Royal Astronomical Society Discussion Meeting - 12 Nov 2012

Future UK Space Missions Space Science Missions Long Term Perspective from Industry

Matthew Stuttard National Lead – Future Science Programmes ESA’s Science Programme ‘Cosmic Vision’ .Four big questions .What are the conditions for planet formation and the emergence of life? .How does the Solar System work? .What are the fundamental physical laws of the Universe? .How did the Universe originate and what is it made of? . One little question …

p2 Science and Exploration Beyond Phase A – in the UK

. 2013 GAIA – mapping a billion stars with high accuracy . Service module, guidance, sensors, Science Data Processing . 2014 LISA Pathfinder – preparing to detect gravity waves . Prime and propulsion module, optical bench, charge management . 2015 Bepi Colombo – two Mercury orbiters . Spacecraft composite, electric propulsion, RIU, AIT . 2017 Solar Orbiter – closely observing the sun . Prime, subsystem role on AOCS, many payloads . 2018 MIRI – Mid-IR Instrument on JWST . PI, System engineering and assurance, AIT, delivered 2012 . 2018 Exomars Rover Vehicle – exo-biology . Prime, Comms, vision based navigation . 2019 Euclid – using 2 billion galaxies to map dark matter . Industry roles: competition for sub-system roles on PLM and SVM . UK Science lead on VIS instrument and data processing

p3 GAIA: Measuring a Billion Stars

• Create 3D model of ‘milky way’ • 1000 times more accurate than exists now • Measure direction, distance, luminosity, temperature, gravity and composition of 1 billion stars • Repeat up to 80 times • A European technological marvel • could not be built in US • UK industry and academia (E2V, MSSL, SSTL/SIRA) producing key focal plane and instrument technology (106 CCDs) • Astrium UK • Electrical Systems lead: achieving the highest pointing accuracy ever in Europe • Payload Data Handling systems (VPU) • Propulsion, antenna, spacecraft functional validation . Onboard time correlated to UTC to • Pointing Stability 10arc Seconds less than 1S from L2 . (≈70 picometres at the CCD) . Data volume 60 Tb in 5 years . Star density capability . Data down-link rate 10Mbit/S . up to 750,000 stars per square degree p4 . Measures 100 000 stars per second . On-board processing 13000 MIPs GAIA

Ultra-stable SiC Optical Bench & Mirrors

Chemical Propulsion System Integration onto Structure Focal Plane

Avionics Model Test Bench p5 Planetary Surface Exploration

. Beagle 2 established a UK leadership role in Europe

p6 Exomars Rover: To find evidence for past or present life on Mars

p7 Rover Vehicle – Phase B . travel 18-20km @ 100m/sol

. collect samples up to 2m deep and analyse them

. Autonomous Guidance and Navigation System

Bathtub Structure

WISDOM GPR Horns (2)

Rear Bogie Attachment

Service Module (SVM) Gas gap insulation Analytical Laboratory p8 Drawer (ALD) Phase A/B1 and before Juice . Juice: Jovian system tour . Jupiter atmosphere & magnetosphere . Jovian moons and ring system . Europa flybys – recent active zones . Callisto flybys – early remnant . Ganymede – internal composition, habitat?

. Selected as L1 mission . Phase A/B1 to start Q4 2012

. Instruments: UK PI and Co-I roles

. Many opportunities for UK industry

p10 M3 Mission Candidates

EChO Marco Polo R

Plato STE LOFT QUEST

p11 MSR Precursor Missions – 2013 Phase A INSPIRE PHOOTPRINT 3 x Mars landers Phobos sample return

Astrium UK interest Astrium UK interest . Mission analysis

. Prime and system engineering . Launch and transfer to Mars . Mission analysis . Return transfer to Earth . Carrier vehicle design . Landing system design . Design of landers . Design of sample collection and . Definition of planetary protection measures transfer system

p12 Penetrators . UK niche from MoonLITE . Multi-disciplinary community formed . Jovian Moon penetrator . Ganymede and Europa studied . Key science: astrobiology, geology . Current activities focussed on proving robustness to high impact loads . Testing planned at component and system level . Cavendish Lab gas gun . Pendine sands rocket sled range

p13 ESA Science Missions Industrial Development Schedule

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Gaia Pre-Phase A Phase A1 LISA Pathfinder Phase A/B1 Phase B2/C/D Bepi Colombo Solar Orbiter Euclid L1 - JUICE Plato M3

M3 decision M4 L2 S1 – CHEOPS (tbc)

UK Pre-Phase A/Phase A? S2

p14 UK Leadership of Science Missions The Status Quo

. Space science is funded because it is valued . Knowledge creation, manufacturing skills, spin-along with commercial space

. UK will play major roles in leading ESA science missions to 2030 . Scientifically and Industrially . IGS Recommendation 13 in principle achieved through this route . … IGS ‘restack’ is focused on growth in commercial space

. World-class space science tends to advance primarily with larger missions . to go further, see further, measure more precisely etc.

