December 30, 1985 lING A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS
New Minister Discuss Public Security Reasserting China's Hongkong Policy spojuQm
Designers at the Anshun Batik Factory discussing new patterns.
Women sporting modern Artists of the Buyi nationolity batik fashions. , designing batik dress patterns.
Batiks
Batik is one of China's oldest folk arts. Workers at the .^nshun Batik Factory combine traditional and modern methods to come up with their fashionable clothing and designs. BEIIING REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK
Vol. 28, No. 52 December 30, 1985 New Minister Discusses Security Problems
in a recent interview witii Beijing Review and reporters from other Chinese pubUcations, China's new Minister of Public Security Yuan Chongwu answers questions on public CONTENTS order, including those about parades and rallies in Chengdu and in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, and those concerning NOTES FROM THE EDITORS juvenile deliquency and hijack terrorism (p. 15). Party Shifts Consolidotion to Countryside Basic Law to Ensure Hongliong's Future
LEHERS The National People's Congress will, in four to five years, draft a Basic Law which will stipulate the political system for EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 the prospective Hongkong Special Administrative Zone. The China Reasserts Its Hongkong primary objective of the lwa is to ensure its long-term stability Policv and prosperity. This and other aspects of the Chinese policy Islamic Culture Thriving in Kashi Gernnan Leader Visits China towards Hongkong were spelled out at a press conference Learning English in a Pleasant given by State Counsellor ]i Pengfei during his recent visit Way there (p. 6).
INTERNATIONAL 11-14 Peace Accord Signed by Uganda's Opposite Sides Cartagena Group: US Plan on Debt Needs Reworking Before the Christmas holidays the Ugandan government US-Soviet Union: High Hopes and its opposition National Resistance Movement signed a Remain Unsatisfied peace agreement. This should bring peace and stability to Uganda: Moving Towards Na• tional Conciliation the Ugandan people in the new year (p. 13). Paris: African States Draw Hope Together Dalian's Centre Trains Entrepreneurs New Minister Discusses Security While charting its own way to modernization, China is Problems 15 quick to absorb the positive experience, theory and technology Dalian Centre Trains Entrepreneurs 18 of other nations. One of such efforts is the setting up of the China National Training Centre for Industrial Science and Education Reform Series (III): Technology Management in 1980, which is staffed with both China's Education Holds Bright Chinese and American professors (p. 18). Prospects 21
FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 24-25 Party Consolidation IVIoves On to Rural Areas
BUSINESS & TRADE 26-27 With the Party consolidation campaign completed in ur• ban areas, the task has now shifted to the countryside. While CULTURE & SCIENCE 28-30 the majority of Party branches and their members in the countryside are at least comparatively good, they still need to COVER: Wang Zepu (centre) is a good study and to be re-educated. A handful who have abused director of the Seamless Steel Tubing Mill of the Anshan Iron and Steel their power for their own gain or who have slid down the Compony. road of crime should be prosecuted (p. 4).
Published every Monday by Distributed by China International Bo«k Subscription prices (1 year): BEIJING liEVIEW Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUD(AN), Australia A.S 22.00 U** US$22.B0 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chine New Zealand... NZ.S38.00 UK £12.00 The People's Republic of China Canada Can. S21.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS
Party Shifts Consolidation to Countryside tions, where the majority of rural sibilities. Further compounding by AN ZHIGUO Party members are good or fairly the problems are a number of un• Political Editor good. Many of these rural Party disciplined Party branches that members and their Party branches have slacked off on their ideologi• The Chinese Communist Party's have excelled in leading the cal and political work. Some efforts to consolidate its organiza• masses towards affluence through Party members and cadres, for• tions nationwide, which began in hard, work. The Zhongtan Vil• getting communsim's lofty ideals the winter of 1983, has been com• lage Party branch in Zunhua Coun• and the Party's sole purpose of pleted in all departments from the ty, Hebei Province, for instance, wholehearted service to the peo• central to the county levels, and established a commodity produc• ple, have taken advantage of their has now shifted to the grass-roots tion service company in order to power for personal gain. In so rural Party organizations. doing some have even violated the The Chinese Communist Party law and disciplinary codes and now has more than 1.1 million have, for the sake their own in• rural Party branches, which com• With the completion ot terests, slid into a life of crime. prise more than 22 million Party members, or more than half the Party consolidation in all As they were in the urban areas, nation's Communists. The rural departments from the the tasks of Party consolida• Party consolidation, which has in• central to the county levels, tion in the rural areas are to volved the largest number of peo• the campaign has now achieve ideological unity, improve ple and covered the widest area shifted to the countryside the Party's work style, strengthen since the Party's consolidation cam• where more than half of discipline and purify the Party or• paign began two years ago, is an China's 40 million Party ganization. Currently, the prob• important stage of the campaign, members live. lems existing among rural Party scheduled to be completed in organizations and Party members, spring 1987. in essence, are mainly ideological. Given this, rural Party consolida• Over the past seven years, Chi• help the peasants overcome their tion should stress positive educa• difficulties in acquiring funds, fac• tion, and the overall enhancement na's rural areas have undergone a tory buildings, information, tech• of the Party members' ideologi* number of historic changes. Dur• nology, water, electricity and sales cal consciousness. Party members ing the economic reforms, the col• outlets. Their efforts turned the who have made grievous errors lectivized peasants created the con• once poor hamlet into a prosper• or who have violated the law and tract responsibility system where• ous village. Many" other Party disciplinary codes will be subject by remuneration became linked to members have not only worked accordingly to disciplinary action output. In addition to giving the hard to better their own lives, but or prosecution, depending on the jpeasants added management de• have also done their best to help severity of their mistakes. cision-making powers, the system other peasants improve their in• also injected a degree of dynamism comes by supplying them with The education of the Party rank into the entire rural economy. As money, technical know-how and and file will focus first on reiterat• a result, the peasants' enthusiasm labour. for developing commodity pro• ing the sole purpose of the Chi• duction is now soaring, the rural However, in the face of such nese Communist Party, which is economy has new energy and the rapid and profound changes, to serve the people wholehearted• peasants' standard of living has many rural Party members have ly. Such education aims to ensure improved annually. found themselves lacking mental that all Party members understand preparations for and an under• the importance of placing the The success of the rural econom• standing of all that has happened. state and the people's interests ic reforms can be attributed to Further study and re-education are above their own, and that it is the efforts of rural Party members needed therefore, in order to help they who must be the first to bear and the rural Party organiza• these members meet their respon• hardships and the last to enjoy
4 Beijing Review, No. 52 LETTERS Criticisms and Suggestions It is useful to publish readers' criticisms and suggestions. But Last year I had the opportunity you should also respond in some to visit China twice and to travel way to those letters. Exchanges widely, my previous visit having between readers and editors are been some 40 years earlier. Need• most important. less to say, I was deeply impressed comforts. Party members should Christopher Sengfelder by the incredible progress I ob• also study various policies regard• Coburg, FRG served in every aspect of Chinese ing rural economic reforms and life and society. Beijing Review is economic development, so that extremely helpful in keeping up they can be in a better position to with the continuing development. IVIore Explanations Needed lead the masses to consolidate It is most encouraging to note the and develop the rural production The article "China Promotes frank, open attitude in your dis• responsibility system, diversify Innovative Jobs Policy," in your cussion of problems and difficul• the economy, and develop com' November 11, 1985 issue, was ex• ties and the efforts to overcome modify production, education, tremely informative. But I was them. science and culture. concerned by the sentence, "By 1990, among the 400-million- Many articles concerning the In order to continue to inject strong worker force in the coun• present modernization drive and younger, better-educated and tryside, 100 million will be the responsibility system mention more progressive blood into the unemployed." the policy of enabling some peo• Party, the consolidation of rural ple to become prosperous first so Party organizations will also in• Later in the article you men• they can then help others to do clude the reshuffling of Party tion some measures that could be so. [ have heard some voices of leadership at the township and taken to combat this and, 1 hope, skepticism about this, which ex• village levels. Reassures aimed prevent it happening to that ex• press a fear that this may lead at improving the Party's makeup tent. As it stands, however, the to class inequality and hinder the have in the last few years produc• sentence will be used by China's development of socialism. I be• ed marked results. In Hebei Prov• detractors to suggest that the un• lieve it would be very helpful if ince for example, 85 percent of its employment problem is going out Beijing Review could publish 51,000 rural Party branches have of control. Further explanation some articles showing concretely been reorganized, so that the cur• would be helpful, particularly as how people who have prospered rent average age of the members to what "is" going to be done, are helping others to catch up. of these Party branch committees not merely what "could" be done That would help to set such fears has dropped from 44.5 years to to tackle the problem, both for to rest. 38.4 years. At the same time the countryside and urban workers. proportion of members with junior Charles S. Brant Also some analysis of what the middle school educations and VorIxo, Canada 400 million people are expected above has risen from 37 percent to be engaged in. I think the photo duplication in to 70 percent, and a contingent On a recent visit to several Beijing Review is not good enough of young, better educated and villages in Shandong Province, we and is in need of improvement. open-minded rural cadres conse• understood that only some 10 per• The layout and print, however, are quently has begun to emerge. Dur• cent of the work force was en• quite good. ing the Party consolidation, addi• gaged in agriculture; the rest were tional attention will .also be at• Furthermore, your magazine working in well-equipped mills, tached to recruiting Party mem• advertises books in German quite workshops, etc. or in sideline oc• bers from among young and mid• often, but never indicates their cupations. It was not suggested dle-aged peasants and rural intel• price, which would be useful for that these villages were typical, lectuals. After readjustment, the those interested in buying these but that others would be following leading bodies of all rural Party books. I will not buy them if 1 their lead. branches are expected to become do not know the price. You gradually more vigorous and bet• should provide the fee rates in Alan Paterson ter able to lead the masses to terms of US dollars. London, Britain build a new socialist countryside.
December 30, 1985 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS
China Reasserts Its Hongkong Policy Before Chinese State Counsel• al's People's Congress, the right to they abide by and do not violate lor Ji Pengfei started for Shen• interpret and amend it will belong the local laws of the Hongkong zhen on December 22 after a short to the Congress and its Standing SAR," li said. visit to Hongkong, he expressed Committee," he said. The question Commenting on Hongkong's his confidence that China would be of according the Hongkong SAR future changes, ji referred to the able to come up with a Basic Law certain rights to interpret the Basic Chinese saying, "The quintessence for the projected Hongkong Special Law in the course of its imple• remains, no matter how things Administrative Region (SAR) de• mentation will be studied and change." The quintessence of the sirable to all the Chinese people, solved in the process of making Hongkong issue, he said, was the including Hoingkong compatriots, the law, he added. unification of the motherland, and and that Hongkong would The state counsellor noted that the stability and prosperity of maintain its stability and prosper• the situation in Hongkong over the Hongkong. ity during the 12-year transition last 12 months had been charac• "I don't think people will op• period before 1997 and become terized by social stability, a grow• pose to changes that facilitate the even more stable and prosperous ing economy and increased public unification of the country and afterwards. confidence in the future. the stability and prosperity of Ji, who is also director of the Generally speaking, he said, Hongkong," he said. "Bui we State Council's Hongkong and the implementation of the Sino- should avoid changes that would Macao Affairs Office and chairman British Joint Declaration on the get in the way of the smooth of the Basic Law Draft• Question of Hongkong had pro• transition of power and Hong• ing Committee, told a press con• ceeded well since its signing a kong's return to the embrace of ference the day before he left for year ago. the motherland, and changes that home that the Basic Law would He said he believed both China tend to destabilize Hongkong's stipulate Hongkong's future polit• and Britain will continue to work social order and economy." ical system. in the spirit of friendship and co• "On this question, we have not operation on issues such as the formed a detailed concept or blue• continuation of Hongkong's partici• print, nor have we any fixed pre• pation in the General Agreement Islamic Culture conception," Ji said. "In drafting on Tariffs and Trade, trade docu• the Basic Law we are going to ments of Chinese residents in Thriving in Kashi canvass the opinions of the Hong• Hongkong, and the dovetailing The ancient city of Kashgar in kong people in all walks of life." of Hongkong's political reforms the southern part of Xinjiang A corner-stone in China's Hong• with the Basic Law. awakes to loudspeakers sending kong policy, he said, was the under• A high degree of autonomy for out the predawn message, "Great standing that it was in the interest Hongkong will be guaranteed by Lord, now it's time for prayers." of all parties involved to maintain two factors, according to Ji. First Local Moslims hurriedly get up to the prosperity and stability of is the principle of "one country, start the first of their five daily Hongkong as a modern city, a two systems," which is China's Mohammedan religious services. free port and a financial and trade basic policy for reunifying the The message comes from the Id centre. Hongkong, he pointed out, country. The second is the Basic Kah Mosque, the largest of the had extensive and close contacts Law, to be enacted by the Nation• 15,500-odd religious establish• with many parts of the world, and al People's Congress, which will ments in Xinjiang. Here the 7 its political, economic and cultural stipulate the Chinese government's million Moslims out of a popula• relationship with mainland China principles and policies on Hong• tion of 13 million account for has continued to grow. kong contained in the Sino-British more than half of China's total According to Ji, four to five Joint Declaration. number of believers of the Koran. years are needed to draft the Basic "All media and publishers can In Kashi Prefecture, with Kash• Law of Hongkong. "As the Basic freely carry on with their work and gar and 11 counties under its juris• Law will be drafted by the Nation• activities after 1997, so long as diction, more than 90 percent of
