DOCSLIB.ORG

Decolonization and Violence in Southeast Asia Crises of Identity and Authority

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Decolonization and Violence in Southeast Asia Crises of Identity and Authority KARL HACK Decolonization and violence in Southeast Asia Crises of identity and authority How far did Southeast Asia’s experience of colonialism and decolonization contribute to severe postcolonial problems, notably: high levels of violence and endemic crises of authority? There can be no denying that colonialism left plural societies in countries such as Malaysia and Singapore, and that countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines attempted to bolt together very different regions and groups of people. These divisions were to breed violence as far apart as Myanmar and New Guinea, and Aceh and Mindanao. Much of Southeast Asia also experienced an intense period of Japanese era and occupation in the years just before independence. The Japanese conquest of 1941 to 1945 propagandized and mobilized people, promoted quasi- militaristic values, and left in its wake large groups, some with military train- ing or even weapons. In many cases the use of force, or threat of force, also expedited decolonization, further legitimizing the use of violence in resolving disputes over national authority and identity. It is easy to establish that there were traumas and violent experiences in colonialism and in decolonization. But demonstrating how these fed through to the postcolonial period is difficult in the extreme. Was the legacy a region- wide one of visceral divisions that demanded, and still demand, either fissure or authoritarian government? Are the successor states, as governments as varied as Singapore and Myanmar claim, young, fragile creations where authority remains fragile even after five decades or more? This chapter reflects on a number of approaches to explaining the persistence of crises and their links to the colonial and decolonizing eras. These include historical and political science modes of analysis. Rather than arguing for one approach or the other, it will suggest we take some of the most potent tools of historical and political science approaches and combine them by conceptualizing the problem as one of identity management. A major part of the challenge of decolonization was precisely that colonial societies had many layers of identity – peasant, class, ethnic, religious, regional – that were not in the first place ‘national’, and often resisted sub- jection to the leadership of postcolonial as well as colonial elites. Some regional states never really overcame the legacies of fractured iden- Karl Hack - 9789004260443 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 04:20:28AM via free access 138 Beyond empire and nation tities, of colonization, and of Japanese occupation, continuing to rely on high levels of coercion to enforce state authority, as in New Order Indonesia and in Burma/Myanmar. But the chapter is not unremittingly negative. Looking at Malaysia and Singapore as a case study will show how two states have managed to dampen violence and achieve a degree of cohesion despite the legacies of colonialism, Japanese occupation, and decolonization. It argues that to fully understand identity management we also need to accept – as Malaysia and Singapore do implicitly in their policy, though not explicitly in their propaganda – that most Southeast Asian states originated not so much as nation-states, but rather as nations-states. In each case an overarching supranationalism has been in a constantly shifting relationship with more localized or particularistic identities. In search of Southeast Asian patterns; peasant wars The first problem to confront anyone attempting to analyse Southeast Asia as an area is what can so diverse a group of territories have in common? The most obvious answer when it comes to crises of authority is that almost all territories have experienced significant peasant wars and peasant con- flicts. This is a common-sense starting point since, with the exception of Singapore, all Southeast Asian countries have consisted mainly of peasants. It is therefore scarcely surprising that peasant revolts and village wars have been geographically wide-ranging across time and space: these have consti- tuted a huge if not the major challenge to central authority for much of the twentieth century. There has been everyday resistance to tax and landlord demands in most of the countries. In particular, the 1920s and 1930s were characterized by a move towards modern styles of peasant organization. This included communist organization in Indochina, peasant unions in the Philippines, and Burmese peasant mobilization in 10,000-plus village-level, nationalist-linked wun-tha-nu or village associations. The form varied, but the move away from the merely localized, or local religious leader-led reac- tive and millenarian revolts, and towards modern organization was clear. There was a continuous thread, with prewar peasant-based organizations becoming radicalized, armed, and extended during anti-Japanese wartime organization. This pattern led to severe insurgency in Indochina (1945-1954), the Philippines (1948-1954 and post-1960s), Malaya (1948-1960) and Burma (from 1948 onwards) (Tandrup 1995). Postwar developments in Indochina, Malaya, and the Philippines also have similarities rooted in these rural-based conflicts. In each case a leftist movement – the Indochina Communist Party and Malayan Communist Party, and the peasant unions and later the armed Hukbalahap in the Philippines – Karl Hack - 9789004260443 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 04:20:28AM via free access Decolonization and violence in