DOCSLIB.ORG

(1773 - 1843) Agent and Entrepreneur in the North-East Coal Trade

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(1773 - 1843) Agent and Entrepreneur in the North-East Coal Trade Durham E-Theses John Buddle (1773 - 1843) agent and entrepreneur in the north-east coal trade Hiskey, Christine E. How to cite: Hiskey, Christine E. (1978) John Buddle (1773 - 1843) agent and entrepreneur in the north-east coal trade, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7452/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Christine E. Hiskey John Buddie (1773 - 1843) Agent and Entrepreneiir in the North-East Coal Trade Thesis submitted for the M. Litt, Degree University of Durham, Department of History 1978 Contents £ase List of Illustrations i Acknowledgements ii Statement of Copyright iii Note on G-lossary iii Abstract iv I Introduction: 1 Outline of Career. The Sources. Early Life. II "The Craft call'd Viewers" 7 III "The 'Mighty Chiefs' of Oppression" 22 IV G-entlemen and Adventurers 30 V "Know the Man" 37 VI Wallsend and TanfieldMoor 65 VII Consultant Viewer and Engineer: 77 Head Viewer. The Lambton Collieries. Consultant Viewer. Work Outside the North East. Work Abroad. Non-Colliery Engineering. VIII Londonderry Agent - The Situation in 1819 96 IX The Londonderry Hierarchy 102 X Strategy and Tactics at the Londonderry Collieries: 121 Transport and Shipping. Underground Improvements. Territorial Policy. Conclusions. XI Seaham Harbour: . 150 Introductory. Harbour. Railway. Town. Finance, The Later Years. • XII Buddie, Londonderry and the Coal Trade: 187 introductory. Attitudes to Regulation, The Main• tenance of Price. The Pursuit of Quantity. Relationships within the Wear Trade. Relationships with the Tyne. Relationship of Buddie and Londonderry. XIII "A Black Cloud that O'er Spreads Me": 226 Introductoiy. Income. Debts. Expenditure. Remedies. Conclusions. XIV Buddie as Colliery Owner 263 XV, Labouir Relations 288 XVI Conclusion 298 References and Notes 302 Bibliography 544 Illustrations After page; Maps and Plans Tyne and Wear Collieries : iv. Penshaw, Eainton and Nesham's line to Sunderland, 1820 120 New inclined plane and engine plane from Penshaw to the staiths, 1819 123 Rainton and Pittington, 1835 138 Proposed harbour at Dalden Ness, 1823 158 Seaham Harbour, 1834 160 Crawcrook and Stella Coal Co. royalties 278 Buddie's Terms for Valuations and Views 76 Ventilation and.Pillar Working 93 Years of Regulated Trade, 1819-34 186 11 Acknowledgements I am grateful to the staff of the Mining Institute in Newcastle, the Northumberland Record Office, and the Department of Palaeography and Diplomatic, University of Durham, for their willing help during my visits and with postal enquiries. As an archivist in the Durham Record Office I was in a fortunate position for undertaking research (out of office hours) and I am grateful for help received then and since. The staff of several libraries and Record Offices (particularly Newcastle City Library; Dorset, Cwent, Clwyd, G-lamorgan, Corporation of London, and G-loucestershire Record Offices) have kindly answered postal queries; Lord Lambton allowed me to look at the Lambton Archives; and I have also appreciated correspondence or discussions with Professor A.W.Skempton, Miss M.B.Weinstock, Dr.C.Russell, and the Head of Registry Services and the Mining Records Officer at the NCB (North East Ar^a.) My sister. Miss S.A.Cobbold gave me most useful help with the maps. My mother,'Mrs.M.H.Cobbold, has typed and re-typed with inexhaustible patience and interest. My supervisor at the University of Durham, A.J.Heesom, by his unfailing help and interest, has given me invaluable guidance and encouragement and enhanced my enjoyment of the research. Xll Copyright The Copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without her prior written consent, and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Note on G-lossary Where technical terms are not explained in the text or notes, the reader is referred to .G-,C.&reenwell, A G-lossary of Terms used in the Coal Trade of Northumberland and Durham (3rd. ed., London,1888; facsimile reprint, Newcastle,1970). IV John Buddie (1773-1843) Agent and Entrepreneur in the North-East Coal Trade Christine E. Hiskey Abstract The name of John Buddie is well known to historians interested in the coal-mining industry, or in the history of Northumberland and Durham, in the first half of the nineteenth century. The present study is, however, surprisingly the first to make him the subject of an academic monograph rather than a' source for occasional references in research on associated topics. The thesis is based on Buddie's correspondence, diaries and working' papers in the Durham and Northumberland County Record Offices and the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. It examines the background to Buddie's career - the viewers, agents and entrepreneurs in the notth-east coal-field; Buddie's training; and his character, and leisure and business interests. It then investigates Buddie's work: as a colliery viewer on an occasional or consultant basis (without, hov/ever, attempting any detailed consideration of engineering); as manager or agent of two Tyne collieries; as an entrepreneur in his own collieries on the Tyne; and as colliery agent for twenty-fovir years to the third Marquess of Londonderry, one of the great coal-owners on the River Wear, This latter topic embraces the