6 Beijing Review. No. 52 tute. In Xinjiang, preparations are under way to set up a regional Islamic institute, and some famous imams are tutoring their own dis• ciples. In Xinjiang, about 2,000 Mos• lims have been elected deputies to the People's Congress or members on the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) committees at various levels. Sadi, as a prestigious mullah, is concur• rently a member of both the Chi• nese and the Xinjiang Islamic as• sociations, a member of the auton• omous regional CPPCC commit• tee and vice-chairman of the Kashgar CPPCC committee. Sadi's second name, Haji, is ac• The Id Kah Mosque, the largest of its kind in Xinjiang. tually a title for those Moslims who have made a pilgrimage to hard work and study, he became the 2.32 million people profess Mecca. Such a trip is a cherished well-versed in Arabic and the Is• Islam. dream for every man who pro• lamic literature. The mosque, after more than fesses Islam. This year, there are 500 years of growth, now stands Sadi can still remember the 427 Moslims in Kashi Prefecture as an awesome historical land• traumatic days of the "cultural whose dream came true. mark and tourist attraction in Xin• revolution." when most mosques Abdula Sijit Haji. who is the jiang. The entire complex, cover• in Kashgar were domolished or head of Kashgar's No. 1 People's ing an hectare, is dominated by a closed down. Only the Id Kah Hospital, is still proud of his re• circular domed nave, imposing and two others survived. cent trip to Mecca as a member front porch and pointed minarets But today religion is thriving as of a Chinese Moslim delegation. for praying. Passages from the never before in the autonomous Koran, The Word of God, skirted "We made it to Mecca with the region. In Kashgar, more than with artistic patterns in a style help of the MosHm World League 150 mosques are bustling with ac• typical of the Uygurs, are inscrib• (Rabitat al-Alam al-lslam)," he tivity day and night, and in the ed high above the doors. said. "They pitched up tents for whole prefecture, there are more us and ensured a constant supply When yarm al-jum'a — the day than 4,000 mosques and 2,000 of water, ice and fruit, which of assembly — comes on Friday, sancturies in which the local peo• made the trip a pleasant exper• about 10,000 Moslims turn up at ple can perform their religious ience, despite the high temperature the mosque to perform diving duties. and all the hardships." worship. But during the Id Al Many Islamic scriptures banned For Tuhat Molla Haji, a 60-year- Fitr (lesser Bairam) and the Kor- during the "cultural revolution" ban Bairam (Greater Bairam), the old mullah, his recent trip to Mec• are being published again today. ca was a reminder of the past. A crowd swells to 50,000, which is In Xinjiang alone, more than more than the mosque can handle. businessman for many years, he 100,000 copies of the Koran have now is an executive committee Many stay outside, singing and been sold. The Xinjiang Islamic dancing to the accompaniment of member of the Kashgar Federation Association has published some of Industry and Commerce. drums and horns from dawn till 140,000 copies of a Moslim reader, dusk. Though he was a wealthy man Sahih Bukhari, in Uygur and Han and dreamt of making the pil• language editions to serve Moslims The Id Kah Mosque is presided grimage decades ago, he had con• who do not know Arabic. by Sadei Haji, 72, an amiable mul• sidered the long trek too physical• lah who wears a white turban and The burgeoning religion has ly demanding. "At the time the white gown with blue stripes. The boosted the need for professional best means of transport was a son of peasants, he came to Kash- clergy. On the national scale, donkey, and the whole trip took gar in 1935. After 10 years of there is the China Islamic Insti• at least six months. Some never
December 30, 1985 7 returned after reaching their des• visit, two vice-presidents of the News in Brief tination," he said. GDR Council of Ministers had visited China in return for Vice- The National Defence Today things are different. A President Li Peng's tour of the University was recently set Xinjiang Moslim can take a bus GDR in May this year. up in Beijing as China's top to Pakistan before flying to Saudi institution of military learn• Arabia in a few days' time. This During the year-end meeting ing. The university, by nnterg- year, nearly 2,000 Moslims from between the top leaders of the two ing the former People's Lib• around China have made their nations, both sides pointed out the eration Army military, poli• way to Mecca, including peasants, possibility of further co-operation. tical and logistics academies merchants and housewives. The "China and Democratic Germany is designed to train high- Chinese government provides are socialist countries," Chinese ranking officers for the 1990s them with cash in foreign currency Chairman Li Xiannian told his and the early 2Ist century. and allows them to take out a German guests. "Good relations certain amount of tax-free com• between us are both desirable and China now has more than modities so they can use them as possible." 100 military academies and gifts or to sell along the way. Silk Li spoke highly of the achieve• schools to train officers at and cotton fabrics and art objects ments of the Democratic German various levels. are among the most favoured items people under the leadership of the for aspiring pilgrims. German Socialist Unity Party. Marxism is the fundamental China plans to produce theory that socialist countries 260 million tons of steel dur• German Leader should abide by, Li said. How• ing the Seventh Fivc-Year ever, socialist development in dif• Plan (1986-90). This will rep• Visits China ferent countries should not follow resent a 30 percent increase only one model. over the total output during A delegation from the People's Peng Zhen, chairman of the the Sixth Five-Year Plan Chamber of the German Demo• Standing Committe of China's Na• (1981-85). when steel output cratic Republic, headed by Cham• tional People's Congress expressed was a record 200 million ber President Horst Sindermann. China's gratitude towards the tons, U times what it was arrived in Beijing on December 14 developing ties between the two during the First Fivc-Vear for an official visit. Sindermann, countries. Peng said both China Plan (1953-57). who is also member of the Polit• and the GDR were building socia• ical Bureau of the German Social• lism and that there were no China is- expected to lurn ist Unity Party Central Commit• fundamental conflicts of interests. out 37 million tons of rolled tee and vice-chairman of the State According to statistics, the num• steel and 46.5 million tons of Council, is the highest-level Demo• ber of Chinese textiles exported to standard steel by the end of cratic German official to set foot Democratic Germany increased by this vear. on China since the 1960s. '40 percent this year as compared Before Sindermann's Beijing with 1984. There are about 11.22 mil• Hu Yaobang meets Horst Sindexmcnn. lion self-employed busmes;. firms in China, imolvinji about 16.69 million people In addition, 2.5 miliiim peo pie are in 230,000 co-v.)pcra tivo businesses. Most of the self-employed business people are engaged in the service trades. Many of them serve to bring indus• trial goods to the farmers: and farm products to city dwellers. Meanwhile, China has become in• volved in more than 10 technolog• ical trade projects from the GDR. Earlier this year, China and East Germany signed an agreement in Beijing on the exchange of com• modities between 1986-90. Sindermann said that friendly relations between the two nations could help to safeguard world peace. Democratic Germany re• gards socialist China as a strong force for world peac-e, he said, and his nation's sincere friendship with China was rooted in its admira• tion for the revolutionary tradi• tions and achievements of the Chi• nese people. Sindermann pointed out that both the GDR and China were Beijing Opens New Telephone Office striving for the realization of so• cialism and communism, and were The Dongdan Telephone Office in Beijing went into operation on making efforts to halt the arms December 11. It covers o floor space of 25,000 square metres, in• race and militarization of outer cluding an operators' building and a business hall. With 40,000 space. "We will not allow another channels and urban and suburban direct-dial telephone equip• ment, the new office has helped alleviate much of the shortage war to break on German soil. We in telephone service in the southern part of east Beijing and creat• are willing to have dialogue with ed fovourable conditions for future development. The office is the all countries," he stressed. largest multi-purpose urban telephone office in Chino todoy. At the meeting with Chinese Communist Party General Secre• only say "Ni Hao." ("How do you mathematics, 73.71, physics, 70.8: tary Hu Yaobang, Sindermann do"). But the Chinese students and foreign languages, 60.43. Be• conveyed Erich Honecker's best were found laughing knowingly at cause of linguistic and cultural regards to Hu, who, in return, their jokes, asking questions and barriers, as well as lack of effective asked Sindermann to convey his commenting freely on their opin• teaching methods foreign languages greetings to Honecker. It is said ions — all of which was done in have long been a headache to Chi• that Honecker, who is now gener• English. This was one of Ding nese educators. What troubles al secretary of the German Social• lie's unique English classes, where educators even more is that the ist Unity Party Central Committee her students apply what they have students lack the ability to apply and chairman of the State Council, learnt. what they have learnt in class. and Hu have had close ties since their years together in the inter• But things have not been so pro• But 53-year-old Ding Jie, grad• national youth movement. mising with most foreign language uate from St. John's University in classes in the nation's secondary Shanghai, has invented a unique schools. With eyes fixed upon their way to introduce her youngsters to shoes, most of the kids are nervous English. She began experimenting Learning English and unable to express themselves in the fall of 1980, after taking a in the language they have studied. hard look at her two decades of In a Pleasant Way And they often are bogged down teaching experience and probing with endless homework. Looking into foreign language teaching One summer morning two at one district in Beijing, the aver• theory. groups of youngsters in their sec• age points scored on high school ond year at Beijing's No. 2 entrance examinations of the Ding compiled a set of textbooks Middle School were interviewing major subjects in 1985 were as fol• in which she developed a series of an Australian couple, lane and lowing: chemistry, 83.57; Chinese, personality types pertaining to her Torrey Orten. The couple could 80.56; political science. 75.34; students. As her lecture unfolds.
December 30. 1985 9 ihe students see one familiar scene from conservative minds. They t —' ' after another: their own lives at wondered if the students could school, with their families and in adapt to the exams based on the Ghiiijk & tke WorM their social activities. At the same standard textbooks even though Vietnamese Provocations time. Ding kneads in new words, they were more skillful in usinj; Will be countered' syntax and grammar. This sparked the language. But the high exam the kids to try a little harder, elim• scores spoke for themselves. Chine-i.- tnmfict [nK)p'- inating some of the embarrassment Ninety-eight percent of the students ' \ 1(1 furtcfitJIy a,HtHt«:ratt
Beijing Review. Xn. 5J. INTERNATrONAL
Cartagena Group had skyrocketed to 16 percent From 1979-1982, the Latin Amcri can nations were forced to pay an US Plan on Debt Needs Reworking additional US$49 billion. Since 1980, 50 percent of the new The Latin American Cartagena Group recently consider• foreign debts of these countries ed the US Treasury Secretary proposal on foreign debt. are a result of high interest rates. Their verdict: positive, but not sufficient. And trade protectionism of the developed countries has added an by GUO WEICHENG wealthy nations to conduct politi• extra layer of frost to the snowed- cal dialogue with debtor nations. under third world countries. Seventy percent of the export HE foreign and financial min• For a long time the creditor markets of the Latin American T isters of the 11-nation Car• nations and banks have treated states are dependent on the tagena Group recently studied the the debt issue of the developing Western developed nations, 45 United States' 'Baker plan" at countries as a purely economic percent of which goes to the their fourth meeting held in Mon• one, and have stood by the con• United States. The United States tevideo, Uruguay, on December cept that the issue should be set• and other developed countries 16-17. They welcomed the mon• tled through the IMF. However, have often forced down the price etary plan designed by US Treas• the IMF has demanded that the of raw materials and primary pro• ury Secretary fames Baker, but debtors pursue austerity pro• ducts on the world market, and with caution and reservations. grammes to squeeze in as much this alone has cost the Latin money as possible to pay back Baker had unveiled his plan at American nations more than their debt. The Latin American the 40th annual meeting of the US$52 billion in the past four nations maintain that this has International Monetary Fund years. By the end of 1984 the cost their people greatly and that (IMF) and the World Bank in combined foreign debts of these the austerity policies have only Seoul in October. The proposal countries had gone from US$90 encouraged hunger and decay. calls for commercial banks world• billion in 1975 to USS360 bil• wide to increase their lending to In fact, just as the Cartagena lion. the 15 most heavily indebted. 10 Group pointed out, the current In reality, the lack of a rea• of which are Latin American na• debt issue is not only economic, sonable settlement of the debt tions, by USS20 billion over a but also extensively political. The issue would actually bring more three-year period. The main heavily indebted Latin American harm than good to the United point of the proposal is to alter nations propose that the creditors States and other developed coun• the austerity programmes of the and debtors should conduct tries. If the debtor nations re• debtor nations and help them political dialogue, share the re• fused to pay their debts, this promote economic growth in sponsibility and seek a reasonable would surely leave the world order to relieve their burden. At solution to this issue. The re• banks bankrupt and cause chaos the same time the plan asked the sponsibility for the settlement of in the world monetary structure. debtor nations to attempt reduc• the debt issue is not shared only An economic recession of the de• tions in inflation, open their by the debtors, for the issue has veloping countries caused by the economies and encourage more also resulted from the high in• heavy foreign debts would also foreign investment. terest rates and trade protection• lead to a shrinking of the world ism in the developed countries. market. The Baker proposal has not During the 1970s, the interest rate come close to solving the debt of international loans was quite One reasonable method of crisis, but it has. to a certain de• low. about 7 percent. As the 1980s easing the siutation would be to gree, altered the tradition in came forth, high US interest rates promote economic growth in the which the debtor nations were caused extremely volatile interest debtor countries, which in turn required to carry out tight-belt rates at the international com• will raise their capability of pay• policies. It has also expressed a mercial banks. By 1982 the in ing off their debts. At the same willingness on the part of the terest rate on these foreign debts time the creditors in the develop-
December 30, 1985 11 ed countries should realize their The major drawback to the gation, which was headed by US own responsibility in the matter Baker proposal, however, lies in Commerce Secretary Malcolm by lowering interest rates, revis• the fact that its aim is primarily Baldrige. ing the terms of repayment. In to benefit the creditor nations. Since 1979, when Washington addition, they also should remove It suggested the Latin American imposed sanctions against the tariffs and other barriers so the countries open their doors to Soviet Union because of Moscow's developing countries will benefit foreign investment as a precondi• invasion of Afghanistan, the Unit• by exporting their products. tion to giving out new loans. ed States has dropped from Mos• It is unfortunate that the Baker This awkward starting point can cow's No. 2 capitalist trading part• plan did not deal with the trade not lead to common interest, ner to its 1984 rank of No. 5. protectionism and high interest which is the fundamental reason rates in the developed nations. why the Latin American nations After several years of minimal If the Baker plan had proposed have adopted a reserved attitude activity, US-Soviet trade in 1985 that the United States and other towards the US treasury pro• is expected to top the 1979 record developed nations lower their posal. The United States must of US$4.5 billion. However, Mos• interest rates, remove tariffs and therefore take further steps to cow now suffers from a USS2 bil• other barriers to create favour• consult with the Latin American lion trade imbalance, a result of able conditions for export from leaders, in an effort to come up its large grain purchase from the the debtors, then the plan would with more equitable measures to United States. be more practical and effective. benefit both sides. Though the delegates' hopes for renewed trade ran high at the meeting, which was the first im• portant US-Soviet gathering since last November's Geneva summit, US-Soviet Union there was no indication that the two countries will significantly step up bilateral trade. The Soviet High Hopes Remain Unsatisfied Union insisted that there would be no major breakthroughs in bilat• Despite the enthusiasm of its participants, the recent eral trade as long as the United US-Soviet annual Trade and Economic Council meeting States refused to grant Moscow made little progress in eliminating fundamental barriers most-favoured-nation status. Soviet in US-Soviet trade. representatives said they hoped that US-Soviet trade relations In a joint resolution issued at could be established on the basis by FAN YUAN the end of the meeting, US and of long-term stability regardless of Soviet participants called on political differences. ORE than 450 of America's Washington to grant Moscow Baldrige, however, made it clear M top business leaders attend• most-favoured-nation status, a that trade and politics would ed the ninth session of the US- major issue blocking a substantial inevitably affect one another. US Soviet annual Trade and Econom• increase in trade between the two Secretary of State George Shultz ic Council meeting, held in Mos• countries. The remaining issues reiterated this point when he said cow December 9-11. hampering normalized trade be• US-Soviet trade could not fully de• Though no major sales contracts tween the two should gradually velop unless Moscow repaired its were signed during the three-day dissipate as the two governments record on human rights. meeting, both countries did agree modify their attitude towards each to co-operate in the construction other, said Dwayne Andreas, US of Soviet chemical and petrochem• co-chairman of the council. ical complexes and on some ag• Both the United States and the ricultural projects. The two sides Soviet Union attached consider• also made plans