Southeast Asia 139 claimed leadership before and during the Pacific War. Each fought the Japanese during the occupation, and then fought back after the war against state attempts to reimpose power using people who had collaborated with the Japanese. In each case the postwar fight-back defended peasants’ models of a ‘moral economy’. Hence, in the Philippines the government supported land- lords returning from the cities or exile abroad to demand back rents, or higher rents than peasants now thought fair. Having enforced ‘just rents’ during the Japanese period, peasant leaders had no intention of being muscled aside. The British Military Administration of 1946-1948 in Malaya (dubbed the Black Market Administration) likewise used Malay police, fresh from wartime collaboration, to squeeze Chinese squatters off jungle fringe land. Again, having enforced a rough social justice by taking land to farm, squat- ters who had supported anti-Japanese guerrillas during the Pacific War were reluctant to go quietly. Not surprisingly a spiral of violence followed, with Tim Harper (1999) claiming that the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was virtually forced by this to prepare an insurrection in 1948. In Vietnam mean- while, the Indochina Communist Party – under the guise of the Viet Minh united front – drew on wartime experience, and its role in freeing food sup- plies and declaring a Republic in September 1945 to fight the postwar French attempt to regain control of the administration. Again, the attempted reimpo- sition of urban rule, in the form of French colonialism, on peasants featured the use of wartime collaborators with the Japanese, in the form of Vichyite French administrators whose nominal independence the Japanese had only cast aside in March 1945 (Hack 2001; Kerkvliet 1977). The Huk revolt, the Malayan Emergency, and the Indochina Wars all represented continuations of peasant conflict across the colonial, decolonizing, and postindependence periods. Peasant wars and tensions between central state and rural areas loomed large but with limitations. Although one movement, communist, claimed to speak for all peasant conflicts, only in Indochina did it succeed in seizing power. Elsewhere, villagers and urban youth – unleashed by the Japanese in 1942-1945 – could choose between different ‘imagined decolonizations’. In arming and training militias across the region, the Japanese gave varied groups the power to express themselves violently. Thus, in Indonesia young Muslims were as likely to end up in Islamic and largely independent lasykar or armed groups as in broader Republican units. In such circumstances, the secular nationalists could not claim to be the sole legitimate leaders of peasants.1 In Burma, hilltribes remained loyal to the British, in contrast to the young Burman thakins: radical student nationalists who rejected mere internal self-government in the 1930s. From 1942 until March 1945 the latter 1 For the latest summary of these events, see Abu Talib Ahmad 2006. Karl Hack - 9789004260443 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 04:20:28AM via free access 140 Beyond empire and nation worked with the Japanese, who helped them raise a Burmese National Army (Taylor 2006:195-210). Ethnic, regional, and religious wars The attitude of Burmese hilltribes points to the most prevalent challenge to postwar states: ethnic and regional revolt. Ethnic and religious divides have afflicted the majority of the region’s postindependence states, notably in ongoing tensions between Christians and Muslims in Indonesia’s Sulawesi and Maluku, in Mindanao and Sulu in the southern Philippines, and in Burma/Myanmar’s perennial struggle between core and periphery, plain and hill (Christie 1996; Brown 1994:112-57). Since regional and ethnic identi- ties have played so large a part in successive crises, it is important to be clear about their nature. Do they reflect many ‘nations’: distinct groups with the desire if not right to self-determination? The question arises because regional identities sometimes seem to accommodate state-level identities and sometimes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tragic Orphans: Indians in Malaysia
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, Tunku. Looking Back: The Historic Years of Malaya and Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1977. ———. Viewpoints. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia), 1978. Abdul Rashid Moten. “Modernization and the Process of Globalization: The Muslim Experience and Responses”. In Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century, edited by K.S. Nathan and Mohammad Hashim Kamali. Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, 2005. Abraham, Collin. “Manipulation and Management of Racial and Ethnic Groups in Colonial Malaysia: A Case Study of Ideological Domination and Control”. In Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations in Malaysia, edited by Raymond L.M. Lee. Illinois: Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1986. ———. The Naked Social Order: The Roots of Racial Polarisation in Malaysia. Subang Jaya: Pelanduk, 2004 (1997). ———. “The Finest Hour”: The Malaysian-MCP Peace Accord in Perspective. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, 2006. Abu Talib Ahmad. “The Malay Community and Memory of the Japanese Occupation”. In War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, edited by Patricia Lim Pui Huen and Diana Wong. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000. ———. The Malay Muslims, Islam and the Rising Sun: 1941–1945. Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS, 2003. Ackerman, Susan E. and Raymond L.M. Lee. Heaven in Transition: Innovation and Ethnic Identity in Malaysia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1988. Aeria, Andrew. “Skewed Economic Development and Inequality: The New Economic Policy in Sarawak”. In The New Economic Policy in Malaysia: Affirmative Action, Ethnic Inequalities and Social Justice, edited by Edmund Terence Gomez and Johan Saravanamuttu.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Report | 2016
