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Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page i Human Health and Forests Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page ii PEOPLE AND PLANTS INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION SERIES People and Plants International (PPI) is a non-profit organization of ethnoecologists devoted to conservation and the sustainable use of plant resources around the world. PPI follows and builds on the 12-year People and Plants Initiative, a joint project of the WWF, UNESCO, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, UK, which came to an end in December, 2004. Registered as a non-profit organization, PPI is composed of an international steering committee that develops projects in six primary programme areas in regions of high biological diversity. Applied Ethnobotany: People, Wild Plant Use and Conservation Anthony B. Cunningham Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable Partnerships in Practice Sarah A. Laird (ed) Carving Out a Future: Forests, Livelihoods and the International Woodcarving Trade Anthony Cunningham, Brian Belcher and Bruce Campbell Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual Gary J. Martin Human Health and Forests A Global Overview of Issues, Practice and Policy Carol J. Pierce Colfer (ed) People, Plants and Protected Areas: A Guide to In Situ Management John Tuxill and Gary Paul Nabhan Plant Conservation: An Ecosystem Approach Alan Hamilton and Patrick Hamilton Plant Identification: Creating User-Friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management Anna Lawrence and William Hawthorne Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems Quentin C. B. Cronk and Janice L. Fuller Tapping the Green Market: Certification and Management of Non-Timber Forest Products Patricia Shanley, Alan R. Pierce, Sarah A. Laird and Abraham Guillén (eds) Uncovering the Hidden Harvest: Valuation Methods for Woodland and Forest Resources Bruce M. Campbell and Martin K. Luckert (eds) Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page iii Human Health and Forests A Global Overview of Issues, Practice and Policy Edited by Carol J. Pierce Colfer publishing for a sustainable future London • Sterling, VA Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page iv Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page v This book is dedicated to My aunt, Helen Harris, who – along with Albert Schweitzer and the fictional 1950s nurse, Cherry Ames – inspired my interest in health and The women of Long Segar, who struggle daily with minimal resources to maintain their own health and that of their families Prelims.qxd 2/5/2008 3:37 PM Page vi First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2008 Copyright © Center for International Forestry Research/People and Plants International, 2008 All rights reserved ISBN: 978-1-84407-532-4 Typeset by Domex e-Data, India Printed and bound in the UK by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall Cover design by Susanne Harris For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Human health and forests : a global overview of issues, practice, and policy / edited by Carol J. Pierce Colfer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-532-4 (hardback) 1. Environmental health. 2. Forests and forestry–Health aspects. 3. Forest policy–Health aspects. I. Colfer, Carol J. Pierce. [DNLM: 1. Environmental Health. 2. Trees. 3. Biological Products. 4. Conservation of Natural Resources. 5. Developing Countries. 6. Disease--etiology. WA 30 H9168 2008] RA566.H86 2008 614.4'2252--dc22 2007034789 The paper used for this book is FSC-certified and totally chlorine-free. FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page vii Contents List of boxes, figures and tables ix Foreword xiii Notes on authors xv Acknowledgements xix List of acronyms and abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 Carol J. Pierce Colfer PART I – SYNTHETIC ANALYSES 2 Human Health and Forests: An Overview 13 Colin D. Butler 3 Health, Habitats and Medicinal Plant Use 35 Anthony B. Cunningham, Patricia Shanley and Sarah Laird 4 The Nutritional Role of Forest Plant Foods for Rural Communities 63 Barbara Vinceti, Pablo Eyzaguirre and Timothy Johns 5 Wood: The Fuel that Warms You Thrice 97 Kirk R. Smith 6 Forest Women, Health and Childbearing 113 Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Richard G. Dudley and Robert Gardner 7 The Gender Agenda and Tropical Forest Diseases 135 Pascale Allotey, Margaret Gyapong and Carol J. Pierce Colfer 8 Bat-Borne Viral Diseases 161 Jean Paul Gonzalez, Meriadeg Ar Gouilh, Jean-Marc Reynes and Eric Leroy 9 Deforestation and Malaria: Revisiting the Human Ecology Perspective 197 Subhrendu