to explore jointly able importance to the ninth ses• the Soviet Union's rich offshore sion of the council, which was set oil fields in the hope of increasing up in the mid-1970s with the aim the country's oil production, of boosting mutual trade. Top which has fallen considerably in Soviet leaders, including Mikhail recent years. Gorbachev, met with the US dele• 12 Beijing Review No. 52 Uganda reached with the Military Council. Therefore, even though Okello had appealed to all Ugandans to Moving Toward National Conciliation rebuild a unified and peaceful country when he took power, he Uganda is seeing the gleams of stability and peace as himself failed to do so. Never• the year approaches its end. The government and its theless, the Military Council has opposition NRM have finally signed a peace accord. seen some successes in other re• spects. The new government has be held as soon as possible in been set up with 18 members, in• by REN VAN order to return the country to a cluding the leaders of the Dem• HE long-awaited Ugandan •'parliamentary democracy." ocratic Party, representatives of T peace agreement was signed the Conservative Party and on December 17 in Nairobi, The NRA was set up in 1981 Ugandan Patriotic Movement, as Kenya, after nearly four months in order to overthrow the former well as the ministers of the former of bargaining between the Ugan• Milton Obote government. It government. It also released dan government and the opposi• supported a military coup on more than 1,100 political prison• tion National Resistance Move• July 27 this year headed by ers and cracked down on crime. ment (NRM). Okello, who welcomed it to join Okello's government has reached the Military Council and new Ugandan head of state, Tito an understanding with three government. The NRA, however, Okello, and NRM leader, Yoweri guerrilla organizations — the Dem• charged the Military Council with Museveni, signed the agreement ocratic Union, the Front for Na• not notifying it before its es• at Kenyatta International Con• tional Salvation and Freedom tablishment on July 28. Later ference Centre, witnessed by Movement. To pave the way to Okello invited NRA representa• foreign diplomats and correspon• peace talks with the opposition tives to attend the conciliation NRM, the government removed dents. meeting in Dar es Salaam, capital Prime Minister Paulo Muwanga, The signing of the peace accord of Tanzania, but they refused to. whom the NRM opposed, and ap• was a major coup for Kenyan Afterwards the clash between the pointed Finance Minister Abraham President Daniel Arap Moi, who two sides grew and their soldiers Waligo to succeed him. had been patiently mediating the eventually came down against Ugandan peace talks since each other, causing some casual• After four rounds of talks, the August, repeatedly calling on the ties. agreement was finally reached. two warring factions to bring As Okello said soon after his re• peace back to their people. On November 4 Museveni an• turn from Nairobi — the signing According to the agreement, nounced in Nairobi that an in• of the peace accord was a turn• Okello will remain head of state terim administration was set up, ing point in Ugandan history and and chairman of the ruling exercising the government func• it was now time to rebuild the Military Council of Uganda, tion before the ceasefire was "pearl of Africa." while Museveni will take over as the council's vice-chairman. The Paris 'Ugandan government and the NRM have agreed on an immediate end African States Draw Hope Together to the hostilities. The commanders of the government forces and the French and African leaders met in France earlier this National Resistance Army (NRA), month to discuss Africa's further development oppor• the military wing of the NRM, tunities. will order a halt to all fighting. African summit, held on December Both sides also have agreed to by LU MINGZHU 11-13, concentrated on economic establish a new national military issues and regional conflicts, par• force made up of soldiers from EADERS from 35 African coun• ticularly those in Chad. all combatant forces. A peace• L tries and France recently met keeping force from Kenya, Tan• for a three-day summit in Paris The issue of Chad, a sensitive zania, Britain and Canada is to to discuss the major political and one faced by Africa for years, be established. economic issues facing Africa to• stood at the top of the meeting day. The agreement provides for agenda. Libyan troops have re• free and fair general elections to The 12th annual Franco- mained in the north of Chad
December 30, 1985 73 has increased by an annual rate of 3 percent while its food pro• duction has only gone up by 1.2 percent. Over the last two dec• ades, the continent's food pro• duction per capita has been re• duced by 20 percent, he said. Furthermore, the African foreign debt has amounted to US$170 billion —a quarter of its total export income was used to pay the accrued interest. With such enormous odds against it, Leaders or special envoys of France and 35 African nations observers question the further in the Elysee Palace. development of Africa. Bagaza after France had withdrawn its summit appealed to the interna• underlined that African develop• troops from the south, under a tional community to give further ment was, first of all, up to the joint-withdrawal accord signed by support to the southern African obligations of Africans, while the two countries last year. people's struggle against apartheid the international community and and to impose further sanctions the creditor nations must also Addressing the African leaders, against the South African regime. provide substantial support. French President Francois Mit• The six frontline countries at• terrand said France would "not Abdou Diouf, president of tended the meeting for the first permit the balance to be upset by Senegal and executive president time. a policy of aggression towards of the Organization of African Chad." Although the drought and Unity, suggested holding an in• The president also reaffirmed famine situation in Africa has ternational meeting devoted to that France was not willing to eased since the beginning of this African debt problems. France send troops into Chad. But he year, there are still more than 20 showed its willingness to support warned Libya not to move its million people in Africa suffer• Diouf's effort and reiterated that forces into the south, stating ing from hunger. Burundi Pres• it would continue to speak for that any attempt to launch new ident Jean-Baptiste Bagaza point• African countries at various attacks would be met with "cor• ed out that the African population forums. responding counter-attacks" on the part of France. During his recent trip to West African countries, Libyan head of Featured in Our 1986 Enlarged No. I Issue state. Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, spoke of the issue of Chad many Zhou Enlai — Consummate Diplomat in Action times, suggesting that a pan-Afri• A most obsorbing account of the diplomatic life of the man can armed force be set up. Calling who was China's premier for 27 years. This is only part of the the military activities taken by 17-page coverage devoted to Zhou to mark the 10th anniversary of his death. France in Chad a form of "new colonialism," he warned that any China's Independent Foreign Policy interference in the internal affairs In this "Beijing Review" exclusive, Vice-Foreign Minister of Chad could trigger a new con• Qian discusses China's foreign policy, Sino-Soviet relations and flict. other international issues. Chadian President Hissene Travelogue: Sunshine and Shadows Habre has expressed his desire In a most candid and interesting manner, a retired journalist to meet with Gaddafi on "neutral records his impressions of a 100-day trip to south and central ground." He has accused Libya China: a building boom, an improved life accompanied by of reinforcing its troops in nor• ominous consumerism, and many other encouraging signs thern Chad, and has warned that coupled with new problems. Libya might begin a new military push. — New cover, new layout — Looking further south, the
14. Beijing Review No. 52 New Minister Discusses Security Problems China's new Minister of Public feafure of China's public security Security Yuan Chongwu answered work. In major cities, ordinary questions on public order in a re• people can often be found wearing cent interview with "Beijing Re• the symbolic red armband, an in• view" correspondent Lu Yun and dication of aiding police officers to reporters from other Chinese pub• direct traffic during rush hour or lications. — Ed. helping to keep public order. In Shanghai, more than 400,000 re• INISTER Yuan, 52, assumed tired workers currently help moni• M his post last September. He tor order in the city. was formerly the deputy mayor of Shanghai and deputy secretary of The motto of China's police is the Shanghai Municipal Committee "serve the people." Though they of the Communist Party of China. are low paid, they work very hard Vuan Chongwu. and often have to risk their lives Question: Recently, some According to the Beijing munic• fighting against crime. The most foreign press reports said that Chi• ipal security control regulation, hard-working and honest police na had arrested some university no rally or parade at Tiananmen in the world, in my eyes, are the students who took to the streets to Chinese. commemorate the 40th aimiversary Square is allowed without the per• of the victory of the War of Re• mission of the authorities con• For offenders, of course, the sistance Against |apan, and for cerned. As far as I know, many people's police are a deterrent various other reasons. Do you other countries also have similar force. And so they should be, have any comment on this? laws and regulations. When some otherwise they would not be doing persons gathered peacefully at their job. At the same time, we Yuan: During this period, we Tiananmen last time, the police are striving to remould and educate made no arrests of university stu• did not force them to leave, but the convicted offenders in order to dents who paraded and rallied instead protected the safety of the help them turn over a new leaf several months ago. participants. However, if some and support themselves by people disrupted public order, and their own labour. The Ministry of Public Security's the police did nothing about it, duty is to maintain social order that would lead to anarchism. and public security to protect the Q: Ft seems some police are not lives and property of the people. Q: Some foreigners believe that polite enough to the public. When university students in Cheng• China relies on its army and police Yuan: We have set strict rules du (Sichuan Province) rallied in to maintain its rule and the police for the police to follow and are the street, some bad elements took exercise supervision over the peo• currently in the process of updating advantage of the situation, and ple. What's your view on this? the standards and education of pilfered and vandalized public the police force. property and insulted women. As Yuan: 1 think the Chinese this was an obvious violation of police are most kind to their peo• First, we have worked out a the law, they were held account• ple. Unlike many other nations, three-year programme for pop• able either by the factories where they have never used batons, guns" ularizing the legal code among the they worked or by their neigh• or tear-gas to suppress the masses, police to enable them to work bourhood committees; some serious except during the "cultural revolu• strictly in accordance with the law. offenders were fined or detained tion" when the gang of four Preparations are being made to for a couple of days. But not one directed them to use clubs on offer three-month courses for each of them was an university student people. police officer. marcher. In China, very few police carry While performing their duties, In Beijing, on November 20, guns while patrolling the streets. the policemen are required to be• some persons disrupted public Regarding the police in charge of have in a courteous manner. Strict order at Tiananmen Square. They household registration, they have discipline is enforced within the were reprimanded by the police fostered close ties with the local ranks of policemen. If a few of and were afterwards taken back by residents. Working in co-operation them violate the law and disci• iheir units. with the masses is an important pline, they shall be dealt with
December 30, 1985 15 severely and no leniency shall be environment than under circum• the rise today. One of the reasons accorded them. stances when a small-scale peas• is that the corrupt ideas and por• ant economy and a natural econ• nographic video tapes and books We are also trying to improve omy were practised. Three years creeping in through Hongkong, Ma• the method of street patrolHng. ago, Beijing had only a daily tran• cao and other channels are poison• For instance, in case something sient population of 300,000, but ing the minds of our youth. The happens in the process of pa• now there are 1 million. In 1984, most effective way of preventing trolling the police must follow a the nation's railway passenger the young from corruptive activity method, which is being gradually traffic volume reached 1 billion. is education. In so doing, we need standardized, as regards what to Also, due to the imperfect manage• to have more vocational schools say and how to deal with the case ment measures and poor circula• where middle school graduates, in that particular circumstance. tion channels and an underdevelop• who have flunked their university Q: What has impressed you ed financial industry, there is an entrance examination, could learn most since you became minister inordinate cash flow right now. labour skills, such as carpentry or several months ago? The specialized households in the tailoring. Convicted law offenders rural areas and individual in• should be sent to barn specialized Yuan: These few months of dustrial and commercial enterprises skills and we should cultivate in work have taught me that public are not accustomed to depositing them the habit of obtaining educa• security work is by no means their money in the bank. Some tion through manual labour. Ideo• isolated. To have strong social even lock up as much as 10,000 logical work and moral education order, there must be economic yuan at home and, when going out among the young is the most im• development, political stability and, for business, they carry cash. This portant. China should establish above all, co-operation of the also creates incentive for pick• its own socialist moral standards whole society. That is what we pockets and pilferers on the make. for the young to follow from call "comprehensive treatment." The settlement of these problems childhood. For example, with the vigorous does not rely entirely on how hard Juvenile offence is a worldwide development of the commodity the ministry works, but also on co• problem. Compared to many other economy in our country — the operation with other departments, countries, however, the situation in result of the open policy and eco• such as the enterprises and banks, China is much better. nomic reforms introduced in re• and indeed the whole society. cent years, there is a much faster Q: How about the juvenile Q: How is the social order in flow of people and materials. This criminals today? the four special economic 2ones in leaves more opportunities for Guangdong and Fujian provinces? robberies and more criminal cases Yuan: The number of criminal occur in a commodity economic cases involving young people is on Yuan; These economic zones have adopted a more flexible policy than the hinterland in their eco• nomic activities, and they are more exposed to the unhealthy ideology of foreign countries. Compared to the hinterland, these zones are ex• periencing more petty crime. Yet the crime rate is still lower than that of Hongkong and some of the developed countries. We are not excessively bothered by the comparatively high crime rate in the four special economic zones, as it is within our power to control it.
Q: Can the increase in the eco• nomic criminal cases and juvenile offences and the social order in the special economic zones be con• sidered a result of the economic reform and the open policy?
Beijing Review, No. 52 BEIJING REVIEW Subject Index (Nos. 27-52, 1985)
Issue Page issue Page No. No. No. No. China Reasserts Its Hongkong Policy 52 6 I. Domestic 2) Chinese Communist Party 1. Political Deng: Party Conference to Promote Young People 30 6 1) General Meeting Heralds New Success 37 4 'Star Wars' Must Be Avoided — Deng 32 6 Plenum Sets Agenda for Party Conference 38 6 40 Years After: Reassessing the War in Conference Puts Future Into Younger China , 32 13 Hands 39 6 Hu Calls on Youth to Make Sacrifices 33 6 New Faces in Party Leadership 39 7 Zhao Vows Stand Against Nuclear Arms 33 7 At the CPC National Conference: Deng China's Contribution to Anti-Fascist War 33 15 Xiaoping's Speech 39 15 Remembrance of Battles Past 35 4 Chen Yun's Speech 39 18 Hu Sets Up New Guidelines for Xinjiang 35 6 Explanation of the Proposal for the Seventh Five-Year Plan (Centrefold) 40 Nanjing Massacre: A Dark Page in Proposal of the Central Committee of the History 35 15 Chinese Communist Party for the China Pledges to Maintain World Peace Seventh Five-Year Plan for National (Centrefold) 36 Economic and Social Development Reshuffle and Policy Continuity 38 4 (Centrefold) 40 Party Secretary Hu Acts on Letters 38 7 Power Transfer: Smooth Sailing 41 4 Deng Talk Links Freedom, Peace 38 8 Party Ehminating Unhealthy Trends 51 6 Combating Corrosive Ideology 41 15 Party Shifts Consolidation to Countryside 52 4 8 Principles for China's Diplomacy 42 7 3) National People's Congress and the Hu Outlines Framework for China-fapan Ties 43 6 Chinese People's Political Consultative UN's 40th Birthday Marked in Beijing 44 6 Conference Rally Calls for Reunion of Taiwan 44 6 Committee Begins Work on HK Law 28 7 Work Together for Better World 44 15 4) Cadres, Intellectuals Students, Leaders Working for China's Modernization 46 6 Choosing Tomorrow's Leaders 31 4 Socialist Culture and Ethics in the Making 46 15 Guizhou Gets New Young Party Chief 39 8 More on Socialist Ethics and Culture 47 4 Intellectuals' Joy and Frustration 42 23 Reconsidering an Ambiguous Slogan 50 28 Students Spurred to Renew Spirit 49 8 Issue Page issue Page No. No. No. No.