management structure of the Londonderry collieries; the policy and tactics pursued in fflining and shipping the coal, and acquiring colliery land; the building of Seaham Harbour; relations with the Coal Trade organisation on its regulation of the vend; and Londonderry's financial affairs. A further chapter considers Buddie's attitude to labour relations, including the 1851-2 pitmen's strike. An examination of Buddie's intimate involvement in all these areas sheds light on topics such as the role of agency in general, the state of the north-east coal trade in the first half of the nineteenth century, and management in the age of new industrialisation. TvNE AND WEAR COLLIERIES showing places mt.ni.iomA. in the. -texi outcrop of mo^nesuirt Limesiorre HolyweU Walinqton SHl6t35 WbUce-- Sheriff Kia Moor BusfiblaiM CHfiSTlER tx sr«fifiT NewbotILt North- DURHAM South Nor* Hitisn 3mnc«p*cft HARTUPOOL Chapter I Introdttotion John Buddie achieved both fame and fortune in his life-tise. He was the object of reminiscences in local newspapers and the Colliery &uardlan in the iSitOs, 1875 and 19CX)J Historians have recognised him as the epitome of the achievements of the north-east coal industry in the first half of the nineteenth centuxy and have appreciated him as a most articulate authori-^ on its circumstances. Nevertheless, they have hailed him in passing rather than cultivated his acquaintance. Buddie was a colliery viewer. The viewer was "the chief man of eVery colliery", responsible for planning and conducting" the great operations and works of the mine ^"^ and Buddie was oxa of a long line of viewers in the great Northumberland and Durham coal-field, whose practical ezperience and technical skills not only made them ijnportant figures locally but also established them as expert consultants for less advanced coal-fields in Britain and abroad. Martin Jude, Secretary to the National Miners* Association, who could hardly be accused of partiality towards viewers, agreed with his questioner before a Select Committee in 1853 that the chief viewers were "generally a superior class of men in the North of England" and that he did not know "aoy class of men in mining, in azsy other parts of the country, superior to them in intelligence and e::q)erience«'^ Buddie was an outstanding ezantple, combining a love of pit work with exemplary attention to paper work, and practical skills with theoretical understanding, Buddie was also a colliery manager, distinguishing between his viewing posts, which were masy, and his position as manager at Wallsend, Tanfield Moor and Lord Londonderry* s collieries • These management posts represent, by chance, three stages in the history of the coal-field, which was evdlving rapidly in the first half of the nineteenth century - Tanfield Moor was one of the old, west Durham collieries which were suffering from, the rise of the new deep collieries 'ixx the T3^ basin; Wallsend, when Buddie was first connected with it, was the 2iK7st famous of these new ventures, but the end of his life it Chapter I 2 had ceded aupremaoy to the two or three great colliery concerns on the Wear; Lord Londonderzy* s was one of these. Buddie was colliery agent to the third Marquess of Londonderzy, one of the wealthiest and most powerful of Durham coal-owners, for twenty-four years. During the period 1819 to I82f3, Buddie not only directed Lord Londonderry's mining affairs but also influenced territorial and entrepreneurial poll(^; he was financial adviser and an electioneering agent; he conducted relations with the Coal Trade, the organisation of collioy owners and agents which controlled prices and vend (or sales) in the north-east in order to obtain optinom conditions in the London and coastal markets; and Buddie and Londonderxy together conceived and built Seaham Harboxu'.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Loco Index for 14EL
    INDUSTRIAL Bulletin No.793 RAILWAY SOCIETY SEPTEMBER 2006 Founded 1949 as the Birmingham Locomotive Club Industrial Locomotive Information Section. www.irsociety.co.uk HANDBOOK 14EL INDEX OF LOCOMOTIVES INTRODUCTION The production of this the first ever index to a book in the “Existing Locomotives” Series fulfils a long cherished ambition of the Society which when used in conjunction with the normal Amendment Lists will help to answer the question “Where do I find this locomotive in the book?”. The reason that it has taken since 1967 and fourteen editions to produce such an index reflects the sheer enormity of individually referencing and annotating nearly 10,000 pieces of information that is a mammoth task even in this age of advanced word processing index facilities. The format of the index was decided by a group of Society Officers assisted by the advice of several members. Thanks are due to Ian Bendall, Roy Etherington, Alex Betteney, Bob Darvill and many others for help and assistance particularly in the task of eliminating some of the more obvious errors in the index. However inevitably errors will remain and it is hoped that members will provide corrections as they find them in order that the index entry errors are not perpetuated into the next edition of the book. Amendments to makers’ abbreviations or works numbers as listed in Amendment Lists Nos.1 and 2 have been included in this index. Andrew Smith 8/2006 793/1 EXPLANATORY NOTES The general format of the index is makers’ abbreviation and number and then the page(s) referenced.
