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The Chico Historian The Chico Historian History Department California State University, Chico 400 West First Street Trinity Hall Room 223 Chico, California, 95929-0735 (530) 898-5366 The Chico Historian is an annual publication of the Alpha Delta Omicron Chapter of the Phi Alpha Theta National History Honor Society and the California State University, Chico (CSUC) Department of History. It aims to provide students the opportunity to publish historical works, and to train editorial staff members in producing an academic journal. Issues are published at the end of each academic year. All opinions or statements of fact are the sole responsibility of the authors, and may not reflect the views of the editorial staff. The authors retain rights to individual essays. Phi Alpha Theta states their mission is to promote the study of history through the encouragement of research, good teaching, publication and the exchange of learning and ideas among historians. The organization seeks to bring students, teachers, and writers of history together for intellectual and social exchanges, which promote and assist historical research and publication by our members in a variety of ways. Copyright © 2013 Alpha Delta Omicron, California State University, Chico. COVER: An early third-century CE Tunisian mosaic depicting the Augustan poet Vergil (70-19 BCE), flanked by Clio and Melpomene, muses of history and tragedy. Vergil holds a scroll containing the Aeneid. The mosaic was discovered in Hadrumetum (present day Sousse) Tunisia, and is now on display at the Bardo National Museum in Tunis. Image provided by the ARTstor Collection of Gianni Gali Orti and the Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. Image reference: AA376447. Cover designed by Jacob Fender. The Chico Historian We dedicate this volume to Dr. Dale Steiner “The highest function of the teacher consists not so much in imparting knowledge as in stimulating the pupil in its love and pursuit.” ~ Henri-Frédéric Amiel The Chico Historian The Chico Historian Volume 23: 2013 The Annual Publication of the Alpha Delta Omicron Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta and the Department of History California State University, Chico Editor Sean Painter Editorial Board Steven Anderson Jacob Fender Josh Bergeron Meghan Miller Advising Faculty Dr. Stephen Lewis, The Chico Historian Dr. William J. Campbell, Phi Alpha Theta Dr. Jason Nice, Phi Alpha Theta The Chico Historian Contents Acknowledgments vi Editor and Contributor Biographies viii Introduction xi Articles *denotes paper presented by the author at the 2013 Phi Alpha Theta Northern California Regional Conference The Metini Triple Junction: The Russian, Aleut, and Kashaya Pomo Community at California’s Fort Ross MATTHEW ROBERTSON 1 Native-American Religious Freedom: Historical Battles in the U. S. Legal System KEN KNIRCK 22 Moving Toward Diversity: Histories of Women and Gender in the American West MEGHAN MILLER 38 George Bancroft’s America: From Providential Progress to Epic Myth JACOB FENDER 50 Latin America’s Return to the Past: Populism in the Twenty-First Century *TAYLOR MCQUILLIAMS 60 iv The Chico Historian “And Every Tale Condemns Me For A Villain”: A Historiographical Review of England’s Richard III *SEAN PAINTER 84 The Noise and Rumor Redounded: Religion and the Pilgrimage of Grace GARRON TELEP 107 Mentalité of War: The Revolutionary-Heroic Tradition as a Tool of Stalinism JOSH BERGERON 121 Bloodied Victory: Eighth Air Force Bomber Campaigns, 1943-45 STEVEN ANDERSON 134 v The Chico Historian Acknowledgements It is with great pride and enthusiasm that I present the twenty-third edition of The Chico Historian. The assembly of this year’s edition was made possible by contributions of many people who devoted countless hours to the collaborative effort before you. Firstly, I would like to thank my editing team, Steve Anderson, Josh Bergeron, Jacob Fender, and Meghan Miller. I found the editing experience extremely challenging, and rewarding. Without their feedback, hard work, and comedic timing during our editorial meetings, it is very likely that this volume would have never materialized as envisioned. Special acknowledgments should go to Jacob for designing our unique cover, and to Steven and Meghan for their many liaisons with the print shop. Special thanks to my friends Meghan O’Donnell, Kurt Greiner, and Ken Knirck, as well as my mom, Pam Egan. All four deserve my gratitude for providing valuable support, advice, and extra pairs of eyes throughout the editing process. I would like to express my special recognition to all of the students who answered our call for articles, and submitted their work for our review. We received an excellent and varied collection of graduate and undergraduate papers, and the selection process proved difficult. We appreciate every submission and encourage all those not accepted to resubmit next year. Each year, the support of our faculty is instrumental to our success, and I would like to thank all the professors in the department, especially those who reviewed papers before they found their way to us. Additionally, I would like to thank Claudia Beaty, our department’s dedicated coordinator, who throughout my years at Chico State has been a valuable resource, and has shown an incredible willingness to help with any request. This year, her assistance was instrumental in developing the new look for The Chico Historian. Special thanks are in order for History Department Chair, Dr. Laird Easton for finding additional sources of funding. Further thanks to our faculty advisor Dr. vi The Chico Historian Stephen Lewis, for his advice and guidance throughout the editing process, and to Dr. William Campbell, and Dr. Jason Nice for their support of Phi Alpha Theta and the History Club. Lastly, the publication of The Chico Historian would be nearly impossible without the continued generosity of Professor Emeritus John Boyle. His financial contributions help our publication continue, and give History Department students an opportunity to have their work published. Sean Painter Editor vii The Chico Historian Editor and Contributor Biographies Editors Steven Anderson is a graduate student at California State University, Chico and graduates in May with a Master of Arts in History. His interests are Medieval European history, Balkans History, and history of the Second World