5) Democracy and Legal System So Much Love for So Many 32 : 23 If I Were Mayor 38 : 27 Turning Prisons Into "Special Schools" 28 28 Veteran Revolutionaries on Retirement 44 : 27 Prisoner Takes College Courses 28 29 Mao's Old Friend Commemorated 45 : 10 Health Officials Ban Fake Drugs 29 6 Ba I in Answers Questions on Ideals 46 : 27 War Declared on Obscene Materials 31 8 Varied Viewpoints on Religion 47 : 27 Making Law a Household Word in China 51 • 26 Low-Brow Diversion Causes Public Officials Sacked for Car Import Racket 32 8 Alarm 48 : 7 Reform Farm Provides New Lease on Life 33 25 Social Science Research in China 48 : 28 Efficiency Keynotes Civil Service Reform 34 6 Unhealthy Tendencies in Meetings 48 : 28 Legal Firms Spur Rural Economy 44 9 American Writers Dearly Remembered 49 : 8 China's Crime Prevention Meets Success 50 21 A Day in the Life of the Police 50 24 Legal Studies: A Nationwide Assignment 51 4 2. Economic New Minister Discusses Security Prob• 1) General lems 52 15 New Trends Seen in World Economy 27 : 27 6) People's Liberation Army Deng Calls Reform an 'Experiment' 28 : 6 Economy: Promising But Problematic 31 : 6 More Army Cuts Hit Supply Ranks 27 6 Shanghai Hikes Productivity Level 33 : 11 PLA Attacks Construction Challenge 30 21 Sixth Five-Year Plan Succeeds 37 : 14 Army Aims to Cut Ranks by 1 Million 32 6 Cities Make Plans for Yangtze Area 38 : 10 China Seeks Mild Growth in 1986-90 40 : 6 7) National Minorities State Plan Fulfilled, Zhao Says 41 : 7 Ethnic Studies Show Progress 27 8 Economy Booms in First 9 Months 44 : 7 New Volumes Eye Minority Life 27 31 China's Prospects for the Year 2000 44 : 18 Minority People Living in the Capital 28 19 Fighting for Consumer Rights 45 : 28 Visit to Tibet (1): Modernization in a Will Peasants Be Polarized by Changes? 46 : 4 Buddhist Land 34 15 Facts and Figures: Commercial Manage• Tibet Today rPictorial) 34 : 19-22 ment Diversified 46 : 21 Lhasa Celebrates as Region Turns 20 36 6 Ten Major Changes in China's Study of Visit to Tibet (H): Ex-Serfs and Serf- Economics 49 ; 17 Owners Speak Out 37 15 Dalian Centre Trains Entrepreneurs 52 : 18 Visit to Tibet (HI): Science Changes Highland Life 38 19 2) Economic Reform Exercising Regional National Autonomy 40 4 Keep Prices Down, Profiteers Warned 27 : 10 Xinjiang: Vistas for Development 40 13 Wuhan Rebounds With Economic In• Xinjiang Proud of 30 Years of Growth 41 6 novation (1) 28 : 24 Visit to Xishuangbanna: A Jewel Set in Economic Reform Brings Better Life 29 : 15 the Southwestern Frontier 43 23 Wuhan Rebounds With Economic In• Exhibiting Custom of Tujia, Miao Peo- novation (II) 29 : 25 pie 47 31 Development and Reform in Commerce 30 : 25 Islamic Culture Thriving in Kashi 52 6 Efforts Urged to Develop West 34 : 7 Delta Slated for More Development 34 : 9 8) Others Business Abuses Bring Reform Call 36 : 7 Srnedley, Strong, Snow — Bridge Builders Response to Price Reform 38 : 28 From People to People 28 15 Economic Reforms Revitalize Cotton Mill 4(1 : 16 lasue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No. Problems on China's Administration 45 : 28 Sino-French Oil Co-operation 36 : 23 Good Start in Enlivening Key Enter• Baoshan Complex Goes on Stream 37 : 30 prises 48 -. 4 .Argentine Ship Auctioned Off 37 : 30 Reform Heralds Economic Upturn 48 : 6 Foreign Investments Top USSIO Billion 37 : 31 Price Reform: 6 Months Later 49 : 6 Sales of China's Coins Increase 37 : 31 3) Opening to the World Bright Prospects for Offshore Oil 38 : 29 Textile Trade Grows Apace 38 : 30 Sino-US Giant Coal Mine Pact Inked 27 : 29 Hainan Holds on to Open Policy 38 : 30 Chinese Leaders Praise Armand Hammer 27 : 29 Mitsubishi Exports Batches of 'Lemons' 38 : 30 Foreign Investment Grows in Shanghai 27 : 30 China Honours Credit Cards 39 : 30 Cola War Called to Dethrone Coke 28 : 29 Beijing's Airfreight Takes Off 39 : 30 Leasing Business Grows in Beijing 28 : 30 Harbour Builders Speed Up Work 39 : 31 Law Office to Handle Biz Cases 28 : 30 New Lease Firm Set Up in Dalian 39 31 Centre Offers Stats to Businesses 28 : 31 finzhou Foreign Trade Expands 40 : 17 Japanese Display Fast-Food Tech 28 : 31 Avoiding Double Taxation 40 17 Import Cut Reports Clarified by Ministry 29 31 Communications Growing Rapidly 41 29 15% of Imports Don't Measure Up 29 : 31 Cities Secure More Foreign Contracts 41 29 Corporation Seeks Power Investment 29 . 31 Agriculture Fair Slated for Beijing 4'] 30 Equipment Import by Bid Invitation 29 • 32 China Sends Fishing Fleet to Alaska 42 28 A Profitable Joint Shoe Venture 29 32 Claims for Defective Goods Settled 42 28 CJIETCC Awarded a World Bank Prize 30 50 Oil to be Tapped in South China 42 29 Petrochemical Exports Increase 30 30 Beijing to Host Asia-Pacific Fair 42 29 China to Display Metals in Tokyo 30 31 China's Foreign Exchange Control Shenyang to Hold World Trade Fair 30 31 Policies 43 20 Commodity Fairs for 3rd Quarter 30 31 China Modernizes Rails With Loans 43 29 Import of Foreign Funds Quickened 31 28 New Policies on Port Building 43 30 Trade Deficit on the Rise 31 28 Joint Ventures Prove Profitable 43 30 Ningxia to Host an Islamic Symposium 31 28 China Exports Live Sheep 43 30 Technology Imports Double Pace 33 29 Imbalance Hinders China's Trade 44 . 4 Shanghai Barters With E. Europe 33 29 Joint Venture: Success Speaks for Itself 44 : 21 New Plant Boosts Fertilizer Supply 33 29 Mutual Trust Is Crucial to Co-operation 44 . 25 Japanese Firms Display Fabrics 33 30 China Expands Overseas Air Service 44 29 Open Policy to Remain in Force 34 4 AIPPl Symposium Held in Beijing 44 • 29 Hebei Holds World Symposiums 34 33 Beijing Seeks Foreign Funds 44 : 29 Computer Graphics Exhibit in Beijing 34 33 Cotton Export to Poland Resumed 44 : 30 Guangdong Uses More Foreign Funds 34 33 Launching Satellite Service 45 : 30 Brewery Helps to Ease Beer Shortage 34 34 Chinese Ventures Set Up Abroad 45 : 30 SIETC Workeis Win Name Abroad 34 34 Foreign Firms Expand in China 45 : 30 Beijing's Prospects Touted by Mayor 35 . 9 Xiamen Zone Practises New Policies 46 : 29 China Issues New Exchange Figures 35 30 Foreign Funds Aid Farm Production 46 : 29 China's Trade Deficit With US Mounts 35 • 31 Toshiba Corp. Woos China 46 : 30 BOC Loan Fund Helps Back Trade 35 : 31 Germans Buy Chinese Technology 46 : 30 Suzhou River Gets Pollution Treatment 35 : 32 Beijing Hosts ASPAT 1985 47 : 7 China Relaxes Travel Rules 35 : 32 China and India Boost Trade Ties 47 : 29 China, Indonesia to Fix Trade Ties 36 ; 22 Bridging Sino-Japanese Trade Gap 47 : 29 Overseas Bank Returns to China 36 : 22 A Joint Venture to Modify Boeing 727s 47 : 30 /// Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.
US Investment Up in China 47 • 30 Test Well Unveils Rich Oil Deposits 40 9 China's First International Trade Fair 48 : 18 Baoshan Paves Way for Modernization 41 8 Aircraft Industry Proves Promising 48 : 30 China Ready to Improve Transport 42 9 China Holds Trade Talks in Osaka 48 : 30 Bumpy Ride Over for Beijing Taxis 43 8 CCPIT to Hold Fairs Abroad in 1986 48 : 31 Environment Polluted by Rural Works 43 27 Wool Company Wins Success 48 : 31 Astronautics Industry Takes Lead 43 27 Beijing to Host 3rd World Ad Congress 49 : 28 Nuclear Industry Advances in China 45 7 Imports Promote Electronics Industry 49 • 28 Home-Made Planes Flying High 51 9 Used Equipment Symposium Ends 49 29 China Strikes Oil Deal With Australia 49 : 29 6) Agriculture, Forestry and Water Foreign Funds Used in Wider Scope 50 29 Conservancy China's Aircraft Takes Off Abroad 50 29 Gezhouba Hydroelectric Project Revisited 27 16 International Railway Transport 50 30 Forest Campaign Gains Momentum 28 8 Narrowing Xiamen's Technology Gap 5! 30 China Sea-Borne to Catch Big Fish 33 8 Sperry Markets Computer in China 51 31 China Takes Steps to Boost Meat Produc• China Exports More Equipment 52 26 tion 34 28 Sino-Hungarian Trade Expands 52 26 Grassland Erosion Worries Experts 42 10 UTC Varies Ventures in China 52 27 One-Third Lakes Found in Tibet 42 11 No Relaxation in Grain Production 49 • 4 4) Special Economic Zones, Open Cities China's Fish Farming fumps Upstream 49 21 and Administrative Regions Rural Specialized Household Standards 49 27 China's Administrative Regions: Gui- Rural Enterprises Take on Economy 50 8 zhou: A Multi-National Province Rural Industry Advances Amidst Prob• Waiting to Be Tapped 32 24 lems 50 18 South Fujian: Golden Delta for Invest- Improving Disaster Control Measures 52 24 rhent 34 25 China's Administrative Regions; Hunan: 7) Finance and Trade Agriculture Enjoys Priority 57 20 SEZs: Why an Experiment 39 4 Financial Picture Satisfactory 32 : 8 Special Report: Shenyang: Old City New Tianjin Zone Still on Way Up 35 : 31 Takes on New Look 48 20 Economy Girded to Beat Deficit 37 : 6
5) Industry, Communications and City 8) Others Construction False Advertising Angers Consumers 30 : 8 Cargo Handlers Rough Up Fridges 27 7 Upped Cold Price Bring New Rush 33 : 7 Developing Road and River Shipping 28 4 Insurance Industry Revived 33 : 11 Construction Boom Stunts Development 28 7 Opening the Southwest: An Expert Hotel Growth Shows Imbalance 28 10 Opinion 35 : 22 Controlling Industrial Development 30 4 Labour Companies Offer More )obs 36 : 9 Government to Aid Rural Road Repair 30 7 Nation Censures Shabby Products 38 : 8 Efforts Called to Spread Gas Use 31 9 China Encouraging Growth in Tourism 41 ; 10 Bullet Train Proposed 33 28 Xingcheng: A Potential Summer Resort 47 : 25 Hangzhou — A 'Paradise' Under Repair 36 15 Tianjin Has Something for Everyone 49 : 24 Spending Controls Halt Construction 37 7 For First Time China Tourists 49 : 26 TV Satellites Now Hit Outback China 39; 9 Changes in Chinese Consumption 51 : 29 Issue Page No. No. Issue Page No. No.
Higher Education Geared to Peasants 30 : 28 3. Culture Officials to Train Provincial Teachers 31 : 6 Years in School Can Be Shortened 32 : 30 1) Art and Literature Fostering Lofty Communist Ideals 32 : 4 Producing Shakespeare in China 27 24 Overseas Study Gains Popularity 34 i 31 How Critics Err 27 27 Students Lack Artistic Training 34 : 32 East Meets West in Dante Sculpture 27 31 China's Teachers to Get Day in Sun 35 : 7 Kungfu TV Dramas Influence Children 28 9 Educators Share Teaching Ideas 35 : 34 Crisis in the Film Industry 29 29 Education Given Top Priority 36 : 4 Rural Romance Is New Film Treat 30 32 Population Education for Young 36 : 20 My revelation From Peasants' Paintings 31 19 Enrolment Potential for Colleges 36 : 21 •)ust Sing With Your Heart' 33 32 Adapting China's Higher Education 44 : 28 Scholar Research Tibetan Epic Poem 34 36 Education on Sex Broaches Old Taboo 46 : 9 It Happens on a Stormy Night 36 24 School for Parents Tries to Curb Crime 47 : 20 Qing Classic Revived in Stone 36 25 Suggestion for a Chinese Award 47 : 28 Shiwan's Ceramics in New Guises 38 31 Qualified Teachers Urgently Needed 50 : 9 Soviet Opera Adapted in Beijing 38 31 Education Reform Series (I): Updating 'Four Generations'—a Hit in China 39 32 China's Education System 50 : 15 Going Full Circle: Brecht in Beijing 41 25 Education Reform Series (II): Tasks Set Ewenkis Display Customs. Arts 41 31 for Education Reform 51 : 19 Contemporary Writer Yu Dafu Reap• Learning English in a Pleasant Way 52 : 9 praised 42 30 Education Reform Series (III): China's Chinese Dancers Bring Latin America to Education Holds Bright Prospects 52 : 21 Life 43 31 Women's Literature — A Creative Force 44 31 3) Science and Technology Symphony Suffers Losses 46 28 Western Plateau: Weather Research 30 : 33 Sino-Soviet Ballet Exchange Renewed- 46 31 Mathematician Hua Luogeng Dies 33 : 24 TV to Show Serial on Liu Shaoqi 47 10 Developing New Energy Sources 35 : 33 Films, TV Co-operate to Prosper 47 27 Divers Go Down From on High 36 : 25 Deng Calls Next 15 Years 'Crucial' 48 7 importation and Superstition 38 : 28 Alvin Ailey Stuns China 48 33 Science Projects Win Awards 42 : 8 Comedy Captures 'Fun' Family 48 33 New Tree-Planting Method 43 : 32 Sino-Malaysian Relations Develop 49 7 Chinese Brains Reveal Masterwork 45 : 8 Memorial Hail Honours Cao Xueqin 49 30 Prognosis for China's Computer Fever 46 : 17 Freedom of Creation vs Writers' Respon• Heading South to Explore Antarctica 47 : 8 4 sibilities 50 Breaking Through Nuclear Technology 51: 10 Peasants Lack Education, Culture 50 27 China Sets Space Station as Goal 51 : 29 Recreating Strong's Stay in Yanan 50 31 A Late Artist's Show in Beijing 50 32 4) Sports
'ling' Music Finds Renewed Popularity 51 32 Asians Sweep Badminton Titles 27 : 33 Play Recalls Xinjiang's Liberation 52 28 Women Power to New World Marks 27 : ,34 53-Year-old Wins Beijing Bike Race 27 : 34 2) Education Spikers Take Aim on World Crown 28 : 28 Peasant Woman Studies Overseas 28 29 Body-Building Face Off in Beijing 28 : 34 A Plan for Better Education 29 29 Artists Portray World of Sports 28 : 34 China Diversifies Its Language Craze 29 9 A Special Breed of Athletes in the Making 30 : 34
V Issue Page issue Pai;c No. No. No. No.