    [Show full text]
  • Gas Migration from Closed Coal Mines to the Surface. Risk Assessment Methodology and Prevention Means
    Post-Mining 2005, November 16-17, Nancy, France 1 GAS MIGRATION FROM CLOSED COAL MINES TO THE SURFACE. RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND PREVENTION MEANS Zbigniew POKRYSZKA1, Christian TAUZIÈDE1 and Candice LAGNY1, Yves GUISE2, Rémy GOBILLOT2, Jean-Maurice PLANCHENAULT2, René LAGARDE2 1 INERIS, Parc Technologique ALATA - BP N°2 - 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte – France; [email protected], [email protected]. 2 Charbonnages de France, 100 avenue Albert 1er - BP 220 - 92503 Rueil-Malmaison - France, [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: French law as regards renunciation to mining concessions calls for the mining operator to first undertake analyses of the risks represented by their underground mining works. The problem of gas migration to the surface is especially significant in the context of coal mines. This is because mine gas can migrate to the earth's surface, then present significant risks: explosion, suffocation or gas poisoning risks. As part of the scheduled closure of all coal mining operations in France, INERIS has drawn up, at the request of national mining operator Charbonnages de France, a general methodology for assessing the risk linked to gas in the context of closed coal mines. This article presents the principles of this methodology. An application example based on a true case study is then described. This is completed by a presentation of the preventive and monitoring resources recommended and usually applied in order to manage the risk linked to gaseous emissions. KEYWORDS: gas, coal, mine, closure, risk. RESUME : La réglementation française en matière de renonciation aux concessions minières prévoit que l’exploitant minier réalise au préalable des analyses des risques présentés par ses travaux miniers souterrains.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal Mine Methane Recovery: a Primer
    Coal Mine Methane Recovery: A Primer U.S. Environmental Protection Agency July 2019 EPA-430-R-09-013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was originally prepared under Task Orders No. 13 and 18 of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Contract EP-W-05-067 by Advanced Resources, Arlington, USA and updated under Contract EP-BPA-18-0010. This report is a technical document meant for information dissemination and is a compilation and update of five reports previously written for the USEPA. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). USEPA does not: (a) make any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe upon privately owned rights; (b) assume any liability with respect to the use of, or damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report; or (c) imply endorsement of any technology supplier, product, or process mentioned in this report. ABSTRACT This Coal Mine Methane (CMM) Recovery Primer is an update of the 2009 CMM Primer, which reviewed the major methods of CMM recovery from gassy mines. [USEPA 1999b, 2000, 2001a,b,c] The intended audiences for this Primer are potential investors in CMM projects and project developers seeking an overview of the basic technical details of CMM drainage methods and projects. The report reviews the main pre-mining and post-mining CMM drainage methods with associated costs, water disposal options and in-mine and surface gas collection systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Explosibility of Coal Dust
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOKGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 425 THE EXPLOSIBILITY OF COAL DUST BY GEORGE S. RICE WITH CHAPTERS BX J. C. W. FRAZER, AXEL LARSEN, FRANK HAAS, AND CARL SCHOLZ WASHINGTON GOVERN M E N T P K I N T IN G OFFICE 1910 CONTENTS. Page. Introd uctory statement...................................... ............ 9 The coal-dust, problem................................................ 9 i Acknowledgments.................................................... 10 Historical review of the coal-dust question in Europe ....................... 11 Observations in England prior to 1850................................. 11 Observations by French engineers prior to 1890........................ 12 Experiments in England between 1850 and 1885........................ 12 Experiments in Prussia............................,.............:..... 14 Experiments in Austria between 1885 and 1891......................... 16 Views of English authorities between 1886 and 1908.................... 17 German, French, and Belgian stations for testing explosives............ 19 Altofts gallery, England, 1908......................................... 21 Second report of Royal Commission on Mines, 1909...................... 21 Recent Austrian experiments.......................................... 22 Historical review of the coal-dust question in the United States.............. 23 Grahamite explosions in West Virginia, 1871 and 1873.................. 23 Flour-mill explosion at Minneapolis, 1878.............................
