan 112, 116–18 Tississa, 95 and liquor, 94 Tobias, 102, 103 literacy ways of, 70 Tocamo, Isaac, 137 in mainland “colored” Tockanot, James, 189 neighborhoods, 253 Towtowe, 88, 96 male traditions of, 242 marriage ways of, 90, 150 Uhquat, Elizabeth, 185 of Martha’s Vineyard, 2, 4, 22 Uncas, 40 military service of, 189 of Monument Pond, 215 Vanderhoop, Edwin D., 263 of Nantucket, 54, 88, 89, 92, 97, 98, Vanderhoop, William, 228 100, 108, 219, 241, 254 Vineyard Gazette, 241, 264, 269 parenting ways of, 68

Index 303

population majority on Martha’s Wessoah, wife of, 90 Vineyard, 74 West Chop. See Nobnocket and racial discrimination, 252–3 West, Thomas, 115 religious beliefs and rituals of, 23, Wetamoo, 101 26–33 whaling, 127, 166, 173, 188, 205, schools of, 51 226 singing ways of, 70 Wheelock, Eleazar, 213 spread of mission among, 44, 78, 117 William (son of Tispaquin), 100 supposed conspiracies of, 7, 83, 101, William III, 114, 143 102 Winslow, Josiah, 100, 102 ties of, with Massachusetts Indians, Winthrop, John, Jr., 63, 74 44, 46 Winthrop, Wait, 145 as whalers and sailors, 205 Wompamog (Wobamuck, Nabamuck, work ways of, 66–8, 70 Mr. Sam), 99, 106 Wampapaquan, 102 land sales of, 41, 88, 139 wampum (wampumpeag), 40, 43, 75, as magistrate, 87, 88 79 as preacher, 60, 130, 138 Wuttuspaquin. See Tispaquin Wompas, Abigail, 169, 202 Wamsley, Jane, 246, 264 Woronocos, 104 Wamsutta, 43, 101 Worsano, Gershom, 202 Wannamanhut, 46, 151 Worth, John, 196 Wapetunk, 277 Wright, John, 114 Wapuck, Hannah, 219 Wunnanuahkomun, 87 Washaman (of Chappaquiddick), 55 Wunnattuhquanmow, 136–8, 160 Washamon (of Nunnepog), 136 Wuttahhonnompisin, 88, 106 Waskosim’s Rock, xix, 96 Wuttinomanomin, 88, 106 Wassulon, 42 Wuttununohkomkooh, 16–17, 48, 72, Watertown, 17 110 Wauwompuhque, Abel Jr., 87, 146, 212 Yarmouth, 7, 218 Wauwompuhque, Abel, Sr., 44, 87, 88, Yonohummuh, 88 102, 106 Weeks, Tamson, 242 Zephariah (Old Zephariah, of Wessoah, 90 Mashpee), 179