DOCSLIB.ORG

Flowering Phenology Article (550.3Kb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Flowering Phenology Article (550.3Kb) '. r I INDIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY Vol. 23(2): 178·1 !l5. 2000 • FLOWERING PHENOLOGY AND .FLORAL SUCCESS IN MONOCARPIC • BARLERIA INVOLUCRATA VAR. ELATA Rani M. Krishnan* Salim Ali School ofEcology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry- 605 014. India. Abstract The llowering phenology and floral success or the monocarpic understorey shrub species Barleriu illl'olucrtl/a var . .:lata (Acanthaceae) in a medium elevation evergreen forest in ~outhern Western Ghats was examined. No proximate environmental cues could be identified in this study for flowering initiation. Peak flowering was observed in December. Floral predation was low and predators tracked floral availability. Early flowering Individuals suffered greater lloml predation. Floral success was influenced by floral display. visitntion rates and pollen load deposited on stigmas. Wiih the or1sct of synchronous flowering, decreased floral predation and increased fruit set was observed. Plant size influenced the relative reproductive succes.~ of individuals. Introduction plants continue to be a mystery, although environmental cues (Auguspurger. 1982) or to Tropical species display a variety of flowering resource availability (Harper & Ogden. 1970; Werner, and fruiting patterns (Snow, 1965; Janzen, 1967; 1975; DeJong et al., 1986; Mooney & Chiaricllo, • Foster, 1982; Frankie eta/., 1974; Opler eta!.. 1976; 1984) are implied the list is not exhaustive. Timing Jackson, 1978; Croat, 1978; Putz, 1979; Heideman, of flowering is thus crucial for maximizing 1989). Despite these variations, there is certain reproductive gains especially in monocarpic plants predictability about the flowering and fruiting which have a short, sharp t1owcring window. In episodes of the species (Snow, 1965; Janzen, 1967; some species, synchronous flowering is known to Auguspurger, 1982). Most understorey shrub increase the fruit set by attracting pollinators species in the southern Western Ghats exhibit a (Auguspurger, 1980) and by predator satiation seasonal flowering (Krishnan, 1996). The only (Auguspurger, 1981 ). In contrast, individuals of exception to this rule is the monocarpic genera Polemonium folisissimum increased their Ni/giriamltus which is known to flower reproductive success under low t1oral density synchronously (Duthie. 1890; Robinson, 1935; (Zimmerman, 1980). The relative importance of Steenis, 1938; Hutton, 1949; Santapau, 1950, 1952; predators and pollinators determines the Matthew, 1959). reproductive success of a species and cannot be generalized. Several ecological advantages have been associated with the monocarpic life history strategy. In this paper. the results of phenological Significant of these nrc the selection for outcrossing observations on Barleria invo/ucrata var. e/aw ns the selective tbrce (Whitehead, 1969; Oplcr eta/., (Acanthaccac), a monocarpic undcrstorey shrub, arc 1976). pollinator energetics (Heinrcich & Raven. presented. This study has the following specific 1972) and pollinator attraction and seed predator objectives ( 1) to identify the significance of avoidance (Beattie eta/., 1973; Auguspurgcr, 1981 ). environmental cues for initiation of flowering, (2) to The timing for onset of reproduction in monocarpic examine the impact of floral predation on overall fruit 'Present address: 6309, IJunbar Street. Vancouver BC CQnadu V6NIXJ. Phone : 604 267 1301 Email : mkrani(!i'hounail.com INDIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 179 set. (3) to establish the factors that determine the Barleria flowers are blue and tubular (2. 76 em long). floral success, and (4) to consider the effect of plant with 2 epipetalous functional anthers and 2 size on reproductive success. staminodes. The single ovary has 3 to 6 ovules. The 2-day flowers are protogynous. offering copious Study Site nectar and pollen. The major pollinators arc Apis dorsata and Apis cerena. although Xylncopa bees Kakkachi ( 1400 m), the study site is located in and large butterflies also visit them (Personal the southern end of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger observation). Small birds like rose finch ( Carodacm Sanctuary in the southern Western Ghats in Tamil erytltrifms) and sun birds (Nectarinia asiatica) rob Nadu, South India. The medium elevation evergreen the flower of nectar by piercing the corolla tube forests arc floristically classified as Cu/lenia vertically. The capsules dehisce mechanically in the exarillpta - Mesua ferrea - Palaquium ellipticum - dry season from April. Ghaa travancorica - Diccusocarpus wallichianus type (Ramesh et a/., 1999). The common canopy R/am census and size: Individuals (n"' 36) marked trees include- Caloplryllum austro - indicum. for study were located along a 500 m x I0 m transect. Diccusocatpus wallichianus, Cullenia exarlllata. Monthly census was.taken to record the number of and Pa/aquium ellipticum. The common open and predated flowers, inflorescence, and fruits understorey and sub-canopy trees include­ for the marked individuals. Every 3 months height Myristica dactyloides, Artocarpus heterophyllus and number of growing points were recorded for and Agrostistachys boomensis. Saprosma individuals. Growing points arc the number uf cmymbosum. Diotacanthus grandis, Agrostistachys meristems available for fm1her growth. Based on the indica, Sarcandra chloranthoides and many number of growing points, plants were classified into species of Nilgiriamlzus arc found in the shrub layer. 