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The Suburb United Will Never Be Defeated -Youth Organization, Belonging, and Protest in a Million Program Suburb of Stockholm

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The Suburb United Will Never Be Defeated -Youth Organization, Belonging, and Protest in a Million Program Suburb of Stockholm The Suburb United Will Never Be Defeated -Youth Organization, Belonging, and Protest in a Million Program Suburb of Stockholm Daniela Lazoroska SAM212 Master’s thesis Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University 30 ECTS credits, Spring 2013 Supervisor: Jennifer Mack Abstract This thesis examines the continually reconfiguring response of a youth organization towards a renovation project, Järvalyftet, run by the City of Stockholm in the Million Program suburbs. By analyzing this relationship, I aim to discuss how the youth organization works to mediate inclusion in political and representational spheres. More specifically, I will discuss the intersections between Järvalyftet’s development and the claims of belonging made by the youths upon the particular suburb, Husby, where they resided. My interest lies in understanding the conjuncture and disjuncture of claims that have been made to community, locality, and local knowledge in the interaction between the youth organization and the project Järvalyftet. I argue that the forms of community instigated by the youth organization, which were based on locality and “blackness”, allowed them to position themselves as key proponents of social and political change, as well as mobilize allies in others who identified with those experiences. Keywords: Youth organization, Husby, community formation, protest, Järvalyftet, Million Program. 1 Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 Aims and Research Questions ................................................................................................................................ 7 Organization .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter Two: The Minutiae ............................................................................................................ 10 Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................10 Fieldwork in Husby............................................................................................................................................11 Participant-Observation and Interviews .........................................................................................................13 The Anthropologist and the Field ...................................................................................................................18 Theory.......................................................................................................................................................................20 Community in the City ......................................................................................................................................20 Experientially Based Knowledge and Its Dissemination .............................................................................22 Producing Locality and Going Beyond It ......................................................................................................23 Background ..............................................................................................................................................................24 Järvalyftet .............................................................................................................................................................24 The Speaker .........................................................................................................................................................27 Chapter Three: All Power to the People, and the People are Us .................................................... 32 All Power to the People: Black Power and Community ..................................................................................33 The Suburb as Identity: Spaces of Division and Connection ..........................................................................42 Neighborhood Advisory Committees and Autonomy .....................................................................................47 Chapter Four: Stand Up for Your Suburb ....................................................................................... 55 Dear Beatrice, ..........................................................................................................................................................56 The New Voltaires ..................................................................................................................................................60 The Local as an Expert ..........................................................................................................................................66 Chapter Five: If We Are Not Heard, Then We Are Not Seen ......................................................... 71 Spreading the Message ...........................................................................................................................................72 Chapter Six: Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 81 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 88 Official Documents ................................................................................................................................................93 Internet Resources ..................................................................................................................................................93 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 96 2 Chapter One: Introduction When I lecture, they ask me, “Tell us what’s going on in the suburbs. It’s so exciting!” No, it’s not exciting at all! It’s a tragedy! It’s a tragedy that marginalized youths are filling in the gaps of responsibilities that the municipality and the state have not taken! (Murat, Rinkeby, 2013) The Swedish suburbs that Murat was referring to were once taken as the welfare state’s most elaborate prodigy. They were part of the large-scale housing project the “Million Program” (Miljonprogrammet), which aimed, and succeeded, at constructing one million dwelling units from 1965 to 1974. The future classless society was to be achieved through a standardization of conditions; social equality was tightly interknitted with spatial uniformity. Over four decades after the Million Program’s completion, the longed-for modernist utopia has become the hub where residents, often as young as their early teens, have enacted countless protests. Since November 2012 I have been studying a youth organization, the Speaker1, and its actions of opposition aimed towards a project2 called Järvalyftet3. The site for my fieldwork was Husby, one of the Million Program suburbs, a 20-minute train trip from the city of Stockholm (Figure 1:1). I pay particular attention to the potential for social change embedded in the youths’ struggles for belonging, control and representation over what they named as “our neighborhoods” (våra områden). The Million Program suburbs and their scale and speed of construction, were a result of a housing shortage, as well as grave problems of urban overcrowding (Söderqvist, 1999; Arnstberg, 2000). The dwellings built during the 10 year period still stand for 25 percent of Sweden’s housing (Wallenstein & Mattsson, 2010: 8). They were made the homes of the extant citizens and of the incoming laborers and asylum seekers, as the Sweden of the late 1960s was industrially strong and rapidly growing (Arnstberg, 2000). One of my informants, Tor, a man well into his eighties, has lived in Husby since 1975. He once told me that these very suburbs were exciting places to move to during that period. Planners had promised that there would be a tree for every child in the district, “and they kept their promise”, he proudly confirmed. The Million Program suburbs were spaces of hope and great aspirations for the future, both for those who, like Tor, 1 A pseudonym, as are all names in the text. 2 The project focuses upon the renovation of existing housing and new construction, as well as raising rates of employment, feelings of security (trygghet) and the quality of the education (see Vision Järva 2030, 2009). It affects the boroughs of Rinkeby-Kista and Spånga-Tensta, to the north of Stockholm. These boroughs are comprised of these districts: Husby, Kista, Akalla, Rinkeby, Tensta, and Hjulsta. 3 The name is derived from the name of the green area Järvafältet, “the Järva Field”, around which the boroughs Spånga-Tensta and Rinkeby-Kista were built. Järvalyftet literally means “the Järva lift”. 3 settled there, and also for the architects and planners involved in the process of their construction. Author Per Forsman captures the ambitions in the following way: They [the architects] felt the rhythms, and heard the sounds between the façades, streets, and terrains, a kind of “landscape music of the artifacts” [artefakternas landskapsmusik]. They believed that those who would come to live there would also hear the music, maybe not consciously, but as a feeling4 (Forsman, 1993: 307). The green area Järvafältet (Järva Field) upon
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