    [Show full text]
  • Flammable Gas Detection in Coal Mines – a Historical Perspective
    FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTION IN COAL MINES – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Underground coal mines are dangerous places in which to work. This short article explores why, in part, this is so. It also provides conclusions that indicate how a study of one of the hazards encountered, namely flammable gas, and the associated control measures that were developed, may help reduce the risk to modern-day workers. These would not necessarily be coal miners, but workers in any enclosed environment where similar conditions could exist, e.g. tunnelling, confined spaces. It should be noted that the presence of flammable gas is only one of the hazards encountered in coal mines. Other significant hazards are associated with the industry, each with their own risks of death and injury. Naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases that appear in typically with deeper mines, the gas is trapped in the interstices underground coal mines have historically been given the of the coal, only to be released when the coal-bearing rocks are name “firedamp”, derived from the German word for vapour penetrated by tunnels. Here it mixes with the oxygen in the air - “dampf”. Its main component is methane, although other provided for miners to breathe, generating potentially flammable hydrocarbons can be present at lower concentrations. atmospheres. Methane is generated when organic material decays in the The rate of release of firedamp from coal can vary between mines absence of oxygen. In coal mines, it was produced during the and between locations in the same mine. Sometimes it is so low formation of the coal and then subsequently trapped within the that flammable atmospheres are only created if the surrounding strata.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddle Collection Vols 20 24
    Reference Code: NRO 3410 Papers of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers NRO 3410/Bud Buddle Collection Creator(s): Buddle, John, d 1843, colliery viewer Buddle, John, d 1806, colliery viewer Immediate Source of Acquisition The papers were presented to the Mining Institute by Buddle Atkinson, a descendant of John Buddle's nephew, in various installments. Scope and Content The Buddle Collection comprises the working papers of John Buddle, d.1843; with some papers of his father, also John, d. 1806 and papers of other viewers collected by the Buddles in the course of their work The major part of the collection is a series of report and memoranda books compiled by John Buddle junior together with colliery journals and diaries of work. The collection also contains colliery notebooks of John Buddle senior, a series of lining books, personal papers and a collection of bound volumes of the papers of Thomas Young Hall, mining engineer, also collected by the Buddle Atkinson family NRO 3410/Bud/1-31 Colliery Memoranda of John Buddle. Extent and Form: 31 VOLUMES Physical characteristics: Half bound leather entitled Colliery Memoranda and labelled with volume number on spine, vols 1 - 28 approx 37cm x 26cm and vols 29 - 31 approx 26cm x 20cm, coat of arms of the Buddle Atkinson family inside front cover of each volume Scope and Content 31 volumes containing reports, correspondence, accounts and borings of John Buddle, senior and junior Arrangement Original numbered series, Reference: NRO 3410/Bud/20 Colliery Memoranda Creation dates: 1786 - 1838 Extent and Form: 105pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Mine Water a Source of Hazardous Gas?