2 groups: Small individuals ( 1-30) an,1 large Barleria involucra/a var. e/ata is a monocarpic individuals (> 30). The degree of flowering and shrub species endemic to the evergreen forests of fruiting overlaps for the population was estimated Western Ghats (Gamble, 1967: Henry eta/., 1987), with the number of open flowers recorded monthly und was distributed in a clumped fashion in the following Ludwig and Reynolds ( 1988 ). study area (Krishnan, 1996). Rainfall occurs in 2 peaks following the northeast and the southwest Flowering stages : To characterize flowering stages monsoon. The avcmge annual rainfall is around 3000 of the population, the flowering times were classified mm, with 4 to 5 dry months (data from Nalmukku, as- early (attained when 10%, individuals were in approximately 2 km from the study site). The flower), middle (reached when 50%, individuals were environmental factors considered were monthly in flower) and late (when 75o;,, individuals were in readings of mean maximum and minimum flower). The individual flowering peaks. defined as temperature, rainfall, soil moisture and number of the month in which median number of flowers were bright days. The study was conducted between open, were assigned using the month in which the January, 1990 to June, 1992. median flower opened. Individuals were further grouped into synchronous. pre-synchronous and Material and Methods · post-synchronous flowering individuals based on the time when the median flower opened. During ti1L' Natural histOIJ' : Barleria involucra/a var. elata. synchronous flowering period, maximum number of is a monocarpic understorey shrub growing to a individuals displayed their median flowers. The maximum height of 4 m in the evergreen forests of period before and allcr this was categorized as pre­ the Western Ghats. Genus Barleria is less known synchronous and post-synchronous flowering than the genus Nilgiriamhus for its synchronous period respectively. flowering behaviour. The species probably flowers synchronously once in 4 or 5 years, although the Floml success : Floral success if defined as the flowering periodicity has not been recorded. number of t1owers successfully initiating fruits. A 180 RANI M. KRISHNAN stepwise regression was used to estimate the Results relative importance of various parameters influencing the overall flora success. The parameters used to Flowering and environmental factors • understand the floral success were, number of Observations from January, 1990 to July, 1991 !lowers and fruits, pollen availability and visitation showed that plant growth was only vegetative. .. rates. To estimate the relationship that explains the Initiation of flowering was negatively correlated with floral success during each phase of flowering, temperature (mean minimum temperature r= -0.664. attributes like mean number of flowers, fn1its, leaves P<0.05; mean maximum temperature r= -0.559, and inflorescence were subjected to non-parametric P<0.05), but did not correlate with rainfall, soil correlation. moisture or number of bright days. Fruiting was mildly aided by soil moisture (r= 0.43 I, P<0.05) and The visitation rates were estimated throughout the number of bright days (r= 0.514, n"" 9, P<0.05). the flowering period, by observing and recording Of the 36 individuals marked for the study, 7 (20%) the number of pollinator visits of the inflorescence. failed to flower and one individual that flowered The observations were spread throughout the failed to fruit. The individuals that failed to flower flowering season in to-minute sessions totalling up were predated by the large mammal herbivores in to 18 hours. The visitors were broadly identified as the dry season. bees, butterflies and birds, and their foraging behaviour for nectar and pollen observed. Total of Flowering stages and fruiting : Flowering 50 anthers from the whole flowering period was progressed slowly from August and peaked in crushed and stained with acetocarmine to count the December. During this period 28% of the total number of pollen grains. Pollen deposition per flowers were presented. Flowering intensified
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of the Variability of Floral and Pollen Traits in Apple Cultivars—Selecting Suitable Pollen Donors for Cider Apple Orchards