Li Yihua Makes Big Splash With True Volumes Describe Early Navigater 34 38 Grit 3! : 30 Collection of China's Laws Published 37 34 Softball Squad Shows Striking Advances 32 : 31 Minorities' Folktales Have Happy Ending 37 34 Nigeria Nabs FIFA Title" in Beijing 34 : 37 Archaeological Findings and Studies 38 34 New. Grand Master Makes the Right Chinese Pottery and Porcelain 41 31 Moves 36 : 26 The Life of a Former Kuomintang Wushu Rage Heats Up 37 : 26 General 42 33 Cup Sought by Minority Booters 38 : 33 'Collected Works of Nie Er' Published 43 34 Women's Soccer in China 38 : 33 Tibetan-Chinese Dictionary Comes Out 43 34 Chinese Athletes at Kobe Universiade 39 : 21 Out of Obscurity — The Works of Zhang Chinese Workers' Game for Sports 40 : 18 Wentian 44 34 SA World Cup: A Show of Chinese USA Through Chinese Eyes 45 53 Agility 42 : 32 Examining China's Economic Progress 48 32 The Rejuvenation of Ethnic Sports 44 : 33 Accounts of a Patriotic General 49 32 The Thriving Art of Shaolin Kungfu 47 : 33 A Portrait of Miao Clothing 50 34 Women Spikers Add One More Title 49 : 34 Author Delves Into Ancient Psychology 50 34 Basketball Strategy: Tall vs. Agile 50 : 33 State Revenues Climbing as Deficits Fall 50 6 China Captures 'Go' Crown From ]apan 51 : 34 Regulating Economy With Monetary Experts See Rise in Sports Activities 52 : 25 Policy 51 23 5) Medicine and Health Converting From Foe to Friend 52 29
Artificial Heart Valve Lives on 32 : 30 8) Others Tibet's Medical Facilities Boom 33 : 31 Progress in Stomach Cancer Treatment 33 : 31 UN Stamp to Honour Chinese Oil 27 32 Master in Replacing Lost Hand 35 : 28 Exhibition Brings Dong Folklore to Life 28 . 32 Virus Sheds Light On Cancer Cause 36 : 21 Newspaper Readership Booms 32 30 Progress Made in Medicine 39 : 9 Popular Magazine Wins Many Fans 33 • 9 WHO Health Centres Serve Third World 42 : 20 Rare Crane Born At Qinghai Zoo 33 32 Doctor Wins International Fame 42 : 26 Institute to Study Confucian Thought 34 10 Wildlife Protection Urged in Tibet 45 : 32 Huge Petrified Tree Discovered 34 32 Artificial Joint Material Developed 46 : 33 Exhibit Focuses on Football Photos 34 36 New Adhesive for Skin Grafts 46 : 33 Tradition Rivaling Modernization 35 • 28 Documentaries Make 'Reel' Progress 37 32 6) Archaeology and Cultural Relics Mongolian Studies Progressing 37 33 Rulers Kept Cool in Ancient Capital 29 : 35 'Chines© Now Spoken Here'. . . 38 24 Model Provides Look at Han Life 29 : 33 Snow's Star Still Shines 39 23 Buddhist Relics Found in Shaanxi 29 ; 33 An Amateur Translator 41 27 Early Man Traces Found in Qinghai 29 : 34 An Esperanto Enthusiast 45 29 Author Walking Silk Road, Wall 30 : 35 Museums Displaying the Past 46 32 Yellow Crane Tower Rebuilt Again 32 : 32 China's Springs Fascinate 47 28 Outstanding Archaeologist Remembered 34 : 35 Art Display in Confucius' Home 46 : 33 Clay Soldiers on Display 51 : 32 4. Social Chariot Creaks Out of the Tomb 51 : 33 1) Youfh, Women and Children 7) Books
Marxist Pioneer's Works Published 32 : 34 Parents Suffer One-Child Blues 27 28 Martyr's Works, an Asset of Revolution 33 : 33 College Students' Thoughts on Life 27 28
VI Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.
Sino-French Youth Gather for Goodwill 29 : 6 Beijing Spectators Win Too 33 ; 4 Students Find Alternate Paths to Success 29 : 22 High-Rises Spell Isolation for Residents 33 : 27 Students Name Novel Favourites 29 : 30 New Standards for Choosing'Spouse 33 : 28 Young Need Logic to See World 29 : 30 China's Postgraduates Expounds on Love 35 : 28 Young Family Managers 30 : 29 Odd Philosophy on Selling 37 : 29 Infant Deaths High in Border Area 33 : 9 Promotion Process Wastes Talent 37 : 29 Modern Heroes for New Age 37 : 9 Keep the Fine Traditions 38 : 27 Women's Social Status Improved 37 : 28 Have You Had Dinner? 41 : 28 New Concepts of Choosing Profession 39 : 28 After Peasants Become Well-Off 42 : 26 Mothers. Children—Partners in Time 39 : 28 Northeast Floods invokes Heroism 43 : 7 Answers of Primary School Pupils 39 : 29 What Beijing People Work For? 43 ; 28 Sending Traditional Love Signals 39 : 29 Improvement in Endocrine Research 43 : 28 Facts and Figures: China's Child Popula• Chinese Farmers Turn Consumers 46 : 8 tion on Decrease 42 : 22 Factory Takes Lead to Convert Criminals 46 : 22 What Does a Woman Want? 42 : 27 SOS' Flashes on Tianjin Orphanage 43 : 10 4) Others Two Generations Pioneer the Wilderness 47 : 22 Tibet Rebuilds Monasteries 30 : 9 Young Couples Want One Child 48 : 29 Hundreds Die As Storms Hit Coast 34 : 8 What Youth Want to Read 48 : 28 Most Emperors Died Young 34 : 32 University Students Value Virginity 49 : 27 Killer Earthquake Takes Heavy Toll 35 : 10 Modernization Calls on Youth Devotion 50 : 6 A Centenarian Pushes On in Xinjiang 35 : 29 Educating China's Only Children 50 : 28 University Sports Pick Up Steam 35 : 26 Shanghai Ranks High in fO Tests 51 : 29 Elderly Playing the Mating Game 36 : 21 Helping Delinquents Through Film 52 ; 24 Thousands Battle Northeast Floods 37 : 8 Beijing's YMCA Back in Action 38 : 10 2) Population and Life Monkeys Took Revenge 38 : 28 Life Gets Better for City Dwellers 27 : 9 Open Policy Can Help Moral Growth 41 : 27 Jiangsu Villagers Show Off the Future 30 : 17 Beijing People's Timetable 41 : 28 Education Related to Birth Control 33 : 27 A Victim's Personal Account 44 : 27 Guangzhou's Aged: Life Beings at 60- 35 : 23 China Promotes Innovative fobs Policy 45 ; 4 Prosperity Eluding Most Peasants 3b : 20
No Meddling in Population Policy 40 : 7 5) Supplements Better Lives for Chinese People 40 : 7 Foreign Economic Contract Law of the Success Crowns Population Policy 44 : 8 People's Republic of China (Centrefold) 27 Family Planning Meets Social Progress 45 : 15 The Accounting Regulations of the Peo• Population Workers Refute Slanders 45 : 18 ple's Republic of China for the Joint Beijing Residents Seek Housemaids 47 : 9 Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Garden Fete for China's Elderly 48 : 9 Investment (Centrefold) 27 China's Centenarians Abound 48 : 29 Knowledge Key to Modernization 49 : 26 China's Gold Rush Is On 51 : 25 II. Internaf-ionai Lucky in Love — Most of the Time 51:28 1. General 3) Social Trends New Trends Seen in World Economy 27 : 27 Hengshan: Battle Against Poverty Is On 27 : 14 Arab Countries: Hard Times Spark Re• Wedding Fees Strain Family Ties 29 . 34 adjustment 28 : 11
Vll Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No.
Vienna: OPEC Sticks by Price Structure 29 : 11 Middle East: Arab Nations Set to Solve World Forestry Conference: A Call for Disputes 39 : 13 Forest Protection 30 : 14 Middle East: Behind the War of Violence 43 : 11 Casablanca: Arab Summit Seeks Unity 33 : 12 Middle East: Peace Process Stalled by the Predictions on the World Economy 34 : 31 West 45 : 13 Li Blasts Apartheid in Beijing Meeting 35 : 6 GCC: Summit Signals Subtle Policy 47 Abolish Apartheid, Zhao, Mugabe Say 36 : 7 Change : 11 Yao's Gulf Nation Tour Cements Ties 50 : 9 Deng Talk Links Freedom. Peace 38 : 8 Dhaka: South Asia Takes Stab at Unity 50 : n World Economy: Global Co-ordination Badly Needed 42 : 12 China Backs Kampuchean Leaders 51 : 7 Boosting Sino-Latin American Trade Rela• lapan-USSR: Thawing Out After a Long tions 43 : 15 Chill 51 12 China, Latin America Expand Technical Hanoi Must Be Pressured Out of Kam• Links 43 : 17 puchea 51 : 15 China and Latin America Cross Cultures 43 : 19 Letters by Viet Soldiers in Kampuchea 51 • 17 China Welcomes Summit Results 48 : li Afghanistan China and Africa Are Fated Partners 48 15 Major Shakeup in Karmal's Party 49 13 North-South: Co-operation Benefits Both Bangladesh Sides 49 11 China, Bangladesh Seek Closer Ties 28 : 6 Beijing Honours Foreign Couple 51 : 8 India OPEC: Asking for Its 'Fair Share' Back 51 ; 11 Gandhi's New Diplomatic Moves 32 10 2. China and the United Indonesia Nations Investment, Oil Fuel Growth 28 : 13
)apan China Marks Signing of UN Charter 27 6 China, )apan Sign Nuclear Agreement 32 8 UNESCO: Steering Clear of the Storm 28 13 Nakasone's Shrine Visit Draws Fire 35 12 UN Valuable, Former Official Says 30 28 US-Japan: US Bristles Over Trade Im• United Nations: Session Becomes World balance 36 13 Focus 39 n Hu Outlines Framework for China-lapan China Advocates Stronger UN Role 40 16 Ties 43 6 China's Premier Reviews UN Role 42 4 Kampuchea The United Nations and the Third 27 n World 42 16 Rains Aid Resistance Drive Stand on Major Issues Reaffirmed 30 n For Your Information: Co-operation Be• tween UN and China 42 19 Guerrilla Leader Bows Out 36 14 UN's 40th Birthday Marked in Beijing 44 6 Korea United Nations: Within Its Walls, Peace DPRK: Seeking New Triumphs at 40 35 11 Will Prevail 44 11 Observations on the Korean Situation 38 16 Work Together for Better World 44 15 Visits Aid North-South Relations 40 10 UN Resolution: Foreign Troops Out of Malaysia Kampuchea 46 11 Economy Stands, Despite Downswing 50 14 3. China's Foreign Relations, Saudi Arabia Countries and Regions Reining in a Runaway Market 34 12 Singapore 1) Asia Economy Shows Signs of Stagnation 36 11 ASEAN: North-South Contact Boosted 30 : 12 Singapore Leader Visits Beijing 39 8
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Viet Nam Uganda Hanoi-Beijing: Friends. Foes, Friends-to- Obote Government Overthrown 32 : 11 Be 34 30 New Government Walks a Thin Line 36 : 13 'Faith' Put on the Instalment Plan 35 13 Moving Towards National Consolidation 52 : 13 Economy Suffers Despite Reforms 45 14 Zimbabwe 2) Africa Mugabe's Victory Provides Mandate 29 : 1!
OAU: Summit Focuses on Economic Zambia Woes 30 12 'Green Revolution' Takes Root 29 : 14 West Africa: New Chapter in Co-opera• tion 30 13 3) Latin America Northern Africa: Expulsions Create New Tension 39* 12 Central America: Peace Moves Fail 13.8 m Yuan Donated to African People 40 9 Again 27 : 12 Africa: Economic Horizons Become Clear 44 12 Latin America: A Growing Force in US 34 : 13 Economic Situation South of Sahara 45 20 Life Central America: A Hopeful Step in the Economic Situation South of Sahara 46 24 Peace Process 36 : 11 Harare: Third World Conference Urges 43 : 4 Unity 48 12 Premier Zhao's S. American Trip African Development Bank: Boosting Latin America: Area Economics Get 46 : 12 Economic Development 48 13 Second Wind : 7 South Africa: Nelson Mandela Leads Be• China, Nicaragua Foster Ties 50 hind Bars 50 : 12 Cartagena Group: US Plan on Debt 52 : 11 Africa: Power Peacefully Changes Hands 50 13 Needs Reworking Ivory Coast Brazil : 11 Struggling for Economic Recovery 33 14 Economic Boom Gained at a Price 45 Premier Zhao Tours Brazil 46 : 6 Madagascar Zhao's L. America Trip: Seeing Is Be• Economic Situation Shows Hope 43 • 14 lieving 47 : 6 Mozambique Central America: Contadora Persists Moving Ahead Despite Difficulties 27 : U in Peace Pursuit 49 : 12 Nigeria Colombia New Coup Brings High Hopes 37 : 11 Zhao in Bogota: Old Friend Comes Home 45 : 6
South Africa Cliile South Africa: State of Emergency Shuttle Pact Launches Controversy 33 : 13 Condemned 31 : 10 Democracy Meets Resistance 42 : 14 South Africa: 'Reform' Call Brings No Guatemala Progress 34 • 11 Guarding the Democratic Progress 47 : 13 South Africa: Students Strike Despite Suppression 35 : 14 Mexico Nassau: Britain Compromises on Sanctions 44 13 Chinese Provide $200,000 to Mexico 40 : 8
Sudan Nicaragua Peaceful Settlement Looks Dim 38 : 14 Wrapping Up 1985 in Struggle 51 : 12
Tunisia Panama Air Raid Condemned Worldwide 41 : 12 President Resigns Amid Controversy 41 : 13
Tanzania Peru Nyerere Makes Way for the Young 45 : 11 Empty Coffers Spur Dramatic Acts 35 : 13 Issue Page Issue Page No. So. No. No.