    9th INTERNATIONAL MINE WATER CONGRESS Is mine water a source of hazardous gas? Jean Hall1, Dr Stephanie Glendinning1 and Professor Paul Younger2 1.School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne 2.Hydrogeochemical Engineering Research and Outreach (HERO), IRES, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Mine gas; blackdamp; firedamp ABSTRACT Most coal and coal bearing strata contain significant quantities of gases. These gases are either potentially explosive in critical concentrations when mixed with air, others are toxic. Gases found in a mine are almost certainly a mixture of atmospheric air, inert gases, water vapour and one or more of the following: oxygen, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen and nitrous oxides. Gases such as “firedamp” and “blackdamp” may accumulate in poorly ventilated workings; these pose no threat provided they stay in the mine; however, gases can migrate through voids and strata and be emitted. All underground workings are affected by atmospheric pressure variations; mines can “breathe” over periods of rapid barometric pressure falls. Gas in confined underground atmospheres can come from three possible sources: desorption from exposed coal strata; exsolution from mine waters; and fossil gas trapped in pockets within the strata. Desorption from rock and exsolution from mine water are being quantified experimentally within coal measure strata at Caphouse Colliery in Yorkshire. This paper will present the findings to date and will conclude that mine water is a source of hazardous gas in mine atmospheres. INTRODUCTION Mine gases are as hazardous to the underground environment as they are to the surface environment.
    [Show full text]
  • AC B1678 CN 622.8222 SPO 1976 DA 1976 T1 Spontaneous
    Simtars Information Centre 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 006374 AC B1678 CN 622.8222 SPO 1976 DA 1976 T1 Spontaneous combustion in underground coal mines (general notes for employees Jones~ H (Howard) AC 81678 CN 622.8222 SPa 1976 DA 1976 TI Spontaneous combustion in / underground coal mines - (general notes for employees AU Jones, H (Howard) - .. I OLD. LIBRARY SUPPLIES SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES (General notes for employees) Compiled by: HOWARD lONES, H.Se., C.Eng., F.G.S., .....------F.I.M.E., M. (Aust.) I.M.M. z onsulting Mining Engineer o ~~ ~t- a: wZ f2U Issued by: Z THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES, QUEENSLAND in conjunction with The Queensland Coal Owners Association and The Queensland Colliery Employees Union ~ionNo {.~2}{. Order No . PSF No . 02te RecelJed ..(;'..1.~.?.!.'- t. .. CtOissiiication ...•.. 1:~.':..~ "}-'}'). 85904-1 No ~f(l . ..........................t·7-·7·6... i CONTENTS Foreword 4 Introduction 6 The Development of a Heating . 7 Mine Gases Associated With Heatings 10 Detection of Heatings . 15 Dangers Associated With the Development of a Spontaneous Heating .. 17 General..... 22 Conclusion 27 3 85904-2 FOREWORD The phenomenon of spontaneous combustion in undergroun4 coal mines is not a new one. Its associated problems have been of great concern wherever and whenever coal mining has been practised. Two unfortunate accidents, at Box Flat in 1972 and at Kianga in 1975, which together claimed thirty-one lives, have focused attention on the need for all associated with the industry in Queensland to gain a full appreciation of the nature of the problems and how they can best be handled. Among the recommendations made by the Board of Inquiry into the Kianga Disaster were- (a) There is a basic need for all members of the coal mining industry in Queensland to improve their knowledge with regard to the funda­ mentals of spontaneous combustion and the underground mining problems associated therewith.
    [Show full text]
  • Instruction Guide Series IG7
    Advanced Mine Rescue Training Coal Mines U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration National Mine Health and Safety Academy Instruction Guide Series IG7 Revised 2 0 1 3 Visit the Mine Safety and Health Administration website at www.msha.gov CONTENTS Introduction Your Role as an Instructor Overview Module 1 – Surface Organization Module 2 – Mine Gases Module 3 – Mine Ventilation Module 4 – Exploration Module 5 – Fires, Firefighting, and Explosions Module 6 – Rescue of Survivors and Recovery of Bodies Module 7 – Mine Recovery Page Intentionally Left Blank Introduction Throughout history, miners have traveled underground secure in the knowledge that if disaster strikes and they become trapped in the mine, other miners will make every possible attempt to rescue them. This is the mine rescue tradition. Today’s mine rescue efforts are highly organized operations carried out by groups of trained and skilled individuals who work together as a team. Underground coal mine rescue team members must be trained according to the requirements under 30 CFR 49.18. Under Section 49.18(b)(4), this training must consist of advanced mine rescue training and procedures, as prescribed by MSHA's Office of Educational Policy and Development (EPD). This guide is designed to be used with the material in IG-7a, Advanced Skills Training, and both guides are needed to satisfy the advanced mine rescue training requirement. This guide is divided into self-contained units of study called “modules.” Each module covers a separate subject and includes suggestions, handouts, visuals, and text materials to assist you with training. Since regulations, policy and mining technology can change, be sure to check for information that could supersede this material.
