Metalexicographic Criteria for a Monolingual Descriptive Dictionary Presenting the Standard Variety of Yipunu
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Discovering Semantic Links Between Synonyms, Hyponyms and Hypernyms Ricardo Avila, Gabriel Lopes, Vania Vidal, Jose Macedo
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Computer and Systems Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 Discovering Semantic Links Between Synonyms, Hyponyms and Hypernyms Ricardo Avila, Gabriel Lopes, Vania Vidal, Jose Macedo Abstract—This proposal aims for semantic enrichment between Other approaches have been proposed to identify such glossaries using the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) mappings (see Section IV), but they are still far from perfect. vocabulary to discover synonyms, hyponyms and hyperonyms In general, previous studies have tried to directly identify semiautomatically, in Brazilian Portuguese, generating new semantic relationships based on WordNet. To evaluate the quality of this different types of relationships, usually with the help of proposed model, experiments were performed by the use of two sets dictionaries such as WordNet. On the other hand, we propose containing new relations, being one generated automatically and the an enrichment strategy using a two-step approach. In the first other manually mapped by the domain expert. The applied evaluation step, we apply the use of a crawler to collect synonyms, metrics were precision, recall, f-score, and confidence interval. The hyponyms, and hyperonyms to generate an XML file, then results obtained demonstrate that the applied method in the field of Oil Production and Extraction (E&P) is effective, which suggests that we generate new relationships between the instances and it can be used to improve the quality of terminological mappings. determine the initial ontology mapping with approximate The procedure, although adding complexity in its elaboration, can be matches of equality. Then, using a unified lexical ontology reproduced in others domains. -
Cover Page the Handle Holds Various Files of This Leiden University Dissertation. Author: Lima
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/85723 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Lima Santiago J. de Title: Zoonímia Histórico-comparativa: Denominações dos antílopes em bantu Issue Date: 2020-02-26 729 ANEXO 1: TABELA RECAPITULATIVA DAS PROTOFORMAS Nas protoformas provenientes do BLR (2003) e nas reconstruções de outros autores (majoritariamente, Mouguiama & Hombert, 2006), as classes nominais em negrito e sublinhadas, são sugestões da autora da tese. Significados Reconstruções Propostas Propostas do BLR e de de correções (De Lima outros autores Santiago) *-bʊ́dʊ́kʊ́ °-bʊ́dʊ́gʊ́ (cl. 9/10, 12/13) °-cénda (cl. 12/13) Philantomba °-cótɩ́ monticola (cl. 12/13) *-kùengà > °-kùèngà (cl. 11/5, 7/8) °°-cécɩ/ °°-cétɩ (cl. 9/10, 12/13) *-pàmbı ́ °-pàmbɩ́ (cl. 9/10) °-dòbò Cephalophus (cl. 3+9/4, nigrifrons 5/6) *-pùmbɩ̀dɩ̀ °-pùmbèèdɩ̀ (cl. 9/10, 9/6) 730 Significados Reconstruções Propostas Propostas do BLR e de de correções (De Lima outros autores Santiago) *-jʊ́mbɩ̀ (cl. 9/10, 3/4) °°-cʊ́mbɩ (cl. 9/10, 5/6, 7/8, 11/10) *-jìbʊ̀ °-tʊ́ndʊ́ Cephalophus (cl. 9/10) (cl. 9/10) silvicultor °°-bɩ́mbà °-bɩ̀mbà (cl. 9/10) °-kʊtɩ (cl. 9, 3) *-kʊ́dʊ̀pà/ °-bɩ́ndɩ́ *-kúdùpà (cl. 9/10, 7/8, (cl. 9/10) 3, 12/13) Cephalophus dorsalis °°-cíbʊ̀ °-pòmbɩ̀ (cl. 7/8) (cl. 9/10) °°-cʊmɩ >°-cʊmɩ́ °-gindà (cl. 9) Cephalophus (cl. 3/4) callipygus °°-cábè >°-cábà (cl. 9/10, 7/8) °°-bɩ̀jɩ̀ (cl. 9) 731 Significados Reconstruções Propostas Propostas do BLR e de de correções (De Lima outros autores Santiago) *-bengeda >°-bèngédè °-cégé (cl.9/10) (cl. 9/10) °°-àngàdà >°-jàngàdà Cephalophus (cl. -
Use of Plant Names for the Classification of the Bantu Languages of Gabon
Use of Plant Names for the Classification of the Bantu Languages of Gabon Rebecca Grollemund and Jean-Marie Hombert Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, CNRS UMR 5596, France 1. Introduction Since the early seventies, several classifications of Bantu languages have been proposed. Two branches have been identified in some of these classifications: Eastern and Western Bantu. The homogeneity of the languages of the Eastern branch has been confirmed, while the situation appears more complex with Western languages. Indeed, Bastin, Coupez and Mann (1999) have highlighted the complexity of the North-Western area which includes languages belonging to zones A and B. The purpose of this paper is to examine the North-Western area through the study of zones A, B and H languages spoken in Gabon in order to better understand the historical relationships between these Bantu languages. We propose classifications involving news techniques borrowed from biology (i.e. the phylogenetic method), like a network-building method, Neighbor-Net, in order to examine the historical relationships among these Bantu languages. First, we will present the major classifications proposed for Bantu languages, especially for the North-Western zone. Then, we will present our first classification based on basic vocabulary. Finally, we will discuss a second classification based on specialized lexicon of plant names. We will then point out the similarities and differences between these two classifications. 2. Linguistic situation of Gabon Gabon is a country situated in Equatorial Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, between the Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea. Gabon is a multilingual country with more than 50 Bantu languages and one non-Bantu language (Baka, an Ubangian language), spoken by 1,291,000 speakers (according to Lewis’ estimation (2009), http://www.ethnologue.com/). -