    RESEARCH REPORT | 2016 CONTENTS Introduction 01 Collaborative Doctoral Partnership 02 Research projects 05 Publications and advice 08 Exhibitions 11 Conferences, lectures and talks 13 INTRODUCTION 2016 was a further busy year, with our staff and PhD students involved in research across a wide spectrum of activities. Our first Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded international network, Listening to the World, which sought to establish the academic value of the BBC Monitoring Service transcript collection, showed us how invigorating such networks can be. The project concluded with the firm conviction on the part of all participants that the collection was indeed of huge value, and our webpages now carry papers and filmed interviews with the participating academics explaining why this is the case. It was especially rewarding - a few months after our project had finished - to take part in Dr Simon Potter’s workshop Connecting the Wireless World (under the auspices of a newly-awarded Leverhulme Trust research network) run by Bristol and York universities, with which we found a lot of shared interest. A joint publication drawing on both projects will appear as a Media History special issue on radio-monitoring in 2019. A restructure at IWM has seen our curatorial staff and historians redistributed into four new teams – broadly First World War, Second World War, Cold War and late 20th Century, and Contemporary. With fresh thinking on historical topics now made easier through co-locating subject specialists in this way, new possibilities arise, and meeting and talking to those teams was a key feature of 2016. The new Public Engagement and Learning Department has also produced a new and innovative approach to public programming, with themed seasons across all IWM sites now the backbone of the public programme, and we anticipate that the planning of such seasons will produce rich opportunities for research projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Histories, Identity and Crises of Authority in Southeast Asia
    > Research & Reports Indonesian army captures resistance fighters, East Timor, early 1990s shows how the Burmese civilian gov- ernment of 1948-62, then the military after 1962, failed to domesticate Shan, Karen, Chin and Kachin identities and to effectively dismantle, or absorb, ‘reservoirs of violence’ in its upland regions. Focusing on interwoven individual narratives may help integrate theories from political science with lived reality and the agency and tactics that shape events. They also suggest that South- east Asian states are far less prisoners of the past than approaches that focus on embedded culture and political structures imply. The way the state has dealt with crises and groups with com- peting identities has been critical. In Photo by Jill Jolliffe Jill by Photo times of relative success – as in Malaysia and Singapore, and during the 1970s-80s Indonesian New Order – each state pursued its methods to close Life histories, identity and crises spaces available to selected alternative identities: those of, for example, regionalists, communists and western- style liberal democrats. Yet each went of authority in Southeast Asia to considerable lengths to integrate more manageable potential opponents Southeast Asia is a region afflicted by crises in authority; recent historiography seems to – on a communal basis through the at the group and/or individual level. Research > agree on little else. Life histories can show that points of contention, and so resolution, Alliance and later Barisan Nasional. Sin- The best place to see how this com- Southeast Asia often rest on questions of identity – particularly on a sense of injustice which crystallizes gapore opposed virtually all alternative petition between state strategies and identities in opposition to the state, fuelling demands for autonomy, influence, power and forms of narrative – communist, radi- alternative identities has played out resources.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Intelligence Community in Singapore, 1946-1959: Local
    The British intelligence community in Singapore, 1946-1959: Local security, regional coordination and the Cold War in the Far East Alexander Nicholas Shaw Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of PhD The University of Leeds, School of History January 2019 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Alexander Nicholas Shaw to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Alexander Nicholas Shaw in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who have supported me during this project. Firstly, to my funders, the White Rose College of the Arts and Humanities and the Arts and Humanities Research Council. Caryn Douglas and Clare Meadley have always been most encouraging and have never stinted in supplying sausage rolls. At Leeds, I am grateful to my supervisors Simon Ball, Adam Cathcart and, prior to his retirement, Martin Thornton. Emma Chippendale and Joanna Phillips have been invaluable guides in navigating the waters of PhD admin. In Durham, I am indebted to Francis Gotto from Palace Green Library and the Oriental Museum’s Craig Barclay and Rachel Barclay. I never expected to end up curating an exhibition of Asian art when I started researching British intelligence, but Rachel and Craig made that happen.
