Medieval Spain

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Medieval Spain

Medieval Spain Culture, Conflict, and Coexistence Studies in Honour of Angus MacKay

Edited by

Roger Collins and Anthony Goodman Editonal matter and selection © Roger Collins and Anthony Goodman 2002 Chapters 1–14 © Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 978-0-333-79387-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-42000-1 ISBN 978-1-4039-1977-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403919779 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data Medieval Spain : culture, conflict, and coexistence/edited by Roger Collins and Anthony Goodman p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Spain—Civilization—711–1516. I. Collins, Roger, 1949- II. Goodman, Anthony, 1936- DP99 .M34 2002 946’.02—dc21 2002022085 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Contents

Introduction: Angus MacKay and the History of Later Medieval Spain vii Roger Collins

A Bibliography of Angus MacKay’s contributions to the subject xvii Anthony Goodman

Notes on the Contributors xxii

1 Continuity and Loss in Medieval Spanish Culture: the Evidence of MS Silos, Archivo Monástico 4 1 Roger Collins 2 Traitors to the Faith? Christian Mercenaries in al-Andalus and the Maghreb, c. 1100–1300 23 Simon Barton 3 Jews and Moors in the Siete Partidas of Alfonso X the Learned: a Background Perspective 46 Robert I. Burns 4 Trading with the ‘Other’: Economic Exchanges between Muslims, Jews, and Christians in Late Medieval Northern Castile 63 Teofilo F. Ruiz 5 Catalina of Lancaster, the Castilian Monarchy and Coexistence 79 Ana Echevarria 6 Alonso de Cartagena’s Libros de Seneca: Disentangling the Manuscript Tradition 123 N.G. Round 7 Laus Urbium: Praise of Two Andalusian Cities in the Mid-Fifteenth Century 148 Brian Tate 8 Peace and War on the Frontier of Granada. Jaén and the Truce of 1476 160 Manuel González Jiménez 9 Songbooks as Isabelline Propaganda: the Case of Oñate and Egerton 176 Dorothy Severin

v vi Contents

10 Court Poets at Play: Zaragoza, 1498 183 Ian Macpherson 11 Conversion in Córdoba and Rome: Francisco Delicado’s La Lozana Andaluza 202 John Edwards 12 The Making of Isabel de Solis 225 José Enrique López de Coca 13 The Conquest of Granada in Nineteenth-Century English and American Historiography 242 Richard Hitchcock Introduction: Angus MacKay and the History of Later Medieval Spain

Roger Collins

Amongst the leading British hispanists of recent decades, Angus Mackay is exceptional, not so much because he was trained as a historian as in the fact that he has passed his entire scholarly career in university departments of History; principally that of the University of Edinburgh. For most readers this may hardly seem a paradox. Where else, it might be asked, would you expect to find a historian of Later Medieval Spain, especially one of such eminence? However, it has been one of the peculiarities of British universities that very few history departments have felt able to include hispanists in their ranks. In consequence, a surprisingly large number of the most outstanding British historians of Later Medieval Spain have made academic homes for themselves in departments of Spanish language and literature or of Hispanic Studies (that is, including Portuguese). Put another way, this has meant that many of the best known scholars of Later Medieval Spanish literature in the British Isles are by training historians, and are as happy to devote themselves to historical as to literary researches. This, it may be thought, has resulted in a very fruitful fusion of two disciplines that ought to be closely linked, but that in many other areas and periods of cultural study are all too often kept artificially sepa- rated. It could be argued that this has been one of the great strengths of British medieval hispanism over the past half century or more. This may seem a round-about way of starting an encomium, but the particular circumstances described, which have affected the nature of the study of Later Medieval Spain in British universities, may help to explain something of the career, writings, and achievement of Angus MacKay. Thus, it should be added that the reasons why departments of history have not found much room for medieval hispanists are not the result of prejudice, so much as a reflection of the limited role that any Spanish dimension, with few excep- tions, has been allowed to play in most British school and university syllabus- es. This in turn reflects something of the dead hand of a tradition that, unthinkingly, regarded southern Britain (excluding Wales), northern France, the Rhineland, and Italy from Rome northwards as the only parts of medieval Europe in which significant events occurred in the medieval centuries, or which had worthwhile contributions to make to the development of European civilization. To this may be added another, more pragmatic factor, in the form of the limited availability of works in English on the history of Spain in this period.

vii viii Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain

However, it is one of the achievements of Angus MacKay and his generation of hispanists that this second reason is no longer a valid one. There now exist more books and articles written in English on Later (and Earlier) Medieval Spain, as well as English translations of original Latin and Spanish texts, than there are comparable items to be found that relate to the history of France or Germany in the same period. One consequence of this is that there are now really no excuses for Spanish medieval (and modern) history not to take its appropriate place in the curriculum. The situation outlined here so briefly, if perhaps a little provocatively, might have been expected to have resulted in something of a chicken and egg quandary. If little or no Spanish medieval history was being taught in Britain, how would anyone become a Spanish medieval historian, and thus write the books that should make it possible for Spanish medieval history to become teachable? There must be strong reasons or particular circumstances that enabled potential historians of Spain to defy the logic of this argument, and emerge as fully fledged hispanists. So, it is not unreasonable to wonder how Angus came to be the kind of scholar that he is. In his particular case, it would at least be fair to suggest that his birth in Peru in 1939, where his father was then working for the British Council, may have given him an interest in, and certainly provided a close acquaintance with Hispanic language and culture, even if not of a medieval kind. In particular, the passing of several formative years in South America equipped him with a more than enviable command of the Spanish language, not just academically but also at the level of the street. To this would be added in the 1960s a thor- ough submersion in the Spanish of Spain, while he was there carrying out the research for his doctoral thesis. In subsequent years his unselfconscious blending of the argot of the Lima back streets of his youth with the high speech of Castilian polite discourse would provide ‘understandably a source of great entertainment to his peninsular Spanish friends.’ As will be clear, while his youthful experiences and linguistic opportunities may have given him a leaning towards matters Hispanic, an undergraduate course in history in a British university in the early 1960s would not have done much to strengthen or sustain it. Here, however, Edinburgh, where he arrived in 1960, was a more than fortunate choice of university, as the influ- ence of Denys Hay, who was for many years the holder of the chair of medieval history, proved decisive. It was with his active encouragement that in 1963 Angus went on to undertake a doctoral thesis under his supervision on Economy and Society in Castile in the Fifteenth Century. As a Renaissance scholar, Denys Hay’s own research interests were primarily directed towards Italy, and focused on cultural and intellectual history far more than economic. So his willingness to direct Angus’s attention towards the relatively little studied kingdom of Castile, and to support his research on its economic history, represented academic philanthropy of no mean order; something its beneficiary warmly acknowledged. Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain ix

