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Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) [AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN] for the DEVELOPMENT of Sitophilus Zeamais Motschulsky (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

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Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) [AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN] for the DEVELOPMENT of Sitophilus Zeamais Motschulsky (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh STUDIES ON THE SUITABILITY OF Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) [AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN] FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE). BY AUDU ABDULLAHI B.Sc.(Hons), Agriculture, (Crop Protection). University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in Entomology of the University of Ghana, Legon. Insect Science Programme University of Ghana, Legon August 2005 Joint interfaculty international Programme for the training of entomologists in West Africa. Collaborating departments: Zoology (Faculty of Science) & Crop Science (School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences). University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh SPf2_- University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I do hereby declare that this thesis with the exception of references to other people work which I have duly cited, this work is entirely my own research and has not been presented elsewhere for the award of a degree. Audu Abdullahi (Candidate) Prof. J.'N. Ayertey (Principal Supervisor) (Co- Supervisor) University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my late Dad Alhaji Abdulrahman Mustapha Ali (May his gentle soul rest in perfect peace, Amen) and my Mum Hajia Abbo Mustapha whom through them I came to be. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I am grateful to the Almighty Allah who created me and gave me the strength to write this thesis. The completion of this thesis was a mammoth and formidable task and was inspired by many remarkable personalities whom I wish to acknowledge. The first bouquet of appreciation goes to Prof. J. N. Ayertey. My Principal supervisor, and Former Coordinator of the African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science (ARPPIS) and Mr. Bernard Boateng, my Co­ supervisor. Their suggestions were of inestimable worth and their recommendations at various stages were gladly accepted. I am grateful to my dear lecturers Profs.K, Afreh-Nuamah, D. Obeng-Ofori, (Late) Prof. W.Z. Coker, and Drs. D. Wilson, P. Attah, E. O. Owusu, R. Kyerematen, Ms. M. Cobblah and Mr. E. Cornelius. Not to be forgotten are : Prof. N. E .S. Lale, Drs D. M. Gwary, B. M. Sastawa, N. Gworgwor and Mall. M. Lawan all of University of Maiduguri for motivating me to higher achievements. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh I also want to thank Mr. Asante, for statistical advice and Mr. E. Addo, Mr. A. Appiah and Mr. K. Matey who all are technicians of the Department of Crop Science for their assistance. I also owe gratitude to Lydia Asiedu ARPPIS Secretary, Mr.Samuel Acquah ARPPIS driver and Mr. Boni Principal technician of the Department of Zoology for their valuable services. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my parents and my entire family for their moral support, love, encouragement and prayers throughout the study. My gratitude also goes to'my friends at home: Muh’d S. Abubakar, Taiyu Muh’d, Usman, B. Shehu, Danladi S. Biu, Ali Garga and Ibrahim Musa. My special thanks go to Muh’d U.Watsada and Umar Labaran and all those that space does not permit me to mention. I am also grateful to my fellow classmates Zakka Usman, Samuel, K. Charo, Badii, K. Benjamin, Olivia, A. Achonduh, Jacinta, A. O. Odhiambo including Nigerian colleagues, Utomiic Chukwuemeke, Fidelis Onykwere, Isaac Clement and Ngozi Angela, who deserve mention. Special thanks to Mike Osei, Miss Millicent, Daniel, A. Sackey, Stanley Dimpka and Sylvester Atijegbe and friends v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Poumo T. David, Thiam Amadou, Abdulrahman Jada, Sulyman, I. Olanrewaju and Abdulrahim S. Zakari, You all have touched my life in ways you cannot imagine. Finally my gratitude to Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dient (DAAD) for funding this study, to which I am eternally grateful. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Declaration-------------------------------- t------------------------------------------------------- ii Dedication -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii Acknowledgements----------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Table of Contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii List of Figures------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x List of Tables-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi List of Plates--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii Abstract--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii CHAPTER ONE------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1.0.1.troduction .----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1. General Obj ective-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 1.2. Specific objectives--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 CHAPTER TW O --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.0.Literature Review------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 2.1.The Maize Zea mays (L.)---------------------------------------------------------------------6 2.1.1.Taxonomy, distribution and ecology------------------------------------------ 6 2.1.2.Economic Importance------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.2.The African locust bean Parkia biglobosa{Jacq.)------------------------------------- 9 2.2.1.Taxonomy, distribution and ecology------------------------------------------ 9 2.2.2.Economic importance------------------------------------------------------------ 12 2.3 .Insect pests of Parkia------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 2.4.Taxonomy of Sitophilus zeamais--------------------------------------------------------- 16 2.5. Biology of S. zeamais------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 2.5.1. Eggs------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20 2.5.2. Larvae------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20 2.5.3. Pupae------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 2.5.4. Adults---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 2.5.5. Reproduction--------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 2.6.Ecology and distribution---------------------------------------------------------------------23 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.7.Feeding and breeding substrates---------------------------------------------------------- 23 2.8.Economic importance--------------------------------------------------------------------------24 2.9.Managemen t -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 2.9.1. Cultural control--------------------------------------------------------------------25 2.9.2. Physical control--------------------------------------------------------------------26 2.9.3. Chemical control------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 2.9.4. Novel Approaches------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 CHAPTER THREE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35 3.0. General Methodology.--------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 3.1. Study area------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35 3.2. Test p lan ts-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 3.3. Culturing of S. zeam ais--------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 3.4. Experimental Design and Set U p ----------------------------------------------------- 38 3.5. Statistical analysis----------------------------------------------------------------------------42 CHAPTER FOUR ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 4.0. Description of experiments--------------------------------------------------------------- 44 4.1.Survival of S. zeamais on Parkia and maize substrates-----------------------------44 4.1.1. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------44 4.1.2. Materials and Methods----------------------------------------------------------- 44 4.1.3. Data collection------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 4.1.4. Data Analysis----------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 4.1.5. Results-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 4.1.5.1. Survival of .S', zeamais on Parkia and maize substrates under controlled environments------------------------------------------------ 48 4.1.5.2. Survival of S. zeamais on Parkia and maize substrates under ambient environmental conditions--------------------------------- 49 4.1.6. Discussion----------------------------------------------------------------------------50 4.2.Preference for Parkia and maize substrates by S. zeam ais----------------------- 53 4.2.1. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------53 4.2.2. Materials and Methods-----------------------------------------------------------
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