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Emissions and Concentrations of Particulate Matter in Poznan Compared with Other Polish and European Cities

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Emissions and Concentrations of Particulate Matter in Poznan Compared with Other Polish and European Cities atmosphere Article Emissions and Concentrations of Particulate Matter in Poznan Compared with Other Polish and European Cities Remigiusz Jasi ´nski , Marta Galant-Goł˛ebiewska,Mateusz Nowak, Karolina Kurtyka , Paula Kurzawska , Marta Maciejewska and Monika Ginter * Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] (R.J.); [email protected] (M.G.-G.); [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (P.K.); [email protected] (M.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-61-665-2791 Abstract: It is estimated that the excessive emission of airborne particulate matter shortens the life expectancy of a European city inhabitant by up to eight months. The conducted comparison shows the emission and concentration of PM10 in Poznan against the supra-regional background. The purpose of the comparison with similar area and population cities is to identify the position of the Poznan agglomeration in terms of particulate matter emissions. The main sources are: original research, PM official measuring stations’ data, and the relevant organizations’ reports. On the basis of the conducted comparison, it can be concluded that Wroclaw and Poznan achieve very similar results in terms of emissions. Cracow, on the other hand, as a city where for several years there Citation: Jasi´nski,R.; have been significant problems with the phenomenon of smog and excessive emission of particulate Galant-Goł˛ebiewska,M.; Nowak, M.; Kurtyka, K.; Kurzawska, P.; matter, reaches extremely different values compared to Poznan. The article presents also the air Maciejewska, M.; Ginter, M. quality in Poznan and other Polish and European cities. There were also measurements of PM mass Emissions and Concentrations of and number conducted in Poznan. The results show that there is a significant difference between the Particulate Matter in Poznan air quality measured at official measuring stations (only some of them are measuring PMs at all) and Compared with Other Polish and that measured with portable equipment in different parts of the city. European Cities. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Keywords: particulate matter; anthropogenic emission; PM10; air quality in Poznan; urban emission atmos12050533 sources; emission measurements Academic Editor: Marta García Vivanco 1. Introduction Received: 30 March 2021 Economic development and the associated climate change are constantly contributing Accepted: 19 April 2021 Published: 22 April 2021 to significant deterioration of air quality. Due to the complexity of this problem it is now considered on a global scale. According to data [1], about 90% of the inhabitants Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral of European cities are exposed to pollutants at concentrations higher than the air quality with regard to jurisdictional claims in levels that are considered harmful to health. It is estimated that the excessive emission of published maps and institutional affil- dust suspended in the air (e.g., Particulate Matter, PM10) shortens the life expectancy of a iations. European city inhabitant by more than eight months. Deteriorating air quality negatively affects the health of the entire population, however some groups are particularly vulnerable. These include not only children, pregnant women, and elder people, but also inhabitants of industrial cities and people living near the communication routes [2,3]. Particulate matter (PM) is a term generally used to describe a type of air pollutant con- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. sisting of a complex of various mixtures of suspended particles that differ in composition, This article is an open access article place of formation and size. For example, suspended dusts 2.5 are atmospheric aerosols, distributed under the terms and the diameter of which does not exceed 2.5 µm. According to the World Health Organization conditions of the Creative Commons (WHO), dust of this diameter is the most dangerous to human health among atmospheric Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// pollutants. WHO reports that long-term exposure to PM2.5 dust results in a shorter life creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ expectancy. These dusts are so small that they freely penetrate the lungs and even the blood 4.0/). vessels of human beings. Short-term exposure to PM10 or PM2.5 results in an increased Atmosphere 2021, 12, 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050533 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere Atmosphere 2021, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 lungs and even the blood