That this thesis would involve extended periods of work in Spanish state and ecclesiastical archives was inevitable. Such labours also form a right of passage that bonds together hispanists of many generations; all of whom have experienced the many and various eccentricities of Spanish archives and archivists, especially of the ecclesiastical sort. The exchange of tales of the difficulties encountered, and how, in most cases, they were sustained or over- come still provides a favourite topic of conversation when and wherever two or more medieval hispanists are gathered together. While the ‘horror’ stories are the most fun, it has to be admitted that there are some Spanish archives that open for sensible lengths of time, which is to say, for more than an hour a day, and some archivists indeed exist who welcome rather than repel researchers. Angus’s published expressions of thanks to the custodians of the municipal archives of Burgos and Seville and of the cathedral archive of the former city, as well as the thesis based upon the documents in their care, may reflect experiences of the latter sort, but there were no doubt many bizarre and eccentric moments as well. While no one of a hasty disposition or who is addicted to punctuality would long survive as a hispanist – the difficulties in tracking down elusive custodians, the odd hours, and the periodic chaos of the archives and libraries have to be taken as a source of delight for their sheer Spanishness rather than become a cause for agitation or rage – the political complexion of the Iberian peninsula in the mid-1960s can hardly have been congenial to Angus. Some foreign researchers may at the time, for religious or political reasons, have found the Franco regime positively congenial, while others may have been more interested in their own work than in the social context in which it was being car- ried out. It is impossible for Angus to have belonged to the former category and highly improbable that he fell into the latter. While it would never have done, not least for the sake of his work and for that of his growing band of Spanish friends, for Angus to have been expelled from Spain or refused reentry into the country, he was able to give freer rein to his own radical sympathies in his research and publications, while at the same time breaking new ground in his chosen subject. That his initial chronological preference, to which he has largely remained faithful, was for the fifteenth century may have originally resulted from a wider interest in that period while an undergraduate, but it was also the perfect choice for someone not in step with the very conservative ideology that was not only that of the Franco regime of 1939 to 1975, but which was also for a much longer period the dominant one in Spanish medieval historiography. Essentially, in an interpretation that acquired canonical status thanks to the publications of an academically dominant group of literary and historical scholars in the early twentieth century, the so-called ‘Generation of 1898’, Spanish medieval history came to be equated completely with that of Castile, and the promotion of strong centralizing government became the criterion by which individuals and whole periods in the Hispanic past had to be judged. x Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain

Thus, simply put, the unification of much of the Iberian peninsula under the Castilian crown unquestioningly came to be regarded as ‘a good thing’, and those monarchs who promoted conquest and expansion were lauded as as ‘good kings’. Those who failed to promote such objectives, or, worse still, lost Castilian territory or allowed the power of central government to weaken were not only bad; they were hardly worthy of scholarly study. In such a perspective, until redeemed in the joint reign of Fernando II of Aragón (1479–1516) and Isabel I of Castile (1474–1504), the late fourteenth century and the first three-quarters of the fifteenth represented an age of scarcely miti- gated failure and decline, and the Castilian ruling house of the Trastámara (1369–1516) was popularly regarded as a dynasty of duffers (much like their contemporaries, the Scottish Stuarts). Throughout his scholarly career, Angus MacKay has always temperamentally had a strong sympathy for the underdog. Much of his more recent work has been devoted to the study of the neglected, the marginalized and the under- privileged in late medieval Castilian society, including not least the ‘Averroistas’, the Spanish Converso prostitutes who tried to making a living for themselves in early sixteenth-century Rome. Not dissimilar feelings may have contributed to his choice of period itself. For it was one that had similarly been largely neglected and misunderstood, and was certainly one that called out for reevaluation and revision. In his book of 1977, Later Medieval Spain: from Frontier to Empire, 1000–1500, to be considered in more detail below, he vindicated the study of the final two centuries of this period on their own terms, but at the same time he was perhaps then also rather inclined to emphasize aspects of it that were ancestral to some of the more important features of Spanish history and society in the suc- ceeding ‘Golden Age’ of the sixteenth century. This teleological undercurrent in the book, which has never subsequently resurfaced in his work, may have been a symptom of a need he felt at the time, but not since, to justify giving so much weight to a period previously so little regarded. It is indeed one of Angus’s achievements that he and a handful of other scholars have so effec- tively put fifteenth-century Castile in particular so firmly ‘on the map’, especially for an English-speaking readership. His initial concern was with the functioning of the Castilian monetary economy, not least in respect of prices and coinage, and the first fruits of this had appeared in his thesis, accepted for the degree of doctor of philosophy by the University of Edinburgh in 1970, soon after he himself joined the department of history in the same university as a Lecturer. This followed a four year period as lecturer in history in the still nascent University of Reading. While his thesis on the fifteenth-century Castilian economy has never been published in its original form, it and the research upon which it was based provided the foundations for Angus’s second book, published by the Royal Historical Society in 1981, on Money, Prices and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Castile. While modestly disclaiming any formal grounding in economic histo- Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain xi ry, he explained the genesis of the work thus: ‘the importance of the problems which this book attempts to solve persuaded me to embark on the study of prices’; a typically clear sighted and level headed remark. A subject is recognized as central to the proper understanding of the period; problems in the way of making sense of it are identified; then they are eliminated. As Angus also here commented, most historians of the period recognized the need for hard economic data but found it difficult to apply it when dealing with an age such as this in which monetary upheavals and fluctuations in the value of the coinage were frequent. Quantitative information was by itself of no use, unless it could be put into a clearly delineated economic context. This is what Angus in a relatively short compass of just over one hundred pages of text and nearly seventy of tables, graphs and documents set about doing. In three austerely authoritative chapters, he dealt firstly with the supplies of pre- cious metals, secondly with the relationships between price fluctuations, gov- ernmental debasements of the coinage and the prevalence of counterfeiting of coins, and thirdly with the political dimensions of the debasements and devaluations. That this work was of seminal importance, which put its subject on a much securer foundation, none would deny, especially when it is seen against the background of the previous historiography on this period, in which the col- lection and analysis of economic data had either been conspicuously lacking or had been controlled by ideological preconceptions. Much of what there was of this literature he himself judiciously surveyed in a review article in the Journal of Economic History in 1978. It has to be admitted that Money, Prices and Politics is a book in which few concessions are made to the numerically-challenged; not that Angus would ever have considered that any should have been. Thus, in the introduction to the book the reader is called upon to accept the validity of the equation P = XY/Z, in which P was the price of one mark of gold or silver in maravedis (the contemporary money of account), X was the value of the coin in maravedis, Y the number of coins minted from one mark of metal, and Z ‘the fineness of the coin relative to the maximum degree of purity of gold or silver’. Colleagues for whom school level algebra was and has remained a trial are wise take this on trust. Although this was Angus’s second book to be published, it has been considered here first, not least because of its close relationship to his thesis of 1970. Between completing the latter and producing the published version of 1981, Angus worked on what has probably been his most influential book, the one he wrote for Macmillan (now Palgrave Macmillan) entitled Spain in the Late Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000–1500, which was published in 1977, and then reprinted in 1978. For an academic work, this was perhaps a remarkably rapid republication, even if a major cause was the unfortunate fact that most copies of the first printing were destroyed in a warehouse fire in Hong Kong. But from more positive and substantial causes numerous other reprints xii Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain have followed, for the good reason that the book remains the best single volume history of Later Medieval Spain in English. The published book, produced with exemplary speed and efficiency, proved that Angus was indeed the ideal choice for its author. As were the others who wrote books for the Macmillan ‘New Medieval History’ series, he in turn had been fortunate in his academic editor, Dennis Bethel (who died in 1981); a very learned man who wrote little himself but who was unfailingly helpful and wise in the ways he would advise and assist others in clarifying and expressing their thoughts about a surprisingly wide range of topics and periods. This was a debt warmly acknowledged in the preface to From Frontier to Empire. As part of a series intended not least to survey the history of Europe in pairs of parallel volumes devoted to earlier and later medieval centuries (Spain being the only case in which this pious hope translated itself into reality), the book had to be very wide ranging in its coverage. This meant not just a much broader chronological span than that covered by Angus’s own previous research, but also a geographical extension, to take account not least of the parallel developments in the eastern half of the Iberian peninsula, in the king- doms of Aragón and Navarre. The temporal coverage achieved in the book was remarkably well-balanced, especially for a historian intellectually, and perhaps temperamentally, not very much in sympathy with the earlier medieval centuries. Inevitably, for such periods an author has to rely upon the work of other scholars and on the consensus of generally accepted interpretations. Both can in retrospect prove to be fragile supports. Some of the received wisdom of a quarter of a century ago, that seemed unassailable at the time, has not only been completely overthrown but salt has been sown on the ground upon which it once stood. Thus, for example, the deeply held conviction of all Spanish medievalists that ‘the feudal system’ never existed in Castile has given way in recent years to a positive frenzy of publication and conference- holding on the entrenched and multifaceted nature of Castilian feudalism. But who is to say that the wheel may not in time turn full circle? In this particular case, too, there are a number of contemporary pressures, quite divorced from the historical realities of twelfth-and thirteenth-century Castile, that have made the current hunt for its feudalism fashionable, and belief in its exis- tence academically de rigeur. While From Frontier to Empire continues to impress by its wide coverage, powerfully constructed arguments, and arresting literary style, it also provides clues to its author’s own personal perspectives, and thus to his prejudices and enthusiasms. Although religion and the Church were amongst the categories required to be covered by these volumes, they do not loom large in Angus’s view of what mattered in later medieval Spain, at least not in their own right. Tostatus Abulensis will not be found in From Frontier to Empire, any more than will the diocesan organization of Castile. The Archpriest of Hita gets more cov- Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain xiii erage than St. Dominic. The monastic and mendicant orders are included for their impact on the Spanish economy and for the roles they played in civil society, and not for any contributions they might have made to clerical learn- ing or to architecture. The role of religious fanaticism, whipped up by popular preaching, is seen as secondary to socio-economic factors when the causes of the progroms against the Jews are examined. There are equally strong implicit geographical preferences to be detected as well. That Navarre does not loom large in the book would hardly be a matter of surprise, even for the Navarrese, but it could not be said that the Corona de Aragón emerges here as an equal partner to Castile, though there are some fine pages devoted to it, especially its economic history. It is notable, though, that Angus’s interest in Aragón rises markedly when