Glossary and Bibliography for Vocabularies 1 the Codes (For Example, the Dewey Decimal System Number 735.942)
Glossary and Bibliography for Controlled Vocabularies Glossary AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition) A content standard published by the American Library Association (ALA), Canadian Library Association (CLA), and Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP). It is being replaced by RDA. abbreviation A shortened form of a name or term (for example, Mr. for Mister). See also acronym and initialism. access point An entry point to a systematic arrangement of information, specifically an indexed field or heading in a work record, vocabulary record, or other content object that is formatted and indexed in order to provide access to the information in the record. acronym An abbreviation or word formed from the initial letters of a compound term or phrase (for example, MoMA, for Museum of Modern Art). See also initialism and abbreviation. ad hoc query Also called a direct query. A query or report that is constructed when required and that directly accesses data files and fields that are selected only when the query is created. It differs from a predefined report or querying a database through a user interface. administrative entity In the context of a geographic vocabulary, a political or other administrative body defined by administrative boundaries and conditions, including inhabited places, nations, empires, nations, states, districts, and townships. administrative data In the context of cataloging art, information having to do with the administrative history and care of the work and the history of the catalog record (for example, insurance value, conservation history, and revision history of the catalog record). See also descriptive data. algorithm A formula or procedure for solving a problem or carrying out a task. -
GLOSSARY of USAGE Presbyterian College English Department a A, an Use a Before a Consonant Sound, an Before a Vowel Sound
GLOSSARY OF USAGE Presbyterian College English Department A a, an Use a before a consonant sound, an before a vowel sound. a heavy load, a nap, a sound; an island, an honest man, an umpire. accept, except As a verb, accept means "to receive"; except means "to exclude." Except as a preposition also means "but." Every senator except Mr. Browning refused to accept the bribe. We will except (exclude) this novel from the list of those to be read. advice, advise Advice is a noun; advise is a verb. I advise you to follow Estelle's advice. affect, effect Affect is a verb meaning "to act upon, to influence, or to imitate." Effect may be either a verb or a noun. Effect as a verb means "to cause or to bring about"; effect as a noun means "a result or a consequence." The patent medicine did not affect (influence) the disease. Henry affected the manner of an Oxford student. (imitated) Henry effected a change in his schedule. (brought about) The effect (result) of this change was that he had no Friday classes. aggravate Aggravate means "to make more grave, to worsen." A problem or condition is aggravated. A person is not aggravated; a person is annoyed. CORRECT: The heavy rains aggravated the slippery roads. CORRECT: The drivers were annoyed by the slippery roads. INCORRECT: The drivers were aggravated by the slippery roads. CORRECT: Her headache was aggravated by the damp weather. INCORRECT: She was aggravated by driving in the heavy traffic. CORRECT: She was annoyed by driving in the heavy traffic. -
A Grammar of Gyeli
A Grammar of Gyeli Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von M.A. Nadine Grimm, geb. Borchardt geboren am 28.01.1982 in Rheda-Wiedenbrück Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekanin der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal Gutachter: 1. 2. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Table of Contents List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Abbreviations xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Gyeli Language . 1 1.1.1 The Language’s Name . 2 1.1.2 Classification . 4 1.1.3 Language Contact . 9 1.1.4 Dialects . 14 1.1.5 Language Endangerment . 16 1.1.6 Special Features of Gyeli . 18 1.1.7 Previous Literature . 19 1.2 The Gyeli Speakers . 21 1.2.1 Environment . 21 1.2.2 Subsistence and Culture . 23 1.3 Methodology . 26 1.3.1 The Project . 27 1.3.2 The Construction of a Speech Community . 27 1.3.3 Data . 28 1.4 Structure of the Grammar . 30 2 Phonology 32 2.1 Consonants . 33 2.1.1 Phonemic Inventory . 34 i Nadine Grimm A Grammar of Gyeli 2.1.2 Realization Rules . 42 2.1.2.1 Labial Velars . 43 2.1.2.2 Allophones . 44 2.1.2.3 Pre-glottalization of Labial and Alveolar Stops and the Issue of Implosives . 47 2.1.2.4 Voicing and Devoicing of Stops . 51 2.1.3 Consonant Clusters . -