    agronomy Article Analysis of the Variability of Floral and Pollen Traits in Apple Cultivars—Selecting Suitable Pollen Donors for Cider Apple Orchards Alvaro Delgado 1,* , Muriel Quinet 2 and Enrique Dapena 1 1 Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Apdo.13, E-33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; [email protected] 2 Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Box L7 07 13, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Most apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) are self-incompatible and fruit yield depends on cross-pollination between genetically compatible cultivars with synchronous flowering. Flowering intensity can vary strongly among years due to the biennial bearing habit of the cultivars. The knowledge of the phenological stages and floral and pollen characteristics is essential to select suitable pollen donors. We evaluated the phenotypic variability of flowering-related traits (i.e., flowering phenology, flowering intensity, pollen production and pollen quality) in 45 apple cultivars over two successive flowering seasons. Large phenotypic variability was found among the studied cultivars indicating that the local germplasm collection provides a good source of genetic and phenotypic diversity. However, low correlations were observed between floral biology traits and, consequently, the improvement in one trait seems not to affect other traits. Some of the cultivars such as ‘Perurico’ and ‘Raxila Dulce’ regularly produced copious amounts of high-quality pollen Citation: Delgado, A.; Quinet, M.; which can improve the pollen load dispersion leading to a most effective pollination process. We did Dapena, E. Analysis of the Variability not identify statistically significant correlations between pollen attributes and the biennial bearing of Floral and Pollen Traits in Apple phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinators in Forests – an Annotated Bibliography
    Pollinators in Forests – An Annotated Bibliography This annotated bibliography was compiled while researching pollinators in the woods and other related topics. Some text was copied directly from the source when it was appropriately concise. The document is broken into 9 categories: Forest Pollinator Biology, Phenology, Habitat; Forest Pollinators and Woody Material; Forest Management and Pollinators; Forest Pollinators and Agriculture; Forest Pollinators and Habitat Fragments; Forest Pollinators and Adjacent Land Use; Forest Pollinators and Invasive Plants; Pollinator Research Methodology; and Miscellaneous, for papers that do not fit a specific category but that contain relevant information. Forest Pollinator Biology, Phenology, Habitat 1. Adamson, Nancy Lee, et al. “Pollinator Plants: Great Lakes Region,” Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, 2017. Includes a list of plants beneficial to pollinators native to the Great Lakes region, which includes land in Ontario, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York. 2. Adamson, Nancy Lee, et al. “Pollinator Plants: Northeast Region,” Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, 2015. Includes a list of plants beneficial to pollinators native to the Northeast Region, which encompasses southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the New England states, and eastern New York. 3. Black, Scott Hoffman, et al. “Pollinators in Natural Areas: A Primer on Habitat Management,” Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. By aiding in wildland food production, helping with nutrient cycling, and as direct prey, pollinators are important in wildlife food webs. Summerville and Crist (2002) found that forest moths play important functional roles as selective herbivores, pollinators, detritivores, and prey for migratory songbirds. Belfrage et al. (2005) demonstrated that butterfly diversity was a good predictor of bird abundance and diversity, apparently due to a shared requirement for a complex plant community.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Flowering Synchrony Contribute to the Sustainment of Dry Grassland
    Flora 222 (2016) 96–103 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Flora j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/flora Does flowering synchrony contribute to the sustainment of dry grassland biodiversity? a,∗ a a b Edy Fantinato , Silvia Del Vecchio , Antonio Slaviero , Luisa Conti , b a Alicia Teresa Rosario Acosta , Gabriella Buffa a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy b Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Phenological relationships among entomophilous species for pollination may play an important role in Received 20 January 2016 structuring natural plant communities. Received in revised form 1 April 2016 The main aim of this work was to test whether in dry grassland communities there is a non-random Accepted 7 April 2016 flowering pattern and if the pattern influences the species richness, and the richness of subordinate and Edited by Fei-Hai Yu common species. Available online 11 April 2016 Field sampling was carried out in temperate dry grasslands in NE Italy. Species composition and the flowering phenology were monitored in 45 2 m × 2 m plots randomly placed over dry grasslands. Keywords: To quantify the degree to which insect-pollinated species overlap in their flowering time we developed Co-flowering index a “co-flowering index” (CF-index). The significance of the observed flowering pattern was tested using a Generalists and specialists species Pollinator sharing null model.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Limitation and Flower Abortion in a Wind-Pollinated, Masting Tree