4) North America Western Countries: Unemployment Crisis Continues 29 : 13 President Li to Visit US, Canada 27 4 Western Europe: Nations Line Up Behind Canada Eureka 31 : 12 Li Finds Eager Partner in Canada 30 : 15 SDl: Western Europe Faces Challenge 31 : 22
United States Western Europe: The EC Lashes Out at Apartheid 34 : n Sino-US Trade Ties and Legal Ex• changes 27 : 20 Geneva: For Equal Use of Space and Sea 37 : 12 Image of US Media — A Chinese South Pacific: French Interests Under View 27 : 22 Fire 38 : 13 Sino-US Trade Faces Severe Test 29 : 4 EC: Treaty Reforms to Speed Change 39 ; 14 Space Traveller Visits Homeland 29 : 7 Eureka Signals Shift in Western Alliance 47 : 15 US Diplomacy: Shultz's Trip Yields EEC: Keeping Up With the Times 50 : 13 : 11 Mixed Results 31 Albania Li's US Visit Improves Bilateral Relations 31 : 13 Expanding Foreign Trade Relations 44 : 14 US-Iapan: US Bristle Over Trade Imbal• Leaving at Least a Window Ajar 47 : 14 ance 36 : 13 Britain US-USSR: Flexing Pre-Summit Muscle 37 : 13 United States: Sanctions Against S Africa Unemployment Causes Social Unrest 39 : 13 Ordered 37 : 1! Hope Renewed for Mideast Peace 40 : 12 United States: Jenkins Bill Haunts Asian The Uphill Race for Whitehall 42 : 15 Textiles 38 : 42 Britain-Ireland: A Breakthrough in Washington: United States Among Net Diplomacy 48 : 14 Debtors 41 : 14 Bulgaria Sino-US Relations: Opportunities and Private Economy Makes Strides 38 : 13 Potential Crisis 41 : 21 Federal Republic of Germany Sino-US Relations Stable but Thorny 42 : 7 Bonn-Paris: Leaders Linking Up (o United Slates: Intervention Reduces Fortify NATO 36 : 12 Dollars 42 : 13 Soviet-US: Slim Chances for Summit Finland Success 43 : 13 Helsinki: CSCE, Ten Years in Retrospect 32 : 11 USA — Labour & Labour Movement 45 : 23 France US-USSR Leaders in Geneva: Summit Sino-French Youth Gather for Goodwill 29 : 6 Rivets World Attention 47 : 13 Bonn-Paris: Leaders Linking Up to US-Soviet Summit: Better Relations on Fortify NATO 36 : 12 48 : 11 the Horizon? An Admission of Guilt From Elysee 40 : 11 United States: * Trade Policies Remain Eureka: Cementing the Uncertainty 46 : 14 Sensitive 49 : 14 Austerity Measures Stem Inflation 51 : 14 A Qualitative Escalation in the Super• Paris: African States Draw Hope To• power Arms Race 49 : 15 gether 52 : 13 US Textile Bill Sparks Protest 51 : 9 German Democratic Republic US-Soviet Union: High Hopes Remain German Leader Visits China 52 : 8 Unsatisfied 52 : 12 Gibraltar New Steps for Control of the Rock 51 : 13 5) Europe Italy European Community: Working Towards Economy Makes Belated Recovery 27 : 13 Political Union 28 : 12 Natta Visit Boosts Party Relations 43 : 6 Comecon: Meeting Plans Five-Year Links 29 : 12 Craxi's Government Collapses 43 : 12
X Issue Page Issue Page No. No. No. No. The NetherJands Sino-Soviet Moves to Improve Ties 44 : 10 Bringing Prosperity to Siberia 46 : 13 Mixed Reaction to Cruise Treaty 45 : 12 US-USSR Leaders in Geneva: Summit Norway Rivets World Attention 47 : 13 Government Faces New Trials 38 : 13 US-Soviet Summit: Better Relations on Poland Economic Reforms Look Hopeful 32 : 12 the Horizon? 48 : 11 A Qualitative Escalation in the Super• High Voter Turnout for Parliament 43 : 13 power Arms Race 49 : 15 Portugal US-Soviet Union: High Hopes Remain Social-Democrats Walk a Tightrope 47 : 12 Unsatisfied 52 : 12 Romania 6) Oceania Ceausescu in Bei>ing: Friendship Renewed 42 : 6 South Pacific Forum: Nuclear-Free Zone Soviet Union Declared 33 : 12 Progress Made in Sino-Soviet Relations 30 ; 6 Australia, New Zealand Show Indepen• US-USSR: Flexing Pre-Summit Muscle 37 : 15 dence 33 : 20 Moscow's Diplomatic Initiative 41 : 11 Australia, New Zealand Assert Indepen• Soviet-US: Slim Chances for Summit dence 34 : 24 Success 43 : 15 Australia: Sandwiched Between Partners 49 : 13
Yuan: The ongoing economic reforms and the open policy have greatly boosted economic develop• ment and living standards in China. This is crystal clear to the Chinese and many foreigners have the same impression as well. During the transition, however, there are bound to be some old customs that do not quite mesh with the new. It will take time for them to adapt to the new situa• tion. Problems that arise from the economic reforms are not that serious and they can be overcome easily. China will not change the course of its economic reforms and Zhang Chaoge (middle), a policeman o< Zhongye County in Gansu Province, the open policy because of these returning stolen money to the owner. minor problems. The majority of the crime rate dropped to five out security ministry? the Chinese are greatly benefiting of every 10,000 persons in China. from the economic reforms and Yuan: Reform of the public the open policy. Therefore, the Q: What is the prospect for the security work is being conducted new policy will continue to be improvement of traffic problems in with political and economic pro• followed. big cities? gress. This includes the enactment Yuan: The police departments of laws and regulations. For ex• Q: What progress do you be• are doing their best to ease the ample, a month ago, we put into lieve China has made since situation. Because the number of effect a law simplifying the' proce• criminal acts were severely dealt motor vehicles in big cities far dures of foreigners and Chinese with in the latter half of 1983? outweigh the number of new roads coming in and out of China. Yuan: An important aspect of built in the last three decades, Q: Do you have any contact the public security work is that the traffic congestion is serious. The with the police authorities in masses have a sense of security. fundamental solution is the con• Hongkong? Since 1983, the Chinese people are struction of more roads in both the Yuan: The Guangdong Provin• feeling safer, for various reasons. urban and rural areas. cial Police Department has been in For one, the crime rate is dropping Q: What precautions have been contact with the police authorities steadily. The crime rate in the 22 taken to prevent hijack terrorism in Hongkong for years. They months since September 1983 has in China? often meet at borders to exchange dropped by 36.4 percent compared Yuan: Like all the other coun• leads to criminal activities and to the corresponding period before tries in the world, China is most their efforts have been well paid. September 1983. concerned about air piracy and Police from both sides have visited We have also disbanded more will punish hijackers severely. each other this year. than 130,000 criminal gangs that China has been a contracting party Q: What kind of relationship were posing a serious threat to to international conventions con• does the Chinese public security society. Public order has much cerned. department have with the interna• improved. Today, the average In combating hijacking, we have tional police organizations? Chinese citizen is not as afraid to called for co-ordinated efforts be• Yuan: We joined the Interna• report a crime or suspect to the tween various departments. We tional Police Federation (IPF) last police as before. Since the latter have taken measures such as year, and Zhu Entao, deputy half of 1983, more than 2.2 million demanding the necessary docu• director of the International Co• clues to criminal activities have ments from ticket buyers, luggage operation Department of the Min• been reported to the local police, checks before the passengers board istry of Public Security, was facilitating more than 150,000 the planes and various on-board elected "an executive committee arrests. safety measures. member of that organization. So China has one of the lowest Q: How do you plan to further far, China has established co• crime rates in the world. In 1984, improve the work of the public operative relationship with 62
December 30, 1985 17 members of the IFF and has a bureaus in most of the districts Ministry of Machine-Building. radio station from where interna• and counties of Beijing. I have In 1971, I was made de• tional information can be received also visited the public security puty secretary-general of the or sent out. We have also built units in Heilongjiang Province. Shanghai Science Association. bilateral ties with some foreign Later, I worked as the science and counterparts. Q: What is your background technology counsellor at (he Chi• that brings you into this job? Q: How often have you gotten nese Embassy in the Federal Re• down to the grass-roots level since Yuan: In 1957. I graduated public of Germany. In 1983, I you became the minister of public from the Moscow Automobile was elected deputy mayor of security? Machinery Institute and returned Shanghai by the Shanghai Muni• Yuan: Currently, I'm working to work at the Casting Research cipal People's Congress and put in to familiarize myself with my work Institute under the First Ministry charge of city planning. and the situation. I have already of Macliine-Building in Shen• In September this year, 1 was been to various departments, col• yang, northeast China. In 1962 I appointed Minister of Public leges and units directly under the was transferred to be deputy direc• Security at the 12th Session of the ministry, the Beijing Public tor of the Shanghai Materials Re• 6th National People's Congress Security Bureau and the sub- search Institute under the First Standing Committee. [j
Dalian Centre Trains Entrepreneurs
While charting its own way to modernization. China is quick to dent dorms and a guest-house for absorb the positive experience, theory and technology of other countries. American staff members. At first, The setting up oj the China National Training Centre for Industrial all the courses were taught by Science and Technology Management (in Dalian) provides a case in American teachers. However, by point. This article covers achievements made since the centre's incep• 1986, courses for factory directors tion in 1980. —Ed. and company executives will be given mainly by the Chinese.
inars each with an enrolment by HAN BAOCHENG of about 150 for factory directors, In the last five years, altogether Our Correspondent company managers, state econom• 76 .American professors and spe• ic and science department cadres cialists have come over to teach. HE China National Training and university administrators. Be• They include the Nobel laureate T Centre for Industrial Science ginning in October 1984, the cen• Dr. Lawrence R. Klein from the and Technology Management is tre and New York State Univer• University of Pennsylvania; Viem housed in the Dalian Engineering sity at Buffalo jointly provided Peter Kwok; Dr. William R. Dill, Institute. The seaboard city of two-year enterprise management Dean of Babson College; Dr. Ri• Dalian is of country wide impor• courses for postgraduate studies. chard Vanhorn, President of the tance for its shipbuilding, ma• By the end of 1984, the centre had University of Houston; Dr. Jordan chinery and chemical industries. trained altogether 1.041 people in• ]. Baruch, former Assistant Secre• tary of the United States Depart• Formed in accordance with the cluding leaders from the 14 open ment of Commerce; and Dr. Sino-American Agreement on coastal cities and elsewhere in Chi• Joseph A. Alutto, dean of the Scientific and Technological Co• na. During April 1984, when Pres• Management College of New York operation signed in April 1980, ident Ronald Reagan visited Chi• State University. Each one, during the Dalian centre is co-managed na, both governments agreed to his stay, headed the American by the Chinese State Science and continue the co-management of the staff. Technology Commission. Educa• Dalian centre from 1985 to 1989. tional Commission, and Economic Commission together with the The money needed to keep the The teaching programme is run United States Department of Com• training project going comes from as planned by both sides. Any merce. After four months' pre• both contracting parties. Thus major change must be decided on paration, the centre started classes far, the centre has built a class• through discussions by both sides. in August the same year. room building with a floor space The curricula includes a course of 5,100 square metres, equipped called Chinese socialist economic The centre runs six-month scm- with modern teaching aids, stu- theory and economic laws.
18 Beijing Review. No. 52 The American staff all favour the development of Sino-American ties. Take project-management teacher Mr. lohn A. Bing, a retir• ed executive of the M.W. Kellogg Co. of the United States. Since 1974 Mr. Bing has come to China several times to negotiate Chinese imports of whole sets of American chemical fertilizer production equipment. When the first train• ing class for the co-operative proj• ects was held in 1980, he was invited over to teach. His classes turned out to be very popular be• cause he enriched his lectures with the personal experience he gained while working in both countries. As a result, he has stayed on to Mr John A Bing. teach term after term. In an in• education and long years of work professors or specialists. Special terview, he conceded that big experience. The course, divided courses which include project man• problems do crop up in American into 3 stages and lasting 26 weeks, agement, economics, internation• trade with China due to a lack provides lessons in basics, profes• al co-operation and import techno• of mutual understanding. There• sional competency and special logy, are taught by Americans. fore, he held that the Dalian branches. Requirement for grad• But special courses on Chinese management programme will help uation includes a written paper. economic theories and policies are first the Chinese managers im• taught by Chinese specialists. prove their work; it will also Basic lessons take up socialist promote China-US understanding economic theory, management, Lu Ruli, member of the sixth and finally be good for American mathematics, accounting and com• class, said he found the case analy• companies to expand their busi• puter ABC's —all taught by Chi• sis lectures in the training pro• ness in China. nese instructors. Professional les• gramme very useful. Remarking sons include management econom• on the material provided by the ics, financial management, produc• American teachers, he added, "I Special Classes for Factory tion management, science and can see they do a lot of prepara• Directors technology management, market• tion beforehand." He considered Most of the trainees attending ing, international marketing, and members of the American staff these classes are under 45 years of management and information highly knowledgeable in their res• age and at least have a college systems — taught by American pective fields and very serious about teaching. Lu, a graduate of the* D.alian Engineering Institute Classrooms at the Dalian centre. 23 years ago, now the director and deputy chief engineer of the Changdao Shipyard of the Guang• zhou Huanan Ship Repairing Co., returned to study for the second time. Zhang Changsong, a graduate from the first class of the Dalian centre and now president of the Board of Directors of the Sino- American International Engineer• ing Company, said, "I think I'm using what I learnt at the Dalian centre. For instance, computer know-how and financial manage• ment." Through studies there, he
December 30, 1985 19 who was fresh from Beijing, said the centre had accumulated some experiences and achieved initial results in the past five years since its establishment. He attributed those achievements to the much at• tention paid by the governments of the two countries. He said, "For China the centre is a 'window' through which we can learn a lot about Western managerial exper• ience. For the United States, it is also a 'window' through which it can study Chinese economic devel• opment and learn how to expand trade with China."