K. Pattanayak and Junko Yasuoka Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page viii viii HUMAN HEALTH AND FORESTS PART II – THEMATIC AND REGIONAL HEALTH SLICES 10 The Subversive Links between HIV/AIDS and the Forest Sector 221 Pascal Lopez 11 Forest Disturbance and Health Risks to the Yanomami 239 Gale Goodwin Gómez 12 Biodiversity, Environment and Health among Rainforest-Dwellers: An Evolutionary Perspective 259 Alain Froment 13 Sociocultural Dimensions of Diet and Health in Forest-Dwellers’ Systems 275 Edmond Dounias with Carol J. Pierce Colfer PART III – HEALTH-CARE DELIVERY IN FORESTS 14 National Public Health Initiatives that Integrate Traditional Medicine 295 Cynthia Fowler 15 Approaching Conservation through Health 317 Robbie Ali 16 Hidden Suffering on the Island of Siberut, West Sumatra 333 Gerard A. Persoon 17 Conclusions and Ways Forward 347 Carol J. Pierce Colfer Afterword 359 Index 363 Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page ix List of Boxes, Figures and Tables BOXES 4.1 Food plants used by the Maasai 68 4.2 Yearly household consumption of forest foods in northeast Thailand 70 5.1 Major chemical classes of woodsmoke constituents 99 10.1 HIV/AIDS as a challenge for sustainable natural resource management: Evidence from Zimbabwe 224 10.2 The contribution of environmental degradation to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Dominican Republic 228 10.3 Local forest governance in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in the context of HIV/AIDS 231 11.1 Malaria in Amazonia 242 12.1 Malevolent wind or sorcerer’s revenge? Ebola haemorrhagic fever, humans and wildlife in Central Africa 263 13.1 Comparison as a fundamental tool in differentiating sociocultural choices and biophysical constraints 276 13.2 Courtyard and backyard: Managing exposure to disease 284 14.1 Integrating modern and traditional medicine in Zimbabwe 298 14.2 Premises of integrative medicine policies 300 14.3 Traditional medicine goes urban in Cameroon 300 14.4 Medicinal plant conservation for human health and biodiversity in Tanzania 302 14.5 Major components of integrative medicine policies 305 14.6 Polypharmacy in Kalimantan 306 14.7 Potential impacts of institutionalization of traditional medicine 311 15.1 Decision-making steps for conservation planning 320 15.2 Deciding whether health can be linked to conservation 321 16.1 Traditional life on Siberut 333 17.1 ‘Best practices’ for interdisciplinary teams 354 FIGURES 3.1 Medicinal plants in trade 39 3.2 China: the world’s biggest medicinal trade 46 4.1 Annual percentage of kinds of forest food gathered for consumption by the households studied 70 Prelims.qxd 2/4/2008 10:37 AM Page x xHUMAN HEALTH AND FORESTS 4.2 Mangroves and their ecological and economic benefits 79 5.1 Global burden of disease from major controllable risk factors 98 5.2 Estimated national fractions of households dependent on solid fuels 100 6.1 Simplified biological view of population dynamics 119 6.2 Health and childbearing 122 6.3 Education and childbearing 123 6.4 Subsistence work and childbearing 125 6.5 Paid work and childbearing 126 6.6 Public and private status/autonomy and childbearing 127 8.1 Representation of an anthropomorphic head of a leaf-nosed bat (Phyllostomidae) 162 8.2 Transmission mechanisms of SARS coronavirus 171 8.3 Transmission mechanisms of Ebola virus 178 8.4 Transmission mechanisms of Nipah virus 182 9.1 Ecosystem change and malaria 211 11.1 Incidence of malaria in Roraima, 1962–1990 240 11.2 Population of Roraima, 1962–1990 241 11.3 The relative incidence of disease in four villages in the Paapiú region 246 11.4 Location of Yanomami villages, 1985 247 11.5 Location of clandestine airstrips until February 1990 248 11.6 Health posts in the Yanomami Sanitary District, 1994–1995 251 11.7 Variation in absolute mortality in Yanomami Indigenous Area, 1988–1996 252 11.8 Variation in the coefficient of general mortality, Yanomami Indigenous Area, 1991–1996 252 12.1 The frequency of whipworm (Trichuris) infection with latitude, between the southern (2°N) and northern (12°N) borders of Cameroon 261 13.1 Ethnic groups mentioned as examples in this chapter 276 13.2 The three complementary ‘referentials’ used for the study of adaptive human ecology 277 13.3 Conceptual framework for the study of the anthropology of food 279 13.4 Chantal Wale, an Ekonda primiparous mother, poses with her daughter at the end of several years of seclusion, in front of a local painting glorifying primiparity 282 13.5 Exorcism performance by Anasthasie Njuke, a renowned Yasa healer in southern Cameroon 283 13.6 Meat sharing is still the rule among the remote Punan villagers, but is no longer practised
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