    Notes Ecology, 96(2), 2015, pp. 587–593 Ó 2015 by the Ecological Society of America Pollen limitation and flower abortion in a wind-pollinated, masting tree 1,2,5 1,3 4 1 IAN S. PEARSE, WALTER D. KOENIG, KYLE A. FUNK, AND MARIO B. PESENDORFER 1Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA 2Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 S. Oaks Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820 USA 3Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA 4School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 USA Abstract. Pollen limitation is a key assumption of theories that explain mast seeding, which is common among wind-pollinated and woody plants. In particular, the pollen coupling hypothesis and pollination Moran effect hypothesis assume pollen limitation as a factor that synchronizes seed crops across individuals. The existence of pollen limitation has not, however, been unambiguously demonstrated in wind-pollinated, masting trees. We conducted a two-year pollen supplementation experiment on a masting oak species, Quercus lobata. Supplemental pollen increased acorn set in one year but not in the other, supporting the importance of pollen coupling and pollination Moran effect models of mast seeding. We also tracked the fate of female flowers over five years and found that the vast majority of flowers were aborted for reasons unrelated to pollination, even in the presence of excess pollen. Pollen limitation can reduce annual seed set in a wind-pollinated tree, but factors other than pollen limitation cause the majority of flower abortion. Key words: anemophily; flower abortion; perennial plants; pollen; seed set; wind pollination.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavior of Pollinators That Share Two Co-Flowering Wetland Plant Species" (2015)
    The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Honors Research Projects College Spring 2015 Behavior of Pollinators That Share Two Co- Flowering Wetland Plant Species Joshua R. Morris University of Akron Main Campus, [email protected] Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Biology Commons, and the Population Biology Commons Recommended Citation Morris, Joshua R., "Behavior of Pollinators That Share Two Co-Flowering Wetland Plant Species" (2015). Honors Research Projects. 56. http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/56 This Honors Research Project is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Morris 1 Behavior of Pollinators That Share Two Co-Flowering Wetland Plant Species Joshua Morris Department of Biology Honors Research Project Morris 2 Behavior of Pollinators that share Two Co-Flowering Wetland Plant Species Abstract: Intermixed, co-flowering plant species often attract the same pollinators and may therefore compete for pollinator visits. Mimulus ringens and Verbena hastata are sympatric wetland plants that flower in synchrony and share many pollinators, the most common being bumblebees.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Flowering Phenology in Juncus (Juncaceae)
    Annals of Botany 100: 1271–1285, 2007 doi:10.1093/aob/mcm206, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Synchronous Pulsed Flowering: Analysis of the Flowering Phenology in Juncus (Juncaceae) STEFAN G. MICHALSKI* and WALTER DURKA Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Department of Community Ecology (BZF), Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany Received: 16 May 2007 Returned for revision: 29 June 2007 Accepted: 16 July 2007 Published electronically: 19 September 2007 † Background and Aims The timing of flowering within and among individuals is of fundamental biological importance because of its influence on total seed production and, ultimately, fitness. Traditional descriptive parameters of flowering phenology focus on onset and duration of flowering and on synchrony among individuals. These para- meters do not adequately account for variability in flowering across the flowering duration at individual and population level. This study aims to analyse the flowering phenology of wind-pollinated Juncus species that has been described as temporally highly variable (‘pulsed flowering’). Additionally, an attempt is made to identify proximate environmental factors that may cue the flowering, and ultimate causes for the flowering patterns are discussed. † Methods Flowering phenology was examined in populations of nine Juncus species by estimating flowering syn- chrony and by using the coefficient of variation (CV) to describe the temporal variation in flowering on individual and population levels. Phenologies were compared with null models to test which patterns deviate from random flowering. All parameters assessed were compared with each other and the performance of the parameters in response to randomization and varying synchrony was evaluated using a model population.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Interactions Between Plant Reproduction and Defense