Pdf), Covering the Major Part of the Ntem Watershed
Revue d’ethnoécologie 10 | 2016 Inland traditional capture fisheries in the Congo Basin The safety net role of inland fishing in the subsistence strategy of multi-active forest dwellers in southern Cameroon Pêche en eau douce : filet de sécurité de la stratégie de subsistance de peuples forestiers pluriactifs du sud Cameroun Edmond Dounias, Serge Cogels, Serges Mvé Mbida and Stéphanie Carrière Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/2844 DOI: 10.4000/ethnoecologie.2844 ISSN: 2267-2419 Publisher Laboratoire Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie Electronic reference Edmond Dounias, Serge Cogels, Serges Mvé Mbida and Stéphanie Carrière, « The safety net role of inland fishing in the subsistence strategy of multi-active forest dwellers in southern Cameroon », Revue d’ethnoécologie [Online], 10 | 2016, Online since 31 December 2016, connection on 30 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/2844 ; DOI : 10.4000/ethnoecologie.2844 This text was automatically generated on 30 April 2019. Revue d'ethnoécologie est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. The safety net role of inland fishing in the subsistence strategy of multi-ac... 1 The safety net role of inland fishing in the subsistence strategy of multi- active forest dwellers in southern Cameroon Pêche en eau douce : filet de sécurité de la stratégie de subsistance de peuples forestiers pluriactifs du sud Cameroun Edmond Dounias, Serge Cogels, Serges Mvé Mbida and Stéphanie Carrière Introduction 1 For many ethnic groups of the Congo Basin — for instance the Batanga of Cameroon (Pagezy & Nzouango 1998), the Ntomba of DRC (Pagezy 1988) and the Likouba of Republic of Congo (Comptour et al. -
UNIVERSITE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES DE LILLE 1 Faculté Des Sciences Economiques Et Sociales Institut De Sociologie
N° d’ordre : 4311 UNIVERSITE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES DE LILLE 1 Faculté des Sciences Economiques et Sociales Institut de Sociologie Doctorat Changement social – option Ethnologie Mélanie SOIRON LA LONGEVITÉ POLITIQUE. Ou les fondements symboliques du pouvoir politique au Gabon. Sous la direction de Rémy BAZENGUISSA-GANGA Professeur de Sociologie, Université de Lille 1 Membres du Jury : Joseph TONDA (rapporteur et Président du Jury), Professeur de Sociologie et d’Anthropologie, Université de Libreville, Gabon. André MARY (rapporteur), Professeur d’Anthropologie. Directeur de recherches au CNRS. Alban BENSA, Professeur d’Anthropologie. Directeur d’études à l’EHESS. Bruno MARTINELLI, Professeur d’Anthropologie, Université de Provence. Thèse soutenue publiquement le 28 janvier 2009 Tome 1 sur 2 Résumé A partir d’une question initiale portant sur les raisons de la longévité politique du président de la République gabonaise, nous avons mis en lumière les fondements symboliques du pouvoir politique au Gabon. Ceux-ci sont perceptibles au sein des quatre principales institutions étatiques. Ainsi, une étude détaillée des conditions de création, et d’évolution de ces institutions, nous a permis de découvrir la logique de l’autochtonie au cœur de l’Assemblée nationale, celle de l’ancestralité au sein du Sénat, tandis qu’au gouvernement se déploie celle de la filiation (fictive et réelle), et que le symbolisme du corps présidentiel est porté par diverses représentations. A ce sujet, nous pouvons distinguer d’une part, une analogie entre les deux corps présidentiels qui se sont succédés et d’autre part, le fait que le chef de l’Etat actuel incarne des dynamiques qui lui sont antérieures et qui le dépassent. -
Ecosystem & Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda
ECOSYSTEM & RELICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF LOPÉ-OKANDA GABON Few other African sites to have so high a density of animal biomass, which exists within a well protected forest varied and large enough to maintain its genetic diversity. The site also preserves a record of biological evolution over the last 15,000 years on the edge between a dense and well conserved tropical rainforest and relict savannah. These occur with an exceptional record of successive cultures from the late Palaeolithic, their hilltop and cave sites, tools, iron workings and some 1,800 petroglyphs; also the record of the southeastward migration of the Bantu peoples through the Ogooué valley. COUNTRY Gabon NAME Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda MIXED NATURAL AND CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE 2007: Inscribed on the World Heritage list under Cultural Criteria iii and iv & Natural Criteria ix and x. STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE The UNESCO World Heritage Committee issued the following statement at the time of inscription: The Ecosystem and Relic Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda represents an unusual interface between dense and well conserved tropical rainforest and relict savannah environments. A greater number of threatened species of large mammals find their last refuge in Lopé-Okanda than in any other comparable rainforest area in the Congo Rainforest Biogeographical Province. The property also preserves a record of biological evolution over the last 15,000 years of the still extant rainforest-savannah transition zone. The Lopé-Okanda National Park displays remarkable evidence for settlement stretching over 400,000 years from the Palaeolithic, through the Neolithic and Iron Age, to the present day Bantu and Pygmy peoples. -