. Conservatism on feasibility/technology . Strong ‘lesson learned’ by ESA

. UK cannot afford to do ‘big science’ alone

p16 What are the Disruptive Factors? Science . New Science Opportunities Policy . Can niche science still be world class? . Can UK space science be funded if it is not world class? . Unique UK technologies: instruments, platforms, space access

. New opportunities in line with UK Civil Space Strategy? . Bilateral collaborations . National budget ‘headroom’ necessary = squeeze existing planning

. Slow pace of ESA programme . CV S missions ? ESA launch CV S1 by 2017? . Can UK-led small missions be quicker?

. New sources of mission funding

. Direct link between Science and Growth? . Knowledge exchange . Practical applications of space science

p17 Disruptive Technologies with UK strengths

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Miniaturised sensors (ongoing) Optics (ongoing) Low Cost Platform GEO Interplanetary Nuclear Power RHU, RTG Lightweight deployables Solar Sail Missions Large Telescopes Robotic and Autonomous Landed Systems Landers Rovers Hoppers, dirigibles, boats, climbers Penetrators

Low Cost Launch Virgin Skylon

NSTP -> much else …

p18 Longer term mission ideas

. Uranus Mission . RTG could leverage science roles in a bilateral . … but not low cost

. Lunar Penetrators . Penetrator technology still being developed by a UK team

. Asteroid sample return . enthusiasm in Japan – Hayabusa was a low cost mission . science is strong in UK . mission technology is strong is UK

p19 Total Eclipse Mission: “The Lunar Coronagraph” . Mission to fly in a near exact total eclipse (<1.02Rs) in space for many hours to days . Forms a “Super-Giant” Space Coronagraph with a baseline circa 376,000km! . No atmospheric effects (e.g. seeing, ) and much longer totality compared to total eclipses on Earth . Lower diffraction and lower cost alternative to Proba-3 and HiRise formation flying missions Spacecraft Orbit with . Offers unparalleled resolution of inner Corona Near Parabolic Apogee

. Other totality/non-totality science also possible Earth Orbit

Region where . Novel orbit yields a “far-side” total eclipse: Totality zone and Perigee co-incide . High energy near parabolic Earth orbit provides Perigee ~760,000km initial co-rotation with Moon at its “anti-Sun” side (Near parabolic apogee)

. Non-Keplerian orbit phasesS maintain totality u Earth Moon . Parking orbits provide repeatn totality cycles Totality Region . Astrium UK study proved feasibility without Totality Region of interest (inc. Non- new technology or an expensive launch: Keplerian phase) Lunar Orbit . Concept now being pursued with solar scientists at MSSL, UCL and RAL ~3.84x105 km ~3.76x105 km

Snapshot of eclipse geometry looking onto the ecliptic plane p20 Directly linking science and growth: Space Weather . Fits the ‘growth’ agenda . Space weather recognised on national risk register . Real costs arise and cost savings can be demonstrated . Technical expertise in UK . Tracking . Heliospheric Imager – Earth leading, stripped down . Located 20 degrees off Earth-Sun line . Interplanetary class of mission Environment, propulsion and comms engineering . Plasma characterisation and solar surface modelling . In-situ and remote sensors at L1 or sunwards . SOHO replacement . Hosted payloads using miniaturised instruments . Active Users . Solar Science groups . Met Office – testing operational alerts . MOD . Potential Users . Electrical power generators and distributors . Sat operators . Aviation – air traffic control, airlines . Oil and Gas industry . …

18 May 2011 p21 Space Weather CDF Study

HAGRID Heliospheric Imaging for Assessment of Global and Regional Infrastructure Damage

Demonstrator mission for a Space Weather early warning system

18 May 2011 p22 Developing New UK Mission Concepts: Astrium Ltd Role in Phase 0/A . engineering for small science missions: feasibility is key . Complex payloads . Can requirements be met . Pointing, mag, power, gravity, accommodation, contaminations, PP … . Interplanetary . transfers -> mission analysis, GAMs . propulsion (Chemical, Electric) . communications . environment . Difficult environments: thermal, power constrained, radiation . Mission enabling technologies: . RTG, RHU, deployable structures, optics, sensors, data processing . Robotic systems, autonomous guidance systems . Reliability/surviving long cruises . Feasibility assessment . Systems engineering: Mission optimisation . Technology readiness, TRL raising and forecasting . Engineering and financial budgets

p23 Questions ?

p24 www.astrium.eads.net