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Lab 4 | Vallingby Lab 4 | Vallingby.. Adapting the welfare state model to present needs. The ABC-Town in transition The neighbourhood Atlantis, Vällingby Photo: Will Cousins, 2019 .. The present report is a documentation of the insights related to New Towns and migration from the two-day New Town Lab in Vällingby and it should be read within that context. The lab was the fourth of five events as part of the two-year project “New Towns Arrival Cities”, led by the Municipality of Nissewaard and coordinated by INTI, the International New Town Institute. European New Towns, built by the welfare state to accommodate growing urban populations, all share a social democratic background and planned nature; today, they all face similar challenges as they struggle to adapt to rapidly growing and diversifying populations. The New Towns Arrival Cities project, funded by the European Union as part of its Europe for Citizens Programme, is a platform for knowledge exchange between six European New Towns and three research institutions on the topic of migration. It consists of five two- day “New Town Lab” events in five partner cities: Milton Keynes, UK (November 22-23, 2017), Sabaudia, Italy (May 16-17, 2018), Grand Paris Sud, France (October 17-18 2018), Vällingby, Sweden (December 12-13, 2018) and Nissewaard, The Netherlands (February 20-21-22, 2019). The five chapters of the report reflect the main topics addressed in each of the project’s five New Towns Labs, with the aim of establishing a structure that would make the results of the five labs relevant to the other partner cities and easily comparable. Instead of offering definitive conclusions, the report presents the main challenges, insights, observations and questions that came out of the presentations and discussions, with the intention of providing a base for further investigation. New Towns Arrival Cities project website: http://www.newtowninstitute.org/spip.php?rubrique149 New Towns Arrival Cities | Lab 4 | Va..llingby The New Towns Arrival Cities project is co-funded by the European Union’s Europe for Citizens programme. International New Town Institute (INTI): Michelle Provoost (Director of INTI) Viviana Rubbo (Project Leader) Isabel Kooij (Communication) The project also involves the following partners: Milton Keynes Council University of Padua Municipality of Sabaudia Agglomeration of Grand Paris Sud School of Architecture, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Municipality of Vällingby Municipality of Nissewaard Aarhus School of Architecture Municipality of Aarhus International New Town Institute New Towns Arrival Cities | Lab 4 | Va..llingby Table of Contents p.1 Vällingby: An Introduction History Planning concept Vällingby today New arrivals and emerging needs The questions of the New Town Lab p.5 1. Heritage and Culture. The B-word. From heritage to today’s housing challenge p.9 2. Public Space. Green and blue networks as drivers of inclusion processes to overcome segregation and isolation p.11 3. Adapting the Welfare State model. Changed demographics and economic conditions necessitate to re-think the A-B-C model p.13 4. Building a positive narrative. Understanding and accepting cultural differences p.14 5. Government-citizen relations. Building trust is key to establishing a dialogue p.16 Conclusions p.17 Bibliography Annexes Appendix 1: Programme of the New Town Lab, Dec 12-14, 2018 Appendix 2: Speakers’ biographies Credits Texts: Viviana Rubbo and Isabel Kooij Editing and contents supervision: Michelle Provoost, INTI Executive Director New Towns Arrival Cities | Lab 4 | Va..llingby . VALLINGBY An introduction Vällingby was inaugurated in 1954. It was one of the satellite towns along the newly expanded subway line from Stockholm city centre to Hässelby in the westernmost part of the municipality. Vällingby was an ABC-town, which stood for Arbete, Bostad, Centrum (Work, Dwelling, Centre). The ABC model was developed from the concept grannskapsenhet or Neighbourhood Unit – an idea originating with the American planner Clarence Perry in the 1920s. Just as most modern New Towns the notion was that a good city should be based on semi self-sufficient neighbourhoods that each contained the very basic services needed for daily life within a walking distance. With dedicated schools, shops, post and bank offices, social services, and more, the neighbourhood unit would create a community and provide a sense of belonging and security for residents. The concept had previously been used to plan Årsta in southern Stockholm in the 1940s, and it was scaled-up and broadened in Vällingby, especially to expand the number of local employment opportunities. Vällingby was planned to accommodate between 25,000 and 30,000 inhabitants, who were imagined as socially and economically