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Glossary of Linguistic Terms accent Often used to refer to distinctive pronuncia tions which differ from that of Received Pronunciation It differs from dialect which includes syn tax and vocabulary as well acronym A word formed from the initial letters of the words which make up a name, e.g. NATO (from North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) active A clause in which the subject is the actor of the verb; in a passive clause the actor is not the grammatical subject; seep. 14 addressee The person being addressed or spoken to in any form of discourse adjective In traditional grammar a word which de scribes a noun, as happy in 'the happy man'; an adjective phrase is a group of one or more words fulfilling the function of an adjective; seep. 11 adverb In t:r:aditional grammar a word which de scribes a verb; in 'he ran slowly', slowly describes how he ran An adverb phrase is a group of one or more words fulfilling the function of an adverb; see p. 11 affix A morpheme which is attached to another word as an inflection or for derivation Affixes include prefixes at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end of a word, e.g. un-god-ly with prefix un- and suffix -ly A derivational affix is used to form a new word, e.g. the suffix -less with hope gives the new word hopeless; an inflectional affix marks grammatical relations, in comes, the -s marks third person singular present indicative 159 160 Glossary alliteration The repetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more words in close proximity, e.g. -
Project 2019/25: Profiles of African Countries with Most Potential for SA Retailers’ Expansion Into Africa
Project 2019/25: Profiles of African countries with most potential for SA retailers’ expansion into Africa i Project 2019/25: Profiles of African countries with most potential for SA retailers’ expansion into Africa Prepared by: Lead researcher: Professor Wallace CHUMA, University of Cape Town, [email protected] Research team: Professor Sumbye KAPENA – Researcher Dr Virimai MUGOBO, Dept of Retail Business Management, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, [email protected] Professor Roger B MASON, Wholesale & Retail Leadership Chair, Cape Peninsula University of Technology [email protected] Wholesale and Retail Leadership Chair Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town “Collaboration opens the window to a world of opportunities” ii Copyright, Cape Peninsula University of Technology. 2020 Copyright for this report is held by Cape Peninsula University of Technology. No part of this report may be published in part or in whole, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, unless permission has been obtained from the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. All reasonable care has been taken in collecting data and in the resultant interpretation of this data. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, the Wholesale & Retail Leadership Chair, and the author(s)/editor cannot accept liability for any direct or indirect loss that might result because of unintentional errors or omissions in the data and interpretation thereof. The opinions and conclusions in this report are those of the author/s -
Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa
Quickworld Entity Report Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa Quickworld Factoid Name : Central Africa Status : Region of Africa Land Area : 7,215,000 sq km - 2,786,000 sq mi Political Entities Sovereign Countries (19) Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo (DR) Congo (Republic) Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Malawi Niger Nigeria Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia International Organizations Worldwide Organizations (3) Commonwealth of Nations La Francophonie United Nations Organization Continental Organizations (1) African Union Conflicts and Disputes Internal Conflicts and Secessions (1) Lybian Civil War Territorial Disputes (1) Sudan-South Sudan Border Disputes Languages Language Families (9) Bihari languages Central Sudanic languages Chadic languages English-based creoles and pidgins French-based creoles and pidgins Manobo languages Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins Prakrit languages Songhai languages © 2019 Quickworld Inc. Page 1 of 7 Quickworld Inc assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this document. The information contained in this document is provided on an "as is" basis with no guarantees of completeness, accuracy, usefulness or timeliness. Quickworld Entity Report Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa Languages (485) Abar Acoli Adhola Aghem Ajumbu Aka Aka Akoose Akum Akwa Alur Amba language Ambele Amdang Áncá Assangori Atong language Awing Baali Babango Babanki Bada Bafaw-Balong Bafia Bakaka Bakoko Bakole Bala Balo Baloi Bambili-Bambui Bamukumbit