vessels of human beings. Short-term exposure to PM10 or PM2.5 results in an increased number of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, such as: exacerbation of asthma, acute respiratory reactions, and decreased lung function. Poznan Atmosphere 2021, 12, 533 is undoubtedly one of the cities where the problem of air pollution2 of 15 occurs, as in the whole of Poland, it is mainly associated with household heating, industry, road transport, en- ergy and agriculture (Figure 1). The household energy has the largest share in air pollu- number of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, such as: exacerbation of asthma, acute tionrespiratory sources reactions, in European and decreased cities, lung function. the second Poznan is(1 undoubtedly7%) compares one of the with cities industry and the rest are energywhere the supply, problem of agriculture, air pollution occurs, and as inothers. the whole The of Poland, European it is mainly Union associated (EU) has been working on with household heating, industry, road transport, energy and agriculture (Figure1). The improvinghousehold energy air hasquality the largest in Europe share in airfor pollution many sourcesyears. in Its European activities cities, mainly the focus on monitoring thesecond emission (17%) compares of harmful with industry substances and the rest into are energythe atmosphere, supply, agriculture, improving and quality used fuels others. The European Union (EU) has been working on improving air quality in Europe for andmany implementation years. Its activities mainly of focusenvironmental on monitoring theprotection emission of harmfulrequirements substances to the transport and in- dustryinto the atmosphere,sectors and improving energy quality [4–8]. used fuels and implementation of environmental protection requirements to the transport and industry sectors and energy [4–8]. Figure 1. Air pollution sources in Polish cities, based on [1]. Figure 1. Air pollution sources in Polish cities, based on [1]. The European Union agency responsible for providing information on the environ- ment is the European Environment Agency (EEA). Thanks to the annual reports prepared by theThe EEA, itEuropean is possible to Union analyze air agency quality in responsible all European Union for countries providing [1,7–9]. information on the envi- ronmentIt was onis theirthe basis European that it was Environment assumed that the permissible Agency values (EEA). of the Thanks annual to the annual reports average concentration of suspended dust (according to the European Commission) are as preparedfollows [10]: by the EEA, it is possible to analyze air quality in all European Union countries [1,7–9].• PM10 (40 µg/m3), • PM2.5It was (25 µong/m their3). basis that it was assumed that the permissible values of the annual averageThe EEA concentration report on air quality of suspended in the years 2000–2017, dust (acco updatedrding in 2019, to shows the thatEuropean the Commission) are as highest values of the average annual concentration of PM10 particulate matter (above the followslimit value [10]: of 40 µg/m3) were recorded in Turkey, Poland, Italy, Macedonia, and Bulgaria. •For PM2.5 airborne particulate3 matter, the annual average concentration values were exceeded PM10 in seven (40 Memberµg/m States), (including Poland) and three other reporting countries •(Slovakia PM2.5 Bulgaria, (25 Spain).µg/m Thus,3). the main aim of the work is to establish the place of the city of Poznan compared to other cities in Poland and Europe, and to establish the reasons for theThe differences. EEA Onreport this basis, on itair can bequality concluded in whichthe actionsyears taken2000–2017, by city managers updated in 2019, shows that thehave highest the greatest values impact of on the air aver qualityage in annual cities, and concentration indirectly on the health of PM10 of their particulate matter (above inhabitants [8,10,11]. the limit value of 40 µg/m3) were recorded in Turkey, Poland, Italy, Macedonia, and Bulgaria.2. Materials For and MethodsPM2.5 airborne particulate matter, the annual average concentration values wereThe exceeded materials enabling in seven the comparison Member were, States inter alia,(including data from annualPoland) reports and three other reporting published by the Main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (in the case of Poland), countriesthe National (Slovakia Office for Environment, Bulgaria, Agriculture Spain). andThus, Geology the (Germany)main aim and of Slovak the work is to establish the place of the city of Poznan compared to other cities in Poland and Europe, and to estab- lish the reasons for the differences. On this basis, it can be concluded which actions taken by city managers have the greatest impact on the air quality in cities, and indirectly on the health of their inhabitants [8,10,11]. 2. Materials and Methods The
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