    [Show full text]
  • HH2001: SINGAPORE: the MAKING of a COSMOPOLITAN CITY-STATE (SYLLABUS SUBJECT to CHANGE) HH2001 Singapore: the Making of a Cosmop
    HH2001: SINGAPORE: THE MAKING OF A COSMOPOLITAN CITY-STATE (SYLLABUS SUBJECT TO CHANGE) HH2001 Singapore: The Making of a Cosmopolitan City-state [Seminars: 39 hours; Academic Unit: 3.0] Learning Objective 1. Introducing key processes, forces and individuals in shaping modern Singapore; 2. Enhancing students’ analytical capacity in interpreting historical events since 1819 from a regional and global perspective; 3. Demonstrating the importance of how history is a crucial force in the formation of a national identity for a young country such as Singapore Content This course focuses on the history of Singapore in the regional and global contexts. It will discuss various factors--institutional, cultural, socio-political and international—that have shaped the trajectory of Singapore over the past seven decades. The successful story of Singapore’s economic development will be understood within the domestic multi-ethnic mosaic and complex regional relationships. It is the interplay of these forces that underscores the emergence and challenges of a cosmopolitan global city-state with an emerging national identity. Course Outline Seminar I: Introduction: Changing Approaches to Singapore History (19th August) This seminar discusses the different approaches to Singapore History. Beginning with official textbooks of national histories, we survey the different approaches to the historiography of Singapore, focusing on alternative readings and framings of Singapore’s history. This section lays the foundation for the discussions of the subsequent weeks by questioning the concepts of “Singapore” and “History”. Kevin Blackburn, “Mary Turnbull’s History Textbook for the Singapore Nation”; Karl Hack, ‘Framing the History of Singapore’; Thum, P. J., “The Limitations of Monolingual History”; Milner, Anthony, “Singapore’s Role in Constituting the ‘Malay’ Narrative”; Wang Gungwu, “Two Perspectives of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore and China.” Heng & Khairudin, Singapore in Global History.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Report | 2018
    RESEARCH REPORT | 2018 Contents FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 1 1. IWM Institute ..................................................................................................................... 2 2. Collaborative Doctoral Partnerships ................................................................................. 4 3. Research Projects .......................................................................................................... 12 4. Publications .................................................................................................................... 15 5. Exhibitions ...................................................................................................................... 21 6. Conferences, lectures and talks ..................................................................................... 25 FOREWORD 2018 started with the sixth Beyond Camps and Forced Labour conference, held at Birkbeck, University of London and the Wiener Library. IWM was one of the founders of this conference and continues to play an active role in its running. A highlight was the keynote by Professor Tim Cole of Bristol University, who spoke about integrating histories and geographies of the Holocaust and Holocaust memory. The creation of the IWM Institute for the Public Understanding of War and Conflict has been a major preoccupation this year, with Research and Academic Partnerships contributing ideas and contacts
    [Show full text]
  • Research Report 2015
    INTRODUCTION 2015 saw a further busy year for all involved in research at IWM, and for our growing numbers of partners and collaborators. Highlights among externally-funded research activities were the AHRC (Arts and Humanities Research Council)-funded International Research Network on the academic potential of the BBC Monitoring transcripts collection; IWM’s involvement in two of the AHRC’s tenth anniversary events; an excellent conference in which IWM’s Collaborative Doctoral Partnership (CDP) students played a prominent role; and further involvement with the HERA (Humanities in the European Research Area) project Cultural Exchange in a Time of Global Conflict: Colonials, Neutrals and Belligerents during the First World War. Across IWM as a whole, our curators, historians and other staff applied themselves vigorously to a wide range of research activity. The First World War Centenary continued to place heavy demands on specialists in this field, who were heard on the radio, published in newspapers and who devised a major travelling exhibition on the First World War for audiences in Australia and New Zealand. IWM Contemporary – an exhibition programme dedicated to photography and art by contemporary practitioners – is now in its third year. The programme aims to build and enhance IWM’s reputation as a source of expertise in contemporary conflict and visual culture. It has given opportunities to staff – notably Hilary Roberts, Kathleen Palmer and Sara Bevan – to curate cutting-edge exhibitions, all underpinned by rigorous research. Additionally, in October a new IWM CDP studentship began, focused on contemporary art and conflict and working directly with the IWM Contemporary programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil-Military Coordination During Counterinsurgency and Reassessing the Efficacy of the Security Committees in Malaya and Palestine