the kingdom falls into the hands of a branch of the Castilian Trastámara dynasty in 1412. The last member of the indigenous royal house, Martin ‘el Humano’ (1395–1410), only appears in the book once, and then just to die and make way for his Castillian successor, Fernando I ‘el de Antequera’ (1412–16), who is also perhaps the only royal personage of these centuries for whom Angus has consistently shown real enthusiasm. That this is an integral feature of Angus’s approach to Spanish history can be seen from the fact that same phenomenon may still be detected nearly a quarter of a century after the publication of From Frontier to Empire. In a recent brief but magisterial survey of the period from 1250 to 1500, that forms a chapter in a multi-authored history of Spain, Angus managed to avoid making any reference whatsoever to Aragón in the fourteenth century, but then provided a most detailed and arresting analysis, extending over three pages, of the significance of the coronation ceremonies of Fernando ‘el de Antequera’ in 1412. The latter, to be sure, was a highly successful warrior, patron, intriguer and power behind his nephew’s throne before his career change of 1412. As a kind of upper class ‘El Cid’ of the late medieval centuries, Fernando was the most outstanding and successful example of the type of frontiersman, half cultivat- ed aristocrat and half thug, that Angus had long recognized as the main human dynamic in the expansion of Castilian power in this period. It could be argued that Aragón gets about as much attention in From Frontier to Empire as it deserves, not least because many of its monarchy’s interests and entanglements lay outside the Iberian peninsula, but this would be to ignore the wealth and diversity of the kingdom’s late medieval records. It must be admitted that there has been and remains a strongly pro-Castilian bias in British medieval hispanism; one to which Angus has far from been immune. It is perhaps also a phenomenon that has manifested itself in the contents of the present volume. In contrast, in the USA there exists a lively and distinguished tradition of research on Catalunya and Aragón, especially in the tenth to thirteenth centuries. Within this essentially Castilian framework, Angus’s interests have been broad, but if he has a particular predilection it must be for Andalucia, par excel- xiv Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain lence the land of the frontier in this period. The research for his thesis took him to Seville, and it is the south rather than the north that has by and large attracted his attention ever since. From 1978 onwards he has contributed to all of the six international conferences on the history of Andalucia in the Middle Ages whose acts have so far been published, and many of his closest personal and scholarly links have been with the leading Andalucian historians of the period. It is thus not unfair to suggest that the preparation and publishing of From Frontier to Empire marked a milestone in Angus’s own scholarly development. In the years between 1970 and 1977 he published a, for him relatively small, number of articles, several of which were directed primarily at economic issues. From 1978 onwards (although no doubt some of these were written in preceding years) he produced a flood of weighty articles covering an ever widening range of topics, and based upon an expanding range of evidence. While still recognizing the central importance in the interpretation of later medieval Spanish history of economic questions, and the need to answer them on the basis of properly collected and analysed data, it is not unreasonable to wonder if having to write this book was not in this way a liberating experience. In the period surrounding its publication he produced two articles that remain amongst the most important of his shorter studies. These are his ‘Popular Movements and Pogroms in Fifteenth Century Castile’, written for Past and Present, and ‘The Ballad and the Frontier in Late Medieval Spain’, which appeared in the Bulletin of Hispanic Studies. Their impact on the book itself is marked. In both Angus’s preference for hard evidence, particularly statistical data, is clear. As he pointed out in another context, too often historians relied on what was little better than their own intuition. That he wished to see replaced by soundly based conjecture. In the article on the frontier ballads he made his first foray into the use of literary sources. As already mentioned the creative fusing of what would else- where be regarded as the separate disciplines of history and the study of literature is a distinctive feature of medieval Hispanism. Not least was it was a marked feature of the programmes of the annual conferences of the British Association of Hispanists, to which Angus was introduced by Brian Tate. The use of contemporary literary sources became and has remained a major com- ponent of his approach to the history of later medieval Castile. These have ranged from the later thirteenth century Cantígas of King Alfonso X of Castile to the early sixteenth century La Lozana andaluza of Francisco Delicado, to both of which he has dedicated more than one article. As with his use of economic data, Angus recognized that such sources could only properly be used when their context, nature and purpose were fully defined. They were not just an undemanding way of, as he put it, ‘rambling around inside the minds’ of those who wrote them. Thus, in his study of the frontier ballads, he concentrated on establishing the parameters of their use- Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain xv fulness as evidence, showing not least that they were the products of an upper- class literary culture that was far removed from the rather nebulous oral popular tradition to which they had previously been assigned. In similar vein, his analysis of statistical data in his early study of the popular movements led directly to the uncovering of the precise social and economic roots of these urban uprisings and their relationship to the attacks on local Jewish communities. His interest in such episodes, which often provided unusually good and precise evidence of the underlying tensions in fifteenth- century Castilian society led in time to his third book, Anatomía de una revuelta urbana: Alcaraz en 1458, which studied the ‘affray’ that took place in Alcaraz in 1458. Deriving initially from an invitation to participate in a conference on the medieval history of the province of Albacete, this passed through various recensions, ranging from a talk at one of the annual meetings of the Historians of Medieval Spain, of which Angus was a founder member, through an article in the festschrift for Brian Tate, to its fullest incarnation in the short book in Spanish of 1985, with its appendix of documents. These and Angus’s many other publications of the 1980s, together with an extremely heavy teaching load and a willingness to take on university admin- istrative duties, saw him progress rapidly up the academic ladder. A senior lecturer in 1981, he became a Reader the following year. This latter title, totally opaque to those outside of British academe, had to be glossed in the jacket blurb for the Alcaraz volume as más o menos equivalente a la cátedra española, a definition that may not have made things much clearer! In 1986 Angus suc- ceeded his own former mentor, Denys Hay, and another distinguished Later Medievalist, Kenneth Fowler, as Professor of Medieval History; to this was added in 1990 the headship of the whole Department of History. The adminis- trative burden of the latter, undertaken in a period of particular difficulty in the recent economic history of the University of Edinburgh, was heavy, and Angus was unwilling to allow it to circumscribe his commitments to teaching and to publication and research, with ultimately serious consequences for his health. Retirement from his chair in 1993 opened the way towards recovery and the continuation of his research and publication. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1991. Those who only know Angus MacKay through his writings may have the essence of his scholarship, but have been denied one of its most startling expressions, its oral delivery. As a lecturer he has always been noted for his bravura performances; in particular the way he could deliver a carefully constructed and complex talk, with a complete mastery of detail and absolute flu- ency of speech, and yet without a single note. A speaker of such force and a scholar with such passionate convictions is bound to be a formidable debater in private as well as public, and Angus has long been admired, but perhaps also feared by the more easily bruised, for the frank and robust expression of his ideas and of his views of other people’s work. The matters embraced by such exchanges of opinion could be wide ranging, and have been known to extend xvi Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain to such unexpected topics as the unsuitability for a hispanist of an interest in cricket. It would be fairer, though, to end this brief tribute with reference to another of Angus’s distinguishing characteristics; one that marks him out from many other scholars, and not just in his own field. This is his positive zest for collaboration. A glance through the bibliography given below will show just how many articles he has co-authored with research pupils, colleagues and fellow hispanists. He has also jointly edited an important chronicle source, and also shared editorial responsibility for three collections of articles and an atlas. Similarly, he has served as co-editor with Rachel Arié for the Medieval and Iberian Peninsula Texts and Studies series of books, published by Brill, which has gained new life under their direction. One of the more recent of the latter volumes, published in 1998, consists of a unique form of collaboration, in which a selection of Ian Macpherson and of Angus’s articles are so arranged as to provide the chapters of a wide-ranging study of Love, Religion and Politics in Fifteenth Century Spain. While the second of these elements is not one that has played a large role in Angus’s oeuvre, at least on its own terms, to the study of the other two he has made contributions of the highest significance. But the same could also be said for what he has done for the understanding of economics, social relations, gender studies, the analysis of literary sources, the impact of war, the nature of the frontier, royal ceremonial, climate, apocalyptic, and the post-modernist understanding of fifteenth-century Castile; no mean achievement.1