    ES46CH09-Johnson ARI 1 November 2015 14:9 ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Click here to view this article's online features: Evolutionary Interactions • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations • Explore related articles Between Plant Reproduction • Search keywords and Defense Against Herbivores Marc T.J. Johnson,1,2 Stuart A. Campbell,2 and Spencer C.H. Barrett2 1Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6 Canada; email: [email protected] 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 Canada; email: [email protected], [email protected] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2015. 46:191–213 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on herbivory, inbreeding depression, induced response, mating system, September 21, 2015 plant–insect interactions, evolution of sex The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: Coevolution is among the most important evolutionary processes that gen- 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054215 erate biological diversity. Plant–pollinator interactions play a prominent role Copyright c 2015 by Annual Reviews. in the evolution of reproductive traits in flowering plants. Likewise, plant– All rights reserved herbivore interactions select for myriad defenses that protect plants from damage. These mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, respectively, have traditionally been considered in isolation from one another. Here, we con- Access provided by University of Toronto Library on 02/03/16. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2015.46:191-213. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org sider whether reproductive traits and antiherbivore defenses are interde- pendent as a result of pollinator- and herbivore-mediated selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotypic Diversity Assessment Wihin a Major Ex Situ Collection of Coffees
    Phenotypic diversity assessment wihin a major ex situ collection of coffees in Madagascar Aurore Rimlinger, Nathalie Raharimalala, Véronique Letort, Jean-Jacques Rakotomalala, Dominique Crouzillat, Romain Guyot, Perla Hamon, Sylvie Sabatier To cite this version: Aurore Rimlinger, Nathalie Raharimalala, Véronique Letort, Jean-Jacques Rakotomalala, Dominique Crouzillat, et al.. Phenotypic diversity assessment wihin a major ex situ collection of coffees in Madagascar. Annals of Botany, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2020, 126 (5), pp.849-863. 10.1093/aob/mcaa073. hal-03167205 HAL Id: hal-03167205 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03167205 Submitted on 16 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Original article 2 3 4 Phenotypic diversity assessment within a major ex situ collection of coffees in Madagascar 5 6 Aurore Rimlinger 1, Nathalie Raharimalala 2, Véronique Letort 3, Jean-Jacques 7 Rakotomalala 2, Dominique Crouzillat 4, Romain Guyot 5, Perla Hamon 5, Sylvie Sabatier 1* 8 9 1. CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France 10 AMAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier 11 2. FOFIFA, BP 1444, Ambatobe, Antanarivo 101, Madagasca 12 3. Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes, 13 CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, 14 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainfall and Flowering Synchrony in a Tropical Shrub: Variable Selection on the Flowering Time of Erythroxylum Havanense
    Evolutionary Ecology, 1995, 9, 204-216 Rainfall and flowering synchrony in a tropical shrub: variable selection on the flowering time of Erythroxylum havanense C/~SAR A. DOMINGUEZ and RODOLFO DIRZO Centro de Ecologfa, Dept. Ecologia Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autrnoma de Mdxico, AP 70-275, Mdxico DF 04510, M~xico Summary We tested the adaptive significance of flowering synchrony by means of a quantitative analysis of selection and by flowering induction experiments with the deciduous shrub Erythroxylum havanense. Temporal schedules of flower and fruit production were determined for a local population (in three sites) in a Mexican seasonal forest for 2 years (1987-1988). The consequences of natural variation in flowering time (flowering initiation day) on maternal reproductive success (fecundity) were evaluated. We observed high levels of inter- and intraindividual flowering synchrony in 1987, but not in 1988 and this contrast was related to differences in rainfall patterns between the two years. A significant proportion (15.4%) of the phenotypic variation in flowering initiation day was accounted for by environmental variance. The expression of phenotypic variance of flowering time and, consequently, the opportunity for selection to act, are controlled by annual variation in rainfall. Despite the between-year difference in flowering synchrony, we detected a relatively intense directional selection on flowering initiation day in both years, but selection coefficients were of opposite sign (standardized directional gradients were -0.326 and 0.333 for 1987 and 1988, respectively). For both years there was a significant relationship between individual relative fitness and the number of neighbouring flowering plants in a given day, suggesting positive frequency-dependent selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Phenology of Brazilian Savannas and Riparian Forests: Environmental and Phylogenetic Issues Igor Silva, Danilo Silva, Gustavo Carvalho, Marco Batalha