    Cooperation or Control? Civil-military coordination during counterinsurgency and reassessing the efficacy of the security committees in Malaya and Palestine Joshua R. Goodman Abstract The importance of civil-military coordination during counterinsurgency has long been a tenet of faith, but civil-military conflict and coordination failures are ubiquitous in modern counterinsurgency, presenting serious obstacles to campaign success. These challenges stem from the complex and often contradictory nature of counterinsurgency, composed of multiple, overlapping operations that have the potential to work at cross purposes. In a principal-agent framework, the challenge of coordination stems from the contradictory preferences of multiple agents responsible for these lines of operation combined with of agency slack, the ability for agents to pursue their preferred courses of action in an uncoordinated manner. Historically, two institutional solutions to promote civil-military cooperation have been articulated, a committee system bringing together multiple agents in forums for joint planning, and a single-commander system that integrates chains of command, granting one agent the authority to direct and monitor other agents at the strategic and operational levels. Principal-agent theory suggests that when the problem is conflicting preferences, the committee system will not produce coordinated campaigns, despite the widespread praise they have received in contemporary counterinsurgency doctrine and the conventional historical wisdom. A comparison of the Malayan Emergency (1950-1952) and the Palestinian Rebellion (1937-1939) demonstrates that these coordinating committees failed to produce civil-military coordination in critical moments, necessitating a shift towards a single-commander system and more intrusive forms of monitoring and control. 1 Introduction The importance of civil-military coordination during counterinsurgency has long been a tenet of faith.
    [Show full text]
  • The “Hearts and Minds” Fallacy the “Hearts and Jacqueline L
    The “Hearts and Minds” Fallacy The “Hearts and Jacqueline L. Minds” Fallacy Hazelton Violence, Coercion, and Success in Counterinsurgency Warfare Debates over how governments can defeat insurgencies ebb and ºow with international events. Such debates tend to arise when the United States runs into problems in its efforts to support a counterinsurgent government. Often the United States approaches the problem of an armed, organized, internal nonstate political challenge to a government as a zero-sum game. In this competition, the state and nonstate actors compete for popular support and cooperation. The U.S. prescription for success is twofold: to provide support for liberaliz- ing, democratizing reforms designed to reduce popular grievances and gain popular support while weakening the insurgency, and to target insurgents with military force without harming civilians. I identify this prescription as the “good governance approach” for its focus on building a liberal, reform- ist central government to quell insurgency. Others have referred to it as the “population-centric approach,” the “comprehensive approach,” or the “hearts-and-minds approach.”1 In this article, I reconsider the effectiveness of the good governance ap- proach in light of the extreme difªculty that liberal great powers have experi- enced in applying it in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. Since the al-Qaida attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States has been trying to help smaller Jacqueline L. Hazelton is Assistant Professor of Strategy and Policy at the U.S. Naval War College. For their helpful comments, the author thanks the anonymous reviewers, Robert Art, Andrew Birtle, Nick Carter, Joseph Collins, Conrad Crane, David Edelstein, William Fallon, Brendan Green, Chaim Kaufmann, Rodrigo Javier Massi, Emily Meierding, J.E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of the Southeast Asian Cold War