    [Show full text]
  • The Composition of Coalbed Gas
    Report of Investigations 7762 The Composition of Coalbed Gas By Ann G. Kim Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Elburt F. Osborn, Director This publication has been cataloged as follows : * Kim, Ann G The composition of coalbed gas. [washington] U.S. Bureau of Mines [ 19731 9 p. tables. (US. Bureau of Mines. Report of investigations 7762) hcludes bibliography. 1. Gas. 2. Mine gases. L US. Bureau of Mines. 11. Title. Ill. Title: Coalbed gas. (Series) TN23.U7 no. 7762 622.06173 U.S. Dept. of the Int. Library CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................. Intrductim .............................................................. Gas in coal: Theory ..................................................... Procedures ............. ................................................... Gases in coal: Data ...................................................... Smv.................................................................. References ............................................................... TABLES 1. Coalbeds sampled ..................................................... 2 . Composition of gas from Pocahontas No . 3 coal ........................ 3 . Hydrocarbons from Pocahontas No . 3 coal ...... ........................ 4 . Composition of gas from Pittsburgh coal . ............................ 5 . Composition of gas from Kittanning coalbeds .......................... 6 . Cmposition of
    [Show full text]
  • Gas Testing Refresher
    Passion to Inspire GAS TESTING REFRESHER GAS TESTING REFRESHER GAS TESTING REFRESHER Although there is a dispute to who invented the "first" miner's flame lamp that was safe to use in fiery mines. The success of the flame safety lamp was a culmination of the principles discovered by Dr. William R. Clanny, Sir Humphrey Davy, and George Stephenson. All three worked independently on the problem at about the same time, and all had some knowledge of the other's work. GAS TESTING REFRESHER The principle of isolating the flame of the lamp was evolved by Dr. Clanny in 1813. Clanny's first lamp designs involved enclosing the flame, and pressurizing the lamp via bellows that would use water reservoirs to isolate the flame. The lamp was rather clumsy, and saw no practical use in the mines. But the feature of a glass window would be later a common feature on safety lamps. GAS TESTING REFRESHER GAS TESTING REFRESHER Sir Humphrey Davy was performed several experiments of his own for the development of a safety lamp. In 1815, Davy discovered that if two vessels were filled with explosive gas, they might be connected together by a narrow tube, and the gas in one of the chambers could be exploded without transmitting the explosion to the adjoining chamber. This meant that a flame in a lamp, fed mine air through small orifices, would not ignite the surrounding air of the mine. GAS TESTING REFRESHER Davy's further experiments found that mesh-holes of fine metallic gauze acted the same way as narrow tubes.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Railway Locomotives
    06 ililIililtililillllllllllll tt771 466tt3:s6062 ilil[ -., *- i@ : jl:-q ' e! 1. ' , ',i 58ii*s.i*::..r 1 'qffi Beamish }luseum'sPuffing Billy replica is the latest development in the expanding interest in early railways. The museum ts curator of transport PaulJarman discusses the earlvlocomotive lineage and suggests some further subjects for the replica treatment. ffing Billyis the mosr recent reconstruction in a growing lineage of locomotives dating back to Richard Tievithickt Coalbrookdale locomotive of 1 803. It wili almost certainly not be the last either, and it is the place ofrhis article to explore other worthy candidates from the annals ofwhat we might term 'early railway history', to about .:: 1j.ir .* 1850 when railway development and . ii-_t:. ,&!:: . :r4.''. locomotive science was both well established and increasingly sophisticated. \X/hile much interesr is currently being shown ':. :.. r' ,t,4ri:]lr,- in the 'nostalgic' replicas and reconsrrucrions, such as the ,A.1 Tornado, the Clan Hengist, F J, Counry Standard 3MT and Grange projects - which have primarily been conceived to resurrect Iost prototypes much loved and admired by enthusiasts in the inrer-war and post-\7orld\TarTwo periods (and there is absolutely nothing wrong with this) - there is a developing movement towards'reconstructive' replicas where the objective is to understand, ( learn from and interpret to the public the genesis, evolution and occasional demise of This colour engraving, from the bookCostume ofYorlishirepublished in 1813, and entitl ed. Tbe Collier steam locomotives that reach far back beyond depicts a miner in front ofa colliery scene that features one ofBlenkinsop's locomotives. Though the cog anyhuman memory.
    [Show full text]