Notes

1 I am most grateful to all those friends, colleagues, and fellow hispanists of Angus who have shared information about and reminiscences of him, both over the years and in preparation for this appreciation of him. A bibliography of the works of Angus MacKay relating to Medieval Spanish history and literature Compiled by Anthony Goodman

A) Books 1 Spain in the Later Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000–1500 (Macmillan: Basingstoke and London, 1977); numerous reprints. Spanish translation La España de la Edad Media (Madrid, 1980) 2 Money, Prices and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Castile The Royal Historical Society (London, 1981) 3 Anatomía de una revuelta urbana: Alcaraz en 1458 Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses (Albacete, 1985)

B) Edited volumes 1 Cosas sacadas de la Historia del Rey Don Juan el Segundo (BL MS Egerton 1875) Edited with Dorothy Sherman Severin, Exeter University Press: Exeter Hispanic Texts vol. XXIX, (Exeter, 1981) 2 Medieval Frontier Studies Edited with Robert Bartlett, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 1989) 3 The Impact of Humanism on Western Europe Edited with Anthony Goodman, Longmans (London, 1990) 4 Atlas of Medieval Europe Edited with David Ditchburn, Routledge (London, 1997)

C) Collected studies 1 Society, Economy, and Religion in Late Medieval Castile Variorum (London, 1987) 2 Love, religion and politics in fifteenth-century Spain (chs I, II, III, VII, VIII, IX, X and XII) A volume formed from articles by Angus MacKay and by Ian Macpherson, = Medieval Iberian Peninsula Texts and Studies, vol. XIII Brill (Leiden etc., 1998)

D) Articles 1 ‘Popular Movements and Programs in Fifteenth Century Castile’, Past and Present, vol. 55 (1972), 33–67. 2 – with Anthony Goodman – ‘A Castilian Report on English Affairs’, English Historical Review, vol. 88 (1973), 92–9.

xvii xviii A bibliography of the works of Angus MacKay

3 ‘The Ballad and the Frontier in Late Medieval Spain’, Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. 53 (1976), 15–33 [reprinted as ch. VII of C1, and as ch. 1 of C2]. 4 ‘Recent Literature on Spanish Economic History’, Economic History Review, 2nd series vol. 31 (1978), 129–45. 5 ‘Documentos para la historia de los financieros castellanos de la Baja Edad Media: una “información” del 23 de septiembre de 1466’, Historia, Instituciones, Documentos vol. 5 (1978), 321–7 [reprinted as ch. III of C1]. 6 ‘Cultura urbana y oligarcas sevillanos en el siglo XV’, in Actas del I Congresso de Historia de Andalucía, vol. II: Andalucía Medieval (Córdoba, 1978), 1–13 [an English version, ‘Urban Culture and Sevillian Oligarchs’ forms ch. VI of C1]. 7 – with Muhammad Benaboud – ‘The authenticity of Alfonso VI’s letter to Yusuf ibn Tashufin’, Al-Andalus, vol. 43 (1978), 233–7; reprinted in Arabic in Al-Thaqafa, vol. 77 (1983). 8 ‘Castilla feudal: la guerra como oficio’, Historia 16, vol. 34 (1979), 45–54. 9 – with Muhammad Benaboud – ‘Alfonso VI of León and Castile, “Al- Imbratur-dhu-l-Millatayn” ‘, Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. 56 (1979), 95–102; Arabic version in Al-Thaqafa, vol. 76 (1982). 10 – with Geraldine McKendrick – ‘Confession in the Cantígas de Santa María’, Reading Medieval Studies vol. 5 (1979), 71–88 [reprinted as ch. VII of C1]. 11 ‘Las alteraciones monetarias en la Castilla del siglo XV: la moneda de cuenta y la historia política’, in En la España medieval: estudios dedicados a Julio González (Madrid, 1980 – recte 1981), 237–48 [reprinted as ch. I of C1]. 12 ‘Climate and Popular Unrest in Late Medieval Castile’, in T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, and G. Farmer (eds), Studies in Past Climates and their Impact on Man (Cambridge University Press, 1981), 356–76 [reprinted as ch. XI of C1]. 13 ‘Comercio, mercado interior y la expansión económica del siglo XV’, in Actas del II Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza: Hacienda y Comercio (Seville, 1982), 103–23 [reprinted as ch. II of C1]. 14 ‘Narrative History and Spanish History’, International History Review, vol. 4 (1982), 421–31 [reprinted as ch. XVII of C1]. 15 – with Vikki Hatton – ‘Anti-Semitism in the Cantígas de Santa María’, Bulletin of Hispanic Studies vol. 60 (1983), 189–99 [reprinted as ch. IX of C1]. 16 ‘Métaux précieux et dévaluations au XVe siècle en Castile’, in Les Espagnes mediévales: aspects économiques et sociaux. Mélanges offerts à Jean Gautier- Dalché (Nice, 1983), 315–19. 17 ‘Ciudad y campo en la Europa medieval’, Studia Histórica vol. 2 (1984), 27–33 [reprinted as ch. V of C1]. 18 – with W.J. Irvine – ‘Medical Diagnosis and Henry IV of Castile’, Historia Medieval: Anales de la Universidad de Alicante vol. 3 (1984), 183–90 [reprinted as ch. XV of C1]. A bibliography of the works of Angus MacKay xix