    Reproductive phenology of Brazilian savannas and riparian forests: environmental and phylogenetic issues Igor Silva, Danilo Silva, Gustavo Carvalho, Marco Batalha To cite this version: Igor Silva, Danilo Silva, Gustavo Carvalho, Marco Batalha. Reproductive phenology of Brazilian savannas and riparian forests: environmental and phylogenetic issues. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2011, 68 (7), pp.1207-1215. 10.1007/s13595- 011-0071-5. hal-00930804 HAL Id: hal-00930804 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930804 Submitted on 1 Jan 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2011) 68:1207–1215 DOI 10.1007/s13595-011-0071-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Reproductive phenology of Brazilian savannas and riparian forests: environmental and phylogenetic issues Igor A Silva & Danilo M da Silva & Gustavo H de Carvalho & Marco A Batalha Received: 16 January 2011 /Accepted: 9 May 2011 /Published online: 27 May 2011 # INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract reproductive periods of plants may not be under phylogenetic & Introduction The reproductive phenology of plants is constraints, as observed in forests under nonseasonal expected to be influenced by climatic factors and by the climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Density-Dependent Seed Set in the Haleakala Silversword: Evidence for an Allee Effect
    Oecologia (2003) 136:551–557 DOI 10.1007/s00442-003-1295-3 POPULATION ECOLOGY Stacey A. Forsyth Density-dependent seed set in the Haleakala silversword: evidence for an Allee effect Received: 23 December 2002 / Accepted: 15 April 2003 / Published online: 29 May 2003 Springer-Verlag 2003 Abstract Plant species may be subject to Allee effects if Introduction individuals experience a reduction in pollination services when populations are small or sparse. I examined Theoretical and empirical work in conservation biology temporal variation in reproductive success of the mono- suggests that small populations are more likely to go carpic Haleakala silversword (Argyroxiphium sand- extinct than are larger populations, in part due to chance wicense subsp. macrocephalum) over five years, to fluctuations in population size (Shaffer 1981; Gilpin and determine if plants flowering out of synchrony with most Soule 1986). Small populations may also suffer additional of the population (i.e., in low flowering years) exhibited disadvantages due to Allee effects, in which individuals lower percent seed set than synchronously-flowering experience reduced survival and/or fertility at low pop- plants (i.e., those flowering in high flowering years). ulation sizes (Allee 1931, 1938). In species exhibiting Through two pollination experiments conducted over Allee effects, individual fitness is reduced as population multiple years, I also measured pollen limitation and self- size decreases, with extinction becoming more likely as a incompatibility in this species. The number of flowering population declines. Allee effects may be due to a variety plants varied greatly among years, as did reproductive of genetic, demographic, and/or ecological factors, in- success.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbarium Specimens Reveal the Footprint of Climate Change on flowering Trends Across North-Central North America
    Ecology Letters, (2013) doi: 10.1111/ele.12135 LETTER Herbarium specimens reveal the footprint of climate change on flowering trends across north-central North America Abstract Kellen M. Calinger,* Simon Shifting flowering phenology with rising temperatures is occurring worldwide, but the rarity of co-occurring Queenborough and Peter S. Curtis long-term observational and temperature records has hindered the evaluation of phenological responsive- ness in many species and across large spatial scales. We used herbarium specimens combined with historic Department of Evolution, Ecology temperature data to examine the impact of climate change on flowering trends in 141 species collected and Organismal Biology, The Ohio across 116,000 km2 in north-central North America. On average, date of maximum flowering advanced State University, Columbus, OH, À À 2.4 days °C 1, although species-specific responses varied from À 13.5 to + 7.3 days °C 1. Plant functional USA types exhibited distinct patterns of phenological responsiveness with significant differences between native *Correspondence: E-mail: kcalin- and introduced species, among flowering seasons, and between wind- and biotically pollinated species. This [email protected] study is the first to assess large-scale patterns of phenological responsiveness with broad species representa- tion and is an important step towards understanding current and future impacts of climate change on spe- cies performance and biodiversity. Keywords Climate change, invasive species, life history, phenological responsiveness, phenology, pollination syn- drome. Ecology Letters (2013) Alternatively, earlier flowering can increase risk of frost exposure INTRODUCTION (Inouye 2008) or may lead to pollinator mismatch, the disconnect Phenology, the timing of key life events, is one of the most sensi- between pollinator availability and flowering as a result of differing tive biological indicators of climate change (Penuelas~ & Filella 2001; responses to environmental cues (Kudo et al.
    [Show full text]