    441 Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40(3), pp 441–448 October 2009. Printed in the United Kingdom. © 2009 The National University of Singapore doi:10.1017/S0022463409990014 The origins of the Southeast Asian Cold War Karl Hack and Geoff Wade How and when did the Cold War manifest itself in Southeast Asia? More particu- larly, how are we to understand the connections between global great power rivalry and the specific regional problems and tensions which marked Southeast Asia in the five years after the end of the Second World War? What were the connections, if any, between the global powers and the nascent political forces of the region during this period? These are some of the issues which the five contributors to this collection address as they explore the origins of the Southeast Asian Cold War. These contributions challenge existing interpretations of the origins of the Southeast Asian Cold War. They employ new evidence gleaned from party archives and memoirs, and from Soviet, British, Australian, Dutch, Indonesian and Vietnamese state archives. They use this evidence to suggest that Southeast Asian communist parties, far from being totally autonomous on the one hand, or pliant tools of larger powers on the other, interacted with changing international communist lines as proactive agents. This interaction is the key to understanding why a regional pattern of increasing violence, and of decreasing cooperation with non-communist parties and democratic politics, emerged in 1948; while also allowing us to understand the uniqueness of the individual parties’ paths to revolution. Discussion of the origins of the Southeast Asian Cold War inevitably involves exam- ination of the policies pursued by the colonial powers returning to the region post-World War II, their relations with the great powers, as well as the agendas pursued by the local nationalist forces and communist parties of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Systems of Power, Colonial Forces, and the Making of Modern Southeast Asia Karl Hack
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Research Collection School of Social Sciences School of Social Sciences (Open Access) 1-2006 Imperial Systems of Power, Colonial Forces, and the Making of Modern Southeast Asia Karl Hack Tobias Frederik RETTIG Singapore Management University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Citation Hack, Karl, & RETTIG, Tobias Frederik. (2006). Imperial Systems of Power, Colonial Forces, and the Making of Modern Southeast Asia. In Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia (pp. 147-160). : . Available at: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/535 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Social Sciences at Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Collection School of Social Sciences (Open Access) by an authorized administrator of Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University. For more information, please email [email protected]. Imperial systems of power, colonial forces and the making of modern Southeast Asia 1 Part 1 Background CAIC01 1 10/10/05, 10:06 AM 2 Karl Hack with Tobias Rettig CAIC01 2 10/10/05, 10:06 AM Imperial systems of power, colonial forces and the making of modern Southeast Asia 3 1 Imperial systems of power, colonial forces and the making of modern Southeast Asia Karl Hack with Tobias Rettig Why do colonial subjects choose to enlist and to court death under the com- mand of officers who come from thousands of miles away? Under what condi- tions do they stay loyal? When, why and with what results do they revolt? Questions such as these can be answered only with the greatest difficulty.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributors
    Contributors Greg Bankoff is Professor of Modern History at the University of Hull, spe- cializing in historical disaster studies and environmental history in an Asian and a global context. He is the author of Cultures of disaster; Society and natural hazard in the Philippines (London and New York 2003). His most recent book is (co-edited with Uwe Lübken and Jordan Sand) Flammable cities; Urban con- flagration and the making of the modern world (Madison 2012). Raymond F. Betts (1925-2007) was Professor of History at the University of Kentucky. He wrote numerous books on French and European colonialism, among which Uncertain dimensions; Western overseas empires in the twentieth century (Minneapolis 1985) and France and decolonization, 1900-1960 (London 1991). His latest books are Decolonization (London and New York 1998/2004) and A history of popular culture; More of everything, faster and brighter (New York and London 2004). Els Bogaerts taught Indonesian languages and culture at Leiden University. From 2002-2007 she was coordinator of the research programme ‘Indonesia across orders; The reorganization of Indonesian society 1930-1960’ at the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation in Amsterdam. Her current research is about the representation of Javanese culture on Indonesian television. Anne Booth is Professor of Economics at the School of Oriental and African Studies and specializes in the economy of Indonesia and Southeast Asia in the twentieth century. She authored Indonesian economic development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; A history of missed opportunities (London 1998), Colonial legacies; Economic and social development in East and Southeast Asia (Honolulu 2007) and The economic performance of the ASEAN economies from the mid-1990s (London 2009).
    [Show full text]