19 ‘Averroistas y marginadas’, in Actas del III Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza: La sociedad medieval andaluza – Grupos no privilegiados (Jaén, 1984), 247–61 [reprinted as chapter XII of C1, and an English version as ‘Women on the margins’ is ch. II of C2]. 20 – with Muhammad Benaboud – ‘Yet Again Alfonso VI, “The Emperor, Lord of (the Adherents of) the Two Faiths, the Most Excellent Ruler”. A Rejoinder to Norman Roth’, Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. 61 (1984), 165–81. 21 ‘The Hispanic-Converso Problem’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th series, vol. 35 (1985), 159–79 [reprinted as ch. XIII of C1]. 22 ‘Ritual and Propaganda in Fifteenth Century Castile’, Past and Present vol. 107 (1985), 3–43 [reprinted as ch. XIV of C1, and as ch. III of C2]. 23 ‘¿Aculturación o rechazo? La sociedad castellana en el siglo XV’, in Canarias – America antés del descubrimiento (La Laguna, 1986). 24 ‘A Typical Example of Late Medieval Castilian Anarchy? The Affray of 1458 in Alcaraz’, in Medieval and Renaissance Studies in Honour of Robert Brian Tate, ed. R. Cardwell and I. Michael (Oxford, 1986), 81–93. [A fuller Spanish version = A3] 25 ‘The Lesser Nobility in the Kingdom of Castille’, in Michael Jones (ed.), Gentry and Lesser Nobility in Later Medieval Europe (Gloucester, 1986), 159–80 [reprinted as ch. IV of C1]. 26 – with Geraldine McKendrick – ‘The Crowd in Theatre and the Crowd in History: Fuenteovejuna’, Renaissance Drama, new series vol. 17 (1986), 125–47. 27 ‘Don Fernando de Antequera y la Virgen Santa María’, in Homenaje al Professor Juan Torres Fontes (Murcia, 1987), vol. 2, 949–57. [English version, ‘Fernando of Antequera and the Virgin Mary’ forms ch. VII of C2] 28 ¿‘Existerion aduanas en la frontera castellana–portuguesa en el siglo XV?’, in 2 Jornadas Luso-Espanholas (Porto, 1987), 3–21. 29 – with Philip Hersch and Geraldine McKendrick – ‘The Semiology of Dress in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain’, in Le corps paré: ornaments et atours (Cahiers du Centre d’Etudes Mediévales de Nice, 1987), 95–113. 30 – with Geraldine McKendrick – ‘La semiología y los ritos de violencia: sociedad y poder en la Corona de Galicia’, En la España Medieval, vol. 11 (1988), 153–65. 31 ‘Los romances fronterizos como fuente histórica’, in Actas del IV Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza (Almería, 1988), 273–85. 32 ‘Andalucía y la guerra del fín del mundo’, Actas del V Coloquio de Historia Medieval Andaluza (Córdoba, 1988), 329–42. 33 ‘Courtly Love and Lust in Loja’, in Alan Deyermond and Ian Macpherson (eds), The Age of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1516: Literary Studies in Memory of Keith Whinnom (Liverpool, 1989), 83–94 [reprinted as ch. VIII of C2]. xx A bibliography of the works of Angus MacKay

34 ‘El amor cortés en la frontera’, in Estudios sobre Málaga y el Reino de Granada en el V Centenario, ed. J.E. López de Coca (Málaga, 1989), 351–62. 35 ‘The Lord of Hosts’, in Essays on Hispanic Themes in Honour of Edward C. Riley (Chippenham, 1989), 41–50. 36 ‘The Problems of a Jewish Tax Farmer’, Mikael, vol. 9 (1989). 37 ‘The Virgin’s Vassals’, in God and Man in Medieval Spain: Essays in Honour of J.R.L. Highfield (Warminster, 1989), 49–58. 38 ‘Religion, Culture and Ideology on the Late Medieval Castilian–Granadan Frontier’, in B2, 217–43 [reprinted as ch. IX of C2]. 39 ‘Hacienda y sociedad en la Castilla bajomedieval’, in Estado, hacienda y sociedad en la historia de España, ed. B. Bennassar (Valladolid, 1989). 40 – with Geraldine McKendrick – ‘Visionaries and Affective Spirituality during the first half of the Sixteenth Century’, in Culture and Control in Counter- Reformation Spain, ed. A. Cruz and M.E. Perry (California, 1989), 93–104. 41 ‘Mujeres y religiosidad’, in Las Mujeres en el Christianismo medieval, ed. A. Muñoz Fernández (Madrid, 1989), 489–508. 42 ‘A Pluralist Society: Medieval Spain’, in The Hispanic World: Civilization and Empire. Europe and the Americas Past and Present, ed. J.H. Elliott (London, 1991), 17–32. 43 ‘Los bandos: aspectos culturales’, in Lucien Clare and Jacques Heers (eds), Bandos y querellas dinásticas al final de la Edad Media: Actas del Coloquio cele- brado en la Biblioteca Española de Paris los días 15 y 16 de Mayo de 1987 (Paris, 1991), 15–27. 44 ‘La conflictividad social urbana’, in VI Coloquio Internacional de Historia Medieval de Andalucia (Málaga, 1991), 509–24. 45 ‘Un Cid Ruy Díaz en el siglo XV: Rodrigo Ponce de León, Marqués de Cádiz’, in Simposio internacional: El Cid en el Valle del Jalón (Calatayud, 1991), 197–207. 46 ‘The Jews of Spain in the Middle Ages’, in Elie Kedourie (ed.), Spain and the Jews: the Sephardi Experience, 1492 and After (London, 1992), 33–50. 47 ‘Jewish and Christian Relations in Medieval Spain’, in La Biblia de Alba: an Illustrated Manuscript Bible, 2 vols ed. J. Schonfield (London and Madrid, 1992), vol. 1, 27–34. 48 ‘The Whores of Babylon’, in Marjorie Reeves (ed.), Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period: Essays (Oxford, 1992), 223–32 [reprinted as ch. X of C2]. 49 ‘Signs Deciphered – Semiology and Court Display in Late Medieval Spain’, in Anne Duggan (ed.), Kings and Kingship in Medieval Europe (London, 1993), pp. 287–304. 50 ‘Apuntes para le estudio de la mujer en la Edad Media’, in C. del Moral (ed.), Arabes, Judios y Christians: mujeres en la España medieval (Granada, 1993), 15–33. 51 – with Ian Macpherson – ‘Manteniendo la tela: el erotismo del vocabulario caballeresco-textil en la época de los Reyes Católicos’, in Actas del Primer A bibliography of the works of Angus MacKay xxi