Zhu considered the American Dr. Raymond G. Hunt lecturing. staff highly efficient. now feels quite familiar with lege, and attend a work-study ses• "To meet the needs of its policy American management theories sion in an American company. of opening to the outside world and terms. and invigorating its domestic econ• All the students here are young• omy, it is necessary for China to The Dalian centre, in assessing er and better educated than in the train large numbers of managers the results of its programme, made factory directors' class. They are who are steeped in modern man• a survey of 300 graduates in 1982. already university graduates with agement methods and able to eval• As shown by the 180 poll sheets work experience of at least three uate economic returnes," he em• which were returned, the results years before they are enrolled. phasized. "I think we have a lot were: excellent— 37.8 percent; Moreover, they all have a com• to learn from the West." helpful — 56.4 percent; not very paratively good command of helpful — 2.9 percent. English, the language in which all Modern management is a the courses are taught. CAAC planning engineer Mo branch of science having both a Yinfu is an excellent student. He "Intellectually, the students in social and a natural aspect, the found an American professor's the China MBA programme are deputy director explained. While course "management of the tour• equal to the US MBA students, the social systems, cultures and ism market" particularly helpful. but their math skills are even bet• economic development of China It enabled him to make a survey ter. Their English language pro• and the United States are differ• among his fellow students regard• ficiency, generally speaking, is as ent, said Zhu, the inherent laws ing CAAC's business and manage• good as most Asian students in the governing the development of a ment. He described the results United States," said Dr. Raymond commodity economy are about the and offered his proposals in his G. Hunt, director of the manage• same. China is currently develop• graduation paper for improving ment department of the Buffalo ing a planned commodity economy, CAAC's service, which has been college. Dr. Hunt teaches organi• but some important concepts of given serious consideration by de• zational behaviour and has said Western economic theories are partments concerned. that because of different educa• useful for China's economic devel• tional traditions, Chinese students, opment. He bolstered his view by Postgraduate Study unlike their American counter• citing how well his students are parts, are not accustomed to ques• using what they have learnt at the A Master's degree programme is tions and discussions in class with centre to accomplish their work. jointly provided by the Dalian teacher. Dr. Hunt expressed satis• centre and New York Sta-te Uni• faction over the teamwork with According to Zhu, there are versity. In two years, Chinese stu• his Chinese colleagues. eight other similar centres in Chi• dents must complete all the na, run by Chinese organizations courses required at the manage• alone or as joint ventures with ment college in Buffalo, New Evaluation Japan, Canada, the Federal Re• York, before they are conferred a Deputy Director of the Dalian public of Germany and other Master's degree at the same col- training centre Zhu Shunqing, EC members. •
20 Beijing Review No. 52 Education Reform Series (III) China's Education Holds Bright Prospects
has been borne out since the by WANG YIBING ment organizations have come to publication last May of the Deci• recognize the importance of sion on the Reform of the Educa• knowledge, qualified personnel and This is the last and concluding tional System, and by the achieve• education, and have placed educa• part of the education reform series. ments recorded by experimental tion high on their agenda. The first two articles, which dealt education units. with the background and tasks of To implement the "Decision on education reform, were published Educational Reform" almost all in issue Nos. 50 and 51. — Ed. Education Placed High on provinces, municipalities and Agenda autonomous regions have held or CCORDING to the goal set for are preparing to discuss their own A China's education reforms, all During the "cultural revolution," educational changes. At the meet• workers and staff living in China's many people, who were misled by ings so far, top local leaders, to• coastal areas, inland cities and "leftist" thinking, did not under• gether with representatives of all moderately developed areas, which stand the importance of knowledge circles, have mapped out pro• have a combined population of and education. Because of the grammes for upgrading their area's 300 million to 400 million, will pervasiveness of such thought, educational undertakings and have receive a compulsory or vocational education's progress in China was found a variety of solutions to the education by the mid-1990s. It is seriously retarded. Now, how• crucial problems of money and expected that 5 percent of these ever, education is making signifi• teachers. people will go on to finish college. cant strides. In 1982, at its 12th The attainment of that goal will National Congress, the Chinese According to incomplete statis• mean a solid intellectual founda• Communist Party in an unprece• tics, eight provincial and municipal tion for China. dented move designated education governments, including Beijing, as a critical facet of China's Liaoning and Jiangsu, have allocat• ed an additional 1.05 billioo yuan According to the reform plan, economic construction. Education for the development of their educa• by the end of this century China's in China has never before received tion. institutes of higher education will such widespread attention. offef diverse, yet properly propor• In his speech at the National tioned programmes, which will Studenis «f the Rural Development Education Conference on May 19, College in Shandong, the first of rts conform with the nation's econom• 1985, Deng Xiaoping, while also kind in Chino, attending doss. ic capabilities. Through the im• emphasizing education's strategic plementation of such a programme, significance, volunteered to be a China will ultimately have the "rear-service minister," for and capacity to train specialists, scien• support all those engaged in educa• tists and technicians, who will tion, science and technology. He eventually contribute major theo• called on leaders at all levels to retical bases and practical solutions "do more practical work" to pro• to problems arising from China's mote education. socialist modernization. Soon after the conference, Hu The road to the realization of Yaobang, general secretary of the such goals is, of course, not easy. CPC Central Committee, called on Like many other developing coun• government officials to strengthen tries, China faces an onslaught of local educational work. In re• problems in the process of reform• sponse to this call, 3,000 cadres ing its educational system. Dif• left Beijing for different parts of ficulties such as inadequate fund• the country to train more qualified ing and a shortage of qualified middle and primary school teach• teachers are not, however, insur• ers. mountable. That seemingly im• Recently, an increasing number possible hurdles can be overcome of leaders in Party and govern-
December 30, 1985 21 Officials in Hunan Province The Ministry of the Railways, lion teachers and 2.7986 million have decided that as of 1986, the for example, has allocated an extra staff workers. Over the past 56 provincial government will invest 200 million yuan this year for the years, these teachers have provided more funds in teacher training and education of its workers and staff. a great deal towards Chinas eco• will also see that the number of In the period of the Seventh Five- nomic construction. The training children attending school increases Year Plan (1986-90), about 1 bil• of the.se and new teachers is the by 50 percent within five years as lion yuan (including a portion of focus of part of the reform plan, part of the nine-year compulsory foreign exchange) has been set and is intended to further streng• education programme. In Sichuan aside for such use. then China's educational system. Province, officials there this sum• According to the statistics of the mer reformed the province's col• Foundation and Potential United Nations Educational. Scien• lege enrolment system and gave tific and Cultural Organization college entrance committees the China's current educational (UNESCO), the world's average right to choose the academically base far exceeds that of 1949. That ratio of college teachers to stu• strongest candidates. solid base serves as an important dents is 1:12. In China ihal ratio guarantee for the implementation is now 1:4.6. Because China's In addition, the Liaoning gov• of the current educational reforms. teaching and management systems ernment has said it will earmark Throughout the country, where are different, there are factors in 50 million yuan each year from 95.3 percent of school-age children our country which are incompar• 1986 to 1990 for the construction attend school, there are now able with those in other nations. of housing facilities. 853.740 primary schools. 104.119 But on the whole, the ratio of regular middle schools, second• At the same time. Shanghai's ary technical schools and voca• teachers to students in China is municipal, county and township tional schools, with a total enrol• too high. Despite this high per• governments also allotted 50 mil• ment of 48.6144 million students; centage of teachers, Chinese col• lion more yuan this year for re• and 902 colleges and universities, leges and universities do have con• novating 350,000 square metres of with 1.4532 million students. siderable potential waiting to be school buildings. tapped. The Shanghai liaotong In addition, adult education has University, which is an experi• Central government ministries also taken shape, and now includes mental unit, for example, had em• and commissions that took direct 1,157 institutes of higher learn• ployed 2,000 teachers and 2.600 charge of other schools and col• ing, 48,076 secondary schools and staff members before 1979. The leges also showed great enthusiasm 275,233 primary schools. Manning ratio of teachers and staff to stu• for the development of education. all of the institutes are 9.2591 mil- dents in the university was 1:1. while that of teachers to students was 1:2.4. Because the university In Jilin Province, 114,000 students are receiving vocational education. Stu• dent of the Changchun Computer School here are learning computer skills. was overstaffed, many teachers did not receive sufficient assignments. Those teaching specialized courses only lectured an average of 1.5 hours a week. This situation, how• ever, has changed. As a result of restructuring its personnel, labour and wage management systems and establishing a personal responsi• bility system, the university has boosted its enrolment to 5,830 without increasing the number of teachers. The teacher/student ra• tio has now reached a manageable 1:2.9. Tnis encouraging situation in liaotong University is expected to continue to improve.
Another effective change spurr• ed by the reforms has been the ef• ficient use of educational equip- ment in China's colleges and uni-
Beijing Review. No. 52 versities. The computer labora• tory of the Beijing Polytechnical Institute, for example, houses two Model PDP — 23 mini-computers with more than 10 terminals. Af• ter rearranging the laboratory teaching timetables and extending its service hours, the laboratory now offers 19,000 hours of terminal service a semester, instead of 9,000 hours before the reform.
By reorganizing their faculties, many universities and colleges now also run branch schools, whereby surplus teachers and staff members are employed to teach or work for day students, who provide their own expenses. As a result of the implementation of the principle of tapping the potential of old schools Children of herdsmen in Manrimo Township, Maqu County, Cansw Pro»- so as to enrol more students, in ince, are given primary education in a boarding school run by Buddhist Gazang Chenglai (Third, left). 1984 the number of new students and the total number of students The Decision also explicitly from ministries and commissions in institutes of higher learning stipulated that local governments under the State Council, provinces, more than doubled that of 1978. use a balanced proportion of their municipalities and autonomous re• The number of students enrolled reserves for education, and that gions, China's major cities are also in specific fields of study has in• township governments should use urged to run colleges and universi• creased rapidly. a majority of their revenues, for ties. In recent years, 82 vocational education. Local governments, schools thai provide short-term New Channels for the Decision says, are then allow• courses for non-subsidized day Funding ed to levy extra charges for educa• students who are expected lo find From 1950 to 1983, the state al• tion. In addition, local govern• jobs by themselves after gradiui- located a total of 134.9 billion ments should encouiagc stale- tion, have been opened in CiTin;i. yuan, or 6.6 percent of the state's owned enterprises, public organi• Out of those 82 schools. 73 have expenditures for development of zations and individuals to run been financed by the nation's key education. Between 1976 and 1984, schools. Units, collectives and cities. state outlays for education increas• individuals are also urged to dcv The Decision also endorsed the ed 14.2 percent a year and con• nate money to their local schools. "trial method." practised for years tributed significantly to the restora• by some colleges and universities, This decision is logical and tion and development of education whereby the colleges and universi feasible as the rural economy is in China. Funding shortages, how• lies that have fulfilled the state making rapid progress and the ever, remain a problem because quotas, are allowed to enrol and peasants are eager to raise their the increases went, at least in part, train students for a future employer own, and their children's general to teachers' wage increases and to in return for a certain amount of knowledge and technical skills. subsidies to offset price-hikes and training fees. In 1983 institutes According to incomplete statistics, the growing cost of developing of higher learning in China train• in 1984 before the Decision was educational undertakings. ed 3,000 students entrusted by made, about 4 billion yuan was other establishments. In 1985, the in an effort to effect radical collected throughout the country number of such students increased changes in education, the Decision for educational purposes. to 58,000, almost 10 percent of the stipulated that within a certain state enrolment quotas. • period to come, central and local Education reforms also have government allocations for educa• opened up new financial sources tion should increase faster than for institutes of higher learning the state's current revenues, while and vast vistas for better results average per-student expenditures from investment. According to the will gradually iniirease. stipulations of the Decision, apart
December 50, ]985 2? FROM THE CHINESE PRESS
Fourth, cities and new indus• Improving Disaster Control Measures trial bases and mining areas that are located in areas susceptible to from "JINGJI RIBAO" First, continued efforts should flooding should build effective {Economic Daily) be made to dredge the riverbeds flood control networks. and reinforce the dams and dykes. Fifth, the existent flood control, Additional water conservation proj• irrigation and drainage facilities HINA has long been plagued ects are also needed to regulate should be properly maintained and by frequent floods and C the rivers' flow for irrigation, repaired, and punishment should droughts. From 206 BC to 1949, power generation and other useful be meted out to those who damage more than 1,750 serious floods purposes. them. and, droughts were recorded in Second, it is imperative to stem China. Sixth, urban and rural residents the soil erosion on the loess pla• alike should learn to use water Apart from the influence of at• teau and to halt the filling in of economically, while the nation mospheric circulation, monsoon lakes in the drainage areas of the also attempts to foster such prac• winds and typhoons, which con• Changjiang and Haihe rivers. tices in its industrial and agricul• tributes much to uneven precipi• Third, the nation needs to des• tural operations located in areas tation in China, the unique charac• ignate a number of flood-diver• where water is in short supply. teristics of China's major rivers sion and detention basins in order When necessary, trans-regional also add to the frequency of flood• to minimize the losses incurred water-diversion projects are also ing and droughts. The main cause from flooding and drought. recommended. of flooding on the Huanghe (Yel• low) River is the silt found in the water. The Huanghe River car• ries about 1.6 billion tons of silt Helping Delinquents Through Film a year and deposits about 400 mil• lion tons of it on the riverbed of •give the delinquents new hope. its lower reaches. As a result of from "LIAO WANG" the deposition, the riverbed rises (Outlook Weekly) The film, which shows the life by 10 cm each year. The Chang- of Chinese juvenile offenders jiang (Yangtze) River also foments NEW film. Juvenile Delin• through the observations of a jour• disaster because it is not wide A quents, which will be releas• nalist, was inspired by a visit to enough for water to be discharged ed in China soon, opens with the a reformatory by Zhang's wife during the flooding seasons. words: "The people involved with Wang lingzhu, who is a screen this film asked a group of young writer for the Zhujiang Film Since the founding of New Chi• offenders to become actors and ac• Studio. One of Wang's most vivid na, a number of efforts have been tresses for a while in the hope of memories from that day was of made to harness the nation's major somehow contributing to their re• the parents' visits with their re• rivers and to build water conser• habilitation." cusant children. When the gates vation projects. In total, more Following the example of a to the .reformatory opened, Wang than 150,00 km of dam and dykes number of prisoner art troupes, said, the parents, who had been have been constructed or rein• which have performed around lined up outside since early morn• forced, and people in, the country China, director of the film Zhang ing, raced to their children, some have built 86,000 reservoirs and Liang said he chose real-life de• of whom, in their sadness and re• 5,000 major irrigation networks, linquents because he thought act• morse, knel. at the parents' feet each covering more than 670 hec• ing might be effective therapy. and asked for forgiveness. The tares. Although these efforts have He said he wanted to persuade the scene and the youths' tears touch• significantly improved China's wayward youth to perform a ed Wang's heart. It was there ability to prevent and deal with worthwhile service and to atone and then that she decided to write natural disasters, floods and for their wrongdoings. Zhang, a film about the government's ef• droughts do still occur, which is who works for the Zhujiang forts to redeem China's juvenile why added efforts are still needed. (Pearl River) Film Studio, said he delinquents.
24 Beijing Review. No. 52 For each of the 14 young ac• tors and actresses and those young offenders who composed and Sang the film's theme song wang bought a notebook in which she wrote: "You should take your des• tiny in your own hands. Think hard and cherish your dignity. Try to mend your ways and improve your life." The young lawbreakers said the acting experience impressed them the importance of turning over a new leaf. "My role in the film was short," one wrote in his note• book. "But life's road is long. How shall I play my role in Hfe?" Because of each of the 14 de• linquents' improved behaviour Cartoon by Shi Pu since working on the film, the (Reprinted from "China Daily") government has shortened their sentences. Weight-reducing and keeping in shape will be the goals for many people. Exercises to cut excessive calories and prevent heart diseases, Experts See Rise in Sports Activities which now prevail in developed from "XIN Tl YU" Furthermore, increased leisure countries, will be adopted by more (Literature Gazete) will allow people to have more and more Chinese. time in physical exercises. Better education will contribute EOPLE'S desire to participate In the coming 15 years, the to greater enthusiasm for physical P in sports and physical exer• burden of housework for city build-up. cises depends greatly upon their residents will be lessened as ser• By the year 2000, nine-year com• living standards and education. vice trades improve. pulsory education will be in prac• Surveys have shown that by the Currently, city residents spend a tice and illiteracy will be almost end of this century China will have daily average of four and a half wiped out in urban areas. Most made considerable progress in hours doing house chores. It is city residents will have had at least economy, education, science and hoped that the time will be reduced a high school education. As they culture. Will people become more to three hours. Also, five-day or are exposed to more scientific interested in sports and physical six-hour-per-day working systems knowledge, they will pay more training? More trim and energetic? will be tried out in some enter• attention to physical training and At present, people's expenditures prises to offer people a lot more keeping in good shape. for sporting goods are very limited. free time. More middle-aged and elderly Most of those who do physical ~ Changes in the traditional Chi• people will join in as well. China exercises regularly have no special nese diet will also lead to changes is a young country in terms of its sportswear. Very few families in physical exercises. people's age structure — 38.6 per• spend money buying sports appa• Now, most Chinese draw 60 to cent of the population now are ratus. Statistics show that only an 70 percent of the calories they under 15. But the average life average of 4 percent of domestic need from grain and only U per• span is increasing, and the number spending goes towards sports and cent from meat, poultry, eggs, fish of people above 60 is rising by 3 entertainment. and dairy products. But diets are percent each year. By 2000, this By the end of the century, as the changing, along with increases in age group will increase to 130 mil• average per-capita national income income. Specialists predict that lion or 11 percent of the popula• will reach USS 800-1,000, big in• each city resident's annua! con• tion. Since older people are creases in personal income will sumption of meat will increase generally more serious about allow people to spend more for from the current 17.4 kilogrammes physical exercises, the number of physical build-up. to more than 25 kilogrammes. people out exercising will increase.