independent from central Stockholm and the surrounding urban areas. Aerial view of Vällingby centre and surrounding dwellings, 1958. Taken by Oscar Bladh. Source: Stockholm City Museum. New Towns Arrival Cities | Lab 4 | Va..llingby 1 Planning concept The three parts of A, B, and C are distinctly present in the town plan. Work (A, arbete) should be localized in close proximity to people’s homes and the town centre, while two industrial zones were planned to the west and south. Workplaces should also be located in the centre. Besides the employment opportunities offered by the shops, restaurants, and various public institutions, offices were located above the stores and restaurants and in a few higher buildings. Dwellings (B, bostäder) were planned in a variety of typologies, from low-rise and high-rise multifamily apartment buildings, to single-family houses and row houses, all within the maximum distance of 800 meters from the centre. And finally, the centre (C, centrum) was located in the middle and provided commercial, cultural, social, recreational, and religious services and institutions. It also was intended to act as a hub for transportation,.. with a subway stop (30 min to Stockholm Central Station), bus station, and a large number of parking places located underneath and around the town square. Cars and buses were separated from pedestrians and cyclists. Within residential areas, cars were only allowed on one side of the buildings, while cycling and walking paths were generously provided throughout the town; they connected Vällingby to the nearby areas and to the centre of Stockholm. Historical image of Vällingby Centrum in the 1950s Source: Nordiska Museet (ph. Erik Liljeroth) Vällingby in Postcards Historical image of Vällingby Centrum in the 1950s Source: Petronella Mill Source: Nordiska Museet (ph. Gunnar Lundh) New Towns Arrival Cities | Lab 4 | Va..llingby 2 Vällingby was the result of the regional planning of greater Stockholm in the post-war period, which focused on decentralization and making room for the long-term growth of the city. The most important plan was the General Plan of 1952, developed by the City Planning Office and its director, Sven Markelius. Since the 19th century, the city had acquired larger land areas – sometimes from other municipalities – in order to expand its borders and keep control over the territory to secure the housing provision and the urban development schemes, which were necessary for the city to grow in a sustainable and inclusive way. With a clear parallel to what we learned in the New Town of Spijkenisse in the Netherlands, the satellite towns of the so-called ‘Vällingby Group’ (Vällingbygruppen) were built along the western subway line. These satellite New Towns were planned to work as partially independent towns, each inventing its own life, while physically connected to the capital city via the Tunnelbana. Each of these stops was planned as a city centre on its own, only slightly differentiated by the weight given to the balance of A-B-C functions in the planning schemes, as described by Sven Markelius in 1952 during a conference in Lisbon “the proximity of residence to the workplace must be considered as one of the most vital problems requiring solution and an important point is, therefore, to strive for a suitable balance between dwelling and workplace within a limited area1. While this principle naturally suggests a parallel with the French case of Evry, and the C-component (shopping and cultural centre as driving and structural function of the New Town) with the case of MK, Vällingby is characterized by a substantial difference which lays in the governance system structure; the New Town (like other Stockholm’s satellite towns) maintains a strong administrative dependence to the decision-making level of the mother city’s government. Contrarily, Milton Keynes and the French New Towns of Evry and Senart, or the above mentioned Nissewaard in the Rotterdam metropolitan region, all exist as a municipality on its own. Vallingby. The city of Stockholm is divided into 14 districts based on geographical area. Hässelby-Vällingby is one of the Western districts in the municipality. Hässelby-Vällingby has an area of 19,6 km2 and comprises sub-districts such as Grimsta, Hässelby Gård (farm), Hässelby Strand (beach), Hässelby Villastad (villa town) Kälvesta, Nälsta, Råcksta, Vinsta and Vällingby. The abundance of green space and water also makes Hässelby-Vällingby distinct. For instance, Grimsta nature reserve, including Råcksta Träsk, is considered valuable for outdoor activities. A popular walking course runs along Lake Mälaren, which connects the seaside resorts of Canaan and Maltesholm. In these diverse and easily accessible green areas, there are good opportunities for both relaxation
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