Congresso Anglo-Hispano (Madrid, 1994), vol. 1, 25–36. [An English version forms ch. XII of C2] 52 ‘Castile and Navarre’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History vol. VII: c. 1415–c.1500, ed. C. Allmand (Cambridge, 1998), 606–26. 53 ‘The Late Middle Ages, 1250–1500’, in Raymond Carr (ed.), Spain A History (Oxford, 2000), 90–115. Notes on the Contributors

Simon Barton is Reader in Medieval Spanish History at the University of Exeter. He has published numerous articles on medieval Spain in books and scholarly journals and is the author of The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile (1997), which was awarded the Premio del Rey Prize for 1998 by the American Historical Society. His most recent work, co-authored with Richard Fletcher, is The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (2000). He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

Robert I. Burns S.J. has been a senior professor at UCLA since 1976. He holds doctorates in medieval history (John Hopkins) and modern (Fribourg, Switzerland). He is a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America, the Hispanic Society of America, a Guggenheim Fellow, and, in Spain a Fellow of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans. He holds the Medieval Academy’s gold medal, eight honorary doctorates, including the University of Valencia, and six national book awards. His honours from Spain include the Cross of St George, the Premi Catalònia, the Premi Serra d’Or, and the Premi Internacional Ramon Lull. He is a member of UCLA’s Near Eastern and Medieval–Renaissance Centers, has been on the board of the Patronato Nacional Misteri d’Elx since 1987, and is director of the Institute of Medieval Mediterranean Spain in Playa del Rey. His 14 books include most recently on Spain: Jews in the Notarial Culture (1996), Negotiating Cultures: Bilingual Surrender Treaties (1999), Las Siete Partidas (5 vols, 2001), and Transition in Crusader Valencia, 1264–1270 (2002).

Roger Collins is an Honorary Research Fellow in the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of Early Medieval Spain, 400–1000: Unity in Diversity (1983; second edn 1995), The Basques (1986), The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (1989), Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain (1992), and The Oxford Archaeological Guide to Spain (1998), among other things.

Ana Echevarria studied for the Licenciatura in the Universidad Complutense in Madrid, before obtaining a PhD in the University of Edinburgh, where she wrote her thesis, ‘The Perception of Muslims in Fifteenth Century Spain’, under the supervision of Angus MacKay. This was published as The Fortress of Faith: the Attitude towards Muslims in Fifteenth Century Spain (1999). She is currently Assistant Lecturer in the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia in Madrid and a Visiting Professor at New York University (Madrid Campus). Recent publications include her biography, Catalina de Lancaster (1372–1418) (2002).

xxii Notes on the Contributors xxiii

John Edwards was Reader in Spanish History at the University of Birmingham, and is now Research Fellow in Spanish in the University of Oxford, teaching in the Faculties of Modern History and Modern Languages. His most recent books are The Spanish Inquisition (1999) and The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1520 (2000); the latter translated as La España de los Reyes Católicos, 1474–1520 (2001). He is preparing for publication an English translation and a study of Delicado’s La Lozana Andaluza.

Manuel González Jiménez is Catedrático de Historia Medieval in the University of Seville and currently Director del Departamento de Historia Medieval y Ciencias Historiográficas of the same university. He is also the director of the ‘Cátedra Alfonso X el Sabio’ in El Puerto de Santa María and the editor of the journals Historia. Instituciones. Documentos and Alcanate: Revista de Estudios Alfonsíes (the periodical of the ‘Cátedra Alfonso X el Sabio’). He is a Fellow of the Real Academia Sevillana de Buenos Letras, and a corresponding Fellow of the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid and of the Real Academia Alfonso X in Murcia, as well as of the Academia de la Historia de Portugal. He is the author of numerous publications, dealing primarily with the repopulation of Andalucía in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and with the reign of Alfonso X el Sabio. Among his most recent books are Diplomatario Andaluz de Alfonso X (Seville, 1991), Alfonso X el Sabio (1252–1284). Historia de un reinado (1993; rev. edn 1999), Andalucia a debate y otros estudios (1994), and an anno- tated edition of the Crónica de Alfonso X (1999).

Anthony Goodman is Professor Emeritus of Medieval and Renaissance History in the University of Edinburgh. His principal research involvements lie in the political and social history of England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but he also has a particular interest in Anglo-Iberian relations in the later Middle Ages. Among his publications with a bearing on this theme is John of Gaunt (1992).

