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Antioxidants in Food, Vitamins and Supplements This page intentionally left blank Antioxidants in Food, Vitamins and Supplements Prevention and Treatment of Disease Amitava Dasgupta, PhD, DABCC Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston Kimberly Klein, MD Assistant Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston AMSTERDAM G BOSTON G HEIDELBERG G LONDON G NEW YORK G OXFORD PARIS G SAN DIEGO G SAN FRANCISCO G SINGAPORE G SYDNEY G TOKYO Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright r 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (144) (0) 1865 843830; fax (144) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons, or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administrations, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the treating physician, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the authors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-405872-9 Printed and bound in the United States of America 141516171810987654321 Contents PREFACE .................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Free Radicals and the Body’s Antioxidant Defense............................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Free Radicals........................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Various Sources of Free Radicals............................... 2 1.2.2 Damage of Biomolecules by Free Radicals...............8 1.2.3 Physiological Role of Free Radicals .........................10 1.3 The Body’s Antioxidant Defense ........................................ 11 1.3.1 Enzymes as Antioxidants ......................................... 11 1.3.2 Chain-Breaking Antioxidants...................................13 1.3.3 Exercise and Antioxidant Status of Blood ..............14 1.3.4 Markers for Oxidative Stress in Human Blood............................................................................ 15 1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................. 16 References ..................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2 Methods for Measuring Oxidative Stress in the Laboratory .......................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 19 2.2 Measuring Total Antioxidant Capacity.............................. 19 2.2.1 ORAC Assay and TOSC Assay ................................21 2.2.2 TRAP Assay................................................................ 22 2.2.3 Inhibition of Low-density Lipoprotein Oxidation, Linoleic Acid Oxidation, and Other Assays Based on Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reaction.........23 2.2.4 Electron Transfer-Based Assays for Measuring Total Antioxidant Capacity ......................................24 2.2.5 Other Assays for Measuring Antioxidant Capacity ...................................................................... 27 v vi Contents 2.3 Markers of Oxidative Stress in Human Blood and Other Parameters .......................................................... 29 2.4 Markers of Lipid Peroxidation............................................. 30 2.5 Markers of Protein and DNA Damage................................ 33 2.6 Measurement of Antioxidant Enzymes and Other Compounds............................................................................ 35 2.7 Electron Spin Resonance and Related Methods to Study Free Radicals ......................................................... 36 2.8 Conclusion ............................................................................. 37 References ..................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3 Oxidative Stress Induced by Air Pollution and Exposure to Sunlight ................................................. 41 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 41 3.2 Composition of Polluted Air .............................................. 41 3.3 Outdoor Air Pollution is Linked to Many Diseases......... 43 3.4 Indoor Air Quality is also Linked to Diseases ................. 44 3.5 Air Pollution and Diseases: Role of Oxidative Stress..... 45 3.6 Air Quality: Seasonal Variation and Urban Versus Rural Area............................................................... 47 3.7 Air Quality Index: Cleanest and Dirtiest US Cities ........ 48 3.8 Exposure to Sunlight and the Ultraviolet Index.............. 49 3.9 Exposure to Sunlight, Oxidative Stress, and Skin Cancer .................................................................................. 51 3.10 Exposure to Sunlight, Oxidative Stress, and Ophthalmological Disorders .............................................. 54 3.11 Conclusion ........................................................................... 54 References ..................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4 Oxidative Stress Caused by Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Abuse, and Drug Abuse ..................................... 59 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 59 4.2 Cigarette Smoking in the United States and Related Health Hazards ..................................................................... 59 4.2.1 Composition of Cigarette Smoke .............................61 4.2.2 Nicotine: The Main Cause of Addiction .................63 4.2.3 Cigarette Smoking and Oxidative Stress ................64 4.2.4 Cigarette Smoking is Related to Many Diseases: Role of Oxidative Stress ..........................66 4.2.5 Are Electronic Cigarettes Safe? ...............................67 4.3 Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States .................. 68 4.3.1 Alcohol Abuse and Increased Oxidative Stress.....70 4.3.2 Drug Abuse and Oxidative Stress ...........................71 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................. 72 References ..................................................................................... 73 Contents vii CHAPTER 5 Oxidative Stress Induced by Household Chemicals...... 77 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 77 5.2 Various Household Products and Their Active Ingredients ............................................................................ 79 5.2.1 Methanol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity................................................................ 79 5.2.2 Ethylene Glycol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity ....................................................................... 83 5.2.3 Oxidative Stress and Toxicity Caused by Volatile Organic Compounds in Household Products ...................................................................... 87 5.3 Glue and Solvent Abuse: A Significant Problem with Adolescents .................................................................. 90 5.4 Skin Contact with Household Chemicals and Oxidative Stress.................................................................... 91 5.5 Conclusion ............................................................................. 92 References ..................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 6 Psychological Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress.............. 97 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 97 6.2 Effect of Stress on HPA Axis, Cortisol, and Other Biomolecules ......................................................................... 99 6.3 Psychological

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