December 30, 1985 25 BUSINESS AND TRADE
China Exports tiles and other light industrial worth US$6.5 million in goods. Recently, the country's ex• 1980. By 1985. however, that More Equipment port structure has experienced figure had jumped to US$26 mil• only insignificant change. The lion. In addition to its normal trade export volume of mechanical and the CNMEIEC in recent years By the end of November 1985. electrical products now accounts has also engaged in other trade the total annual export volume of for only 9 percent of the nation's procedures, such as processing the China National Machinery total exports. with supplied materials, compen• sation trade, barter trade, techno• Equipment Import and Export During the Sixth Five-Year Plan logical exports and co-operative Corp. (CNMEIEC) reached period (1981-85), China's export production. Since early 1981, US$220 million. The corpora• of mechanical and electrical prod• CNMEIEC has imported single, tion's import volume came to ucts made some headway. Dur• complete sets of equipment and US$480 million, of which US$280 ing that period, CN.VIEIEC. whose technology for 352 projects. The million worth of goods has been products have been sold in 128 focus of its imported projects, delivered to China. countries, had a total export vol• however, has shifted from com• In the past China largely ume of US|1,530 million. The cor• plete sets of equipment to technol• exported farm and sideline prod• poration's exports of com• ogy for specific purposes. ucts, mineral products and tex• plete sets of equipment were Guo Kun, general manager of One of the Ningbo Machine-Tool Plont; universal radial mochines. CNMEIEC, said apart from main• taining a certain amount of in• crease in its export volume during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period (1986-90), his corporation also will concentrate on building a number of export commodity centres and turning out competitive export products. Guo Kun said he expects China's machinery exports to in• crease significantly by 1990. Sino-Hungarian Trade Expands
As a result of a barter agree• ment between the Chinese and Hungarian governments, the total trade volume between the two countries in 1985 is estimated to reach 741 million Swiss francs, or 171.4 percent more than the trade volume of 1984. Ervin Szuszky, commercial counsellor of the Hungarian Embassy in China, said trade relations between Hun• gary and China are proceeding as planned.
The 1986-90 Sino-Hungarian long-term trade agreement was signed in Budapest on June 1, 1985, and the newly established
Beijing Review No. 52 economic, trade, technological co• helicopters, electronic equipment, the largest elevator producers in operative committee has begun air-conditioning systems, elevators China. The company's 110-metre work. and standard controls. experimental tower is not only the tallest tower in China, but is also In recent years, trade volume UTC, an advanced technology one of the tallest in the world. between China and Hungary has design and manufacturing group, Otis uses the lower as a working increased rapidly. In 1982 trade is the United States' seventh largest laboratory in which it tests the between the two reached 80 mil• firm and its third largest defence most advanced gearless and high• lion Swiss francs. That figure contractor. Since 1973 the Pratt speed elevators. jumped to 273 million Swiss francs and Whjtney Co., the Sikorsky Co., in 1984. the Essex Group and Otis Elevator The domestic demand for the Co., all under UTC, have signed operation's elevators and hoists The form of trade between the co-operative contracts with the normally exceeds the supply. Only two countries is barter trade. The Chinese. Other UTC companies, 10 percent of its products are for bulk of Hungarian goods exported such as Hamilton Standard, have export. Krapek said the produc• to China include buses, trucks, also maintained close trade rela• tion capacity of the venture is ex• chassis for motor vehicles, steel tions with China. pected to increase by 25 percent products, medical equipment and in 1986. If the material supply chemical fertilizer. Hungary's At the invitation of the China is guaranteed, the annual produc• major imports from China include International Trust and Invest• tion capacity of the company will textiles, canned foods, rice, cotton, ment Corp., Hubert Faure, chair• reach 2,000, he said. Krapek also nonferrous metals and industrial man of the United Technologies said chances are good that Otis chemicals. International Business Corp., visit• will expand its operation in China, ed China in November 1985 and and that the venture may become Apart from the barter trade be• met with Chinese businesses and China's major producer and ex• tween the two countries in the government officials. Faure lauded porter of high quality elevators. past few years, China and Hun• the products and spare parts, and gary have also explored new forms particularly the astronautic in• of co-operation. The Lanzhou TV dustrial products turned out by News in Brief Factory in Gansu Province and China. He said he thought the • Chinese and Japanese aviation several enterprises under the Sino-US co-operation would be officials have agreed to an in• China Great Wall Industrial Corp., successful. crease of 45 percent in passenger in co-operation with the Videoton transport capacity and an increase industrial and Foreign Trade Co. The China Tianjin Otis Elevator of 70 percent in air freight capac• of Hungary, have manufactured Co., a joint venture financed by ity on routes between China and colour and black-and-white TV Otis Elevator, the Tianjin Elevator Japan starting from 1986. sets. Members of Hungary's Video- Co. and the China International ton are now participating in the Trust and Investment Corp., was 1985 China Computer Technology set up in 1983 and went into Presently a total of 6,600 seats Exhibition held in Beijing, where operation late last year. Karl are provided weekly for passen• Videoton products are on display. J. Krapek, president of Otis Eleva• gers on the two airlines. In 1986 tor's Pacific Operations, told the figure will exceed 10,000 Beijing Review recently that en• Some of CAAC's smaller planes on UTC Varies couraging economic results have routes between China and lapan been obtained in the joint produc• will be replaced by newly pur• Ventures in China tion of elevators in the past year. chased A310s and Boeing 767s. The output value of the Tianjin • A 207-km highway, built by operation this year is expected to The Sikorsky Co., a division of China for the People's Democratic. increase by 40 percent, with out• the United Technologies Corp. Republic of Yemen, opened to put rising by 30 percent and labour (UTC) of the United States, deliver• traffic recently. This highway is productivity up 51 percent over ed 24 S-70C helicopters to the a communication artery linking 1982, the year before the joint Chinese People's Liberation Army the eastern provinces of the coun• venture was set up. Krapek said in November 1985. try with Aden, the capital. The the first year returns logged by the completion of this highway will The total trade volume between joint venture are the best Otis play an important role in develop• China and UTC companies Elevator has had in an overseas ing the economy in the remote amounted to US$16.3 billion in operation. !984, China's major UTC pur• areas, as well as Yemen's coastal chases have been aircraft motors. The Tianjin Otis Co. is one of fishing resources.
December 30, 1985 27 CULTURE AND SCIENCE
portrayed him for his vivid imita• Play Recalls Xinjiang's Liberation tion. Due to illness, Tao sent his 71- A five-act drama, about the is now the acting chairman of the year-old son to watch the drama as peaceful takeover of Xinjiang, was Revolutionary Committee of the his representative. When Tao staged in October in Urumqi, the Kuomintang, also sided with the learnt, before coming to Xinjiang, capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autono• rebellion, and proposed that the that General Wang Zhen who led mous Region. Merits and Faults, CPC and the KMT settle their con• the People's Liberation Army's which is set in the fall of 1949, flicts through negotiation. (PLA) march to Xinjiang in 1949 is a drama about two Kuomintang asked him to join the central dele• local officials, Tao Zhiyue, deputy It is rare for China to represent gation to celebrate the anniversary, head in charge of political and so many living people in a play. he insisted on visiting Xinjiang military affairs in northwest China despite his poor health. and the commander of the Xin• Tao and Burhan, both now 92 years old, serve as vice-chairmen of After the rebellion, Tao was ap• jiang garrison, and Burhan Shahidi, pointed the deputy commander of chairman of the local government the National Committee of the Chi• nese People's Political Consultative the PLA's Xinjiang military unit as they respond to the Communist and commander of the Xinjiang Party of China's (CPC) call for the Conference (CPPCC) and went to Xinjiang in October 1985 to cele• production and construction corps peaceful settlement of Xinjiang and He travelled throughout the region rebel against the KMT government. brate the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Xinjiang Uygur and made great contributions to (he area's construction. Tao, the hero, had two options Autonomous Region. when the CPC defeated the KMT During the celebration, Tao in most part of mainland China. Though ailing, Burhan insisted visited many places he had worked One was to resist the CPC. The on watching the drama being per• in the past and met many old other was to rebel against the formed. During the performarice, friends and former subordinates. KMT. He chose the latter. Tao's he told his daughter, "The rebellion "It could not be a dream," the old subordinates also had divided loyal• would have failed if Tao hadn't man said as he surveyed his former ties. Three high-ranking officers, been so clever." After the per• post. "The change is awfully including one secret service agent formance, he praised the actor who great." of the KMT government, allied against the rebellion. When they learnt Tao favoured the rebellion, Burhan Shahidi (first from right) greets the actor who portrays him in the ploy. they devised a plot to kidnap him and assassinate Burhan. Upon hear• ing the plot Tao showed his courage by daringly warning the would-be assassins of the conse• quences of a killing. The three later fled Xinjiang, leading to the consolidation of Tao's control of the army there. Soon Xinjiang was peacefully liberated, sparing the local residents bloodshed and destruction. Burhan, a Uygur, who is warm• hearted and resolute, also favoured the rebellion, and secretly dealt with the CPC envoy Deng Liqun, who is now a member of the Sec• retariat of the CPC Central Com• mittee. Qu Wu, then the mayor of Dihua (present-day Urumqi), who
28 Beijing Review No, 52 BOOKS
Converting From Foe to Friend Reminiscences of Wei Lihuang, had close contacts with CPC's from there to the Chinese revolu• (in Chinese) written by Zhao leaders such as Zhu De and Zhou tion. Rongsheng, was recently publish• Enlai, and co-operated well with Because of his sympathy with ed by the Chinese Cultural and the CPC's 8th Route Army in the left, Wei was removed from Historical Reference Materials battles against the Japanese invad• his post as governor of Henan Publishing House. ers. In 1938, as a deputy com• Province and was stripped of his Wei Lihuang, (1897-1960), a mander, Wei visited Yanan, which title as general by KMT leader high-ranking Kuomintang (KMT) was then the headquarters for the Chiang Kai-shek. In 1942 Chiang general and an active commander CPC. Deeply impressed by the appointed Wei to the command in the fight against the Red Army 'CPC's sincerity in co-ordinating of the Chinese J Expedition Army during China's 1927-37 civil war, its efforts with those of Kuomin• to Burma in the battle against the later became a friend of the Com• tang in fighting the Japanese, Japanese. Chiang, however, put munist Party of China (CPC) and Wei asked the 8th Route Army a hold on the appointment after served as a deputy chairman of to recommend someone to serve being told Wei was not devoted the National Defence Council as his secretary. That man turned to the Kuomintang. Depressed by under the central govern• out to be Zhao Rongsheng, the his treatment by the KMT leader• ment in 1955. The book author of Wei's biography. ship Wei visited Zhou Enlai in details the commander's eventful Though Zhao reported^ that Wei Chongqing. There Zhou told Wei life and the change in his attitude expressed a desire to joint the that he got into trouble because towards the CPC. Communist Party of China, at of his connection with the Com• that time the CPC and Kuomintang munists. Zhao Rongsheng, who served as had agreed not to recruit each Wei's secretary, provides readers others' members. As a result, the It wasn't until the winter of with a great deal of information Party refused Wei's application 1943. when the Japanese had on Wei's life and political conver• and instead encouraged Wei to pushed into the western part of sion. During the War of Resis• become a revolutionary member Yunnan Province, cutting off tance Against Japan (1937-45) Wei of Kuomintang and to contribute Yunnan-Burma, that Chiang BErjING REVIEW SUBSCRIPTION ORDER
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December 30, 1985 29 allowed Wei to take up his and the Soviet. Union would co• decisions. It was too late, how• post as expedition com• operate in employing nuclear en• ever, to turn the tide. Chiang lost mander. After careful pre• ergy for peace end in the future. 470,000 troops in the Liaoxi-Shen- paration, the allied army of China Wei also told Wang that he had yang Campaign in northeast and the American forces launched good relations with the PLA China. a counterattack against the Jap• Commander-in-Chief Zhu De. He Returning Nanjing, the capita! anese. The attack, which lasted said he believed the CPC was of the KMT government, Wei was from May 1944 to January 1945, destined to win the civil war and put under house arrest by Chiang. ended up destroying two divi• that he would side with the CPC But Wei managed to escape to sions of Japanese troops and re• in promoting peace. Wang prom• Hongkong and although Chiang opening the Sino-Indian highway. ised Wei that he would pass later invited him to Taiwan, Wei Although Wei was highly praised Wei's message to the CPC Central rejected the offer. by General J.W. Stilwell, the US Committee via a member of the On January 24. 1955 the late commander of the military area French Communist Party. Premier Zhou Enlai declared of China, India and Burma, that Taiwan was China's insepar• Chiang still deprived Wei of the In 1948, after a series of losing able territory and other countries power to command, because he battles Chiang appointed Wei the had no right to interfere with Chi• did not trust him. commander in charge of the KMT na's internal affairs. Zhang Zhi- army in northeast China. Soon zhong and Fu Zuoyi, two patriotic Wei visited the United States afterward Wei received an indirect KMT generals who lived in main• it in 1946 at the invitation of G.C. message from the CPC asking land China after the Kuomintang Marshall, US envoy to China. him to act at an opportune mo• fled to Taiwan, openly supported M While there a number of US ment. Wei, however, was Zhou's stand. Some newspapers in Army officials welcomed Wei unable to contact Yanan, where Hongkong attacked the two gen• warmly. They even permitted the CPC Central Committee was erals personally. In speaking Wei to visit the secret nuclear located, or the local Party branch. i weapon testing grounds. of the generals' comments, Wei With no specific CPC direc• said: "What both said what During that same trip abroad, tions, therefore, Wei was forced any Chinese should say. Although I live in Hongkong 1 say the same Wei also visited Western Europe to go it alone. Arguing that defence A. with Wang De Zhao, a Chinese- was the best strategy, Wei took thing." A French nuclear physicist. Wei no action and thereby minimized Reminiscenes of Wei Lihuang, told Wang that both the Soviet the Kuomintang's chances to effec• filled as it is with both historical 4 Union and the United States were tively attack the PLA. Furious and personal details, is an enlight• sincere in helping China to resist over Wei's tactics, Chiang went to ening and informative foray into the Japanese. He said he also the northeast three times to com• the mind of a valued communist hoped China, the United States mand the troops to bypass Wei's convert, — Zhou Shu a
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50 Beijing Review. No. 52 A Family's Duck Farm.
ART PACE
Woodcuts by Mei Chuangji
Born in 1940 in Guangdong Province, Mei Chuangji now teaches at the Chinese University in Hongkong. The following wood-block prints by Mei depict the natural landscape of south China.
A Beautiful View.
Homeward. w
New Publications Modern China: A Topical History (1840-1983) Modern China: A Topical History (1840-1983) is a comprehensive survey of the turbulent period in Chinese history from the 1 840 Opium War to 1983. In the 270 pages author Su Kaiming covers an impressive amount of ground and offers a scholarly and revealing analysis of the period's major events.
Questions and Answers About Ciiina's Minority Nationalities This 203-page book on China's minorities provides readers with a comprehensive and up-to-date analytical description of China's minor• ities and includes a series of useful statistics.
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