Richard Hitchcock is Professor of Hispano-Arabic Studies in the University of Exeter. He has had a life-long interest in the history, literature and culture of Al-Andalus, and his research has dealt in particular with the Mozarabs, the Kharjas, and the Moriscos. He has also written on Hispano-Arabic historiography and the history of travel writing about Spain and Morocco. He is an editor of the Exeter Hispanic Texts series, for which he himself prepared an edition of Richard Ford’s letters to Pascual de Gayangos (1974). He has edited (with Alan Jones) and contributed to Studies on Muwassah and Kharja: Proceedings of the Exeter International Colloquium (1991), and edited (with Ralph Penny) and contributed to the Actas del primer congreso anglo-hispano III: Historia (1994). He is now completing a book on the Mozarabs. xxiv Notes on the Contributors

Jose Enrique López de Coca Castañer, holder of a doctorate from the University of Granada, is Catedrático de Historia Medieval in the University of Málaga, and was formerly Directeur d’études of the EHESS in Paris (1996). His research has been primarily concerned with the history of the Kingdom of Granada in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; concentrating on such topics as the frontier between Granada and Castile, the Christian repopulation of the region, state finance, the Mudejars, and the Moriscos. He is also interested in the history of maritime trade in the western Mediterranean and in relations with North Africa in the same period. Among his most recent publications may be found: ‘Caballeros moriscos’ al servicio de Juan II y Enrique IV, reyes de Castilla (1996); ‘Morus nigra’ vs ‘Morus alba’ en la sericultura mediterránea (1997); Granada y la expansión portuguesa en el Magreb Extremo (1998); El reino nazarí de Granada y los medievalistas españoles (1999); Genoveses en la corte de los Reyes Católicos: los hermanos Ytalian (2000); La ‘Ratio Fructe regni Granate’; Datos conocidos y cuestiones por resolver (2001); Historia de Andalucía: Edad Media (2002).

Ian Macpherson, Professor Emeritus of the University of Durham, is currently an Honorary Research Fellow of Queen Mary, University of London, having previously been Professor of Spanish (1980–83) and Chairman of the Department of Spanish and Italian (1983–93) in the University of Durham. A Comendador of the Orden de Isabel la Católica and Honorary Fellow of the Hispanic Society of America and of the Asociación Hispánica de Literatura Medieval, he is also a past President of the Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (1986–88). Among his publications are Spanish Phonology: Descriptive and Historical (1975), The Manueline Succession: the Poetry of Don Juan Manuel II and Dom João Manuel (1979), an edition of Juan Manuel’s Libro de Estados (with Brian Tate, 1974; rev. edn 1991), The ‘Invenciones y letras’ of the ‘Cancionero General’ (1998), and Love, Religion and Politics in Fifteenth Century Spain (1998), in collaboration with Angus MacKay. He has also edited Juan Manuel Studies (1997), and volumes of essays in memory of Keith Whinnom (with Alan Deyermond, 1989) and in honour of Alan Deyermond (with Ralph Penny, 1997).

Nicholas Round FBA is Research Professor of Hispanic Studies in the University of Sheffield. He taught in the Queen’s University of Belfast for ten years from 1962, and for 22 years was Stevenson Professor of Hispanic Studies in the University of Glasgow. His publications include The Greatest Man Uncrowned: a Study of the Fall of Don Alvaro de Luna (1986), a book massively indebted to Angus MacKay, and an edition of the fifteenth-century Castilian translation of Plato’s Phaedo. Interests in the history and theory of translation have also informed a number of his articles on fifteenth-century cultural history and on the Celestina. Notes on the Contributors xxv

Teofilo F. Ruiz is Professor of History in the University of California, Los Angeles. A student of Joseph R. Strayer, he received his PhD from Princeton in 1974 and taught at Brooklyn College, the CUNY Graduate Center, the University of Michigan, the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris), and Princeton (as 250th Anniversary Visiting Professor for Distinguished Teaching), before joining the History Department at UCLA in 1998. He has been a frequent lecturer in the US, Spain, Italy, France, England, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. Recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, and the American Council of Learned Societies, in 1994–95, he was selected as one of four Outstanding Teachers of the Year in the United States by the Carnegie Foundation. He has published six books and over 40 articles in national and international scholarly journals, plus hundreds of reviews and smaller articles. His Crisis and Continuity: Land and Town in Late Medieval Castile (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994) was awarded the Premio del Rey prize by the American Historical Association as the best book in Spanish history before 1580 within a two-year period, 1994–95. His latest book, Spanish Society, 1400–1600 was published in 2001. Another book, From Heaven to Earth: the Reordering of Late Medieval Castilian Society, is forthcoming.

Dorothy Sherman Severin has been the Gilmour Professor of Spanish at the University of Liverpool since 1982, when she became the first woman to hold a chair of Spanish in Great Britain. From 1989 to 1992 she was the first woman to hold the post of Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Liverpool. She has recently founded Women in Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies (WISPS). A specialist in the literature of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabel, she is internationally known for her monographs and editions of the Spanish classic, Celestina, as well as for her editions of and work on the Spanish songbooks of the fifteenth century.

Robert Brian Tate FBA is Emeritus Professor in the University of Nottingham, where he held the Chair of Spanish from 1958 to 1983. He has been a Visiting Professor at Harvard, Cornell, SUNY at Buffalo and the Universities of Texas and of Virginia, and is a Corresponding Fellow of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans and of the Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, and of the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid. He has edited the Generaciones y semblanzas of Fernán Pérez de Guzmán (1963), (with Ian Macpherson) Don Juan Manuel’s Libro de los estados (1974; rev. edn 1991), the Claros Varones de Castilla of Fernando del Pulgar (1971; rev. edn 1985), the Epistolario of Alonso de Palencia (1983), and (with Jeremy Lawrance) the same author’s Gesta Hispaniensia ex annalibus suorum dierum collecta (2 vols 1997). Among his other publications are Ensayos sobre la historiografia peninsular del xxvi Notes on the Contributors siglo XV (1970), El Cardenal Joan Margarit i Pau, Bisbe de Girona: vida i obra (1976), and Pilgrimages to St. James of Compostela from the British Isles during the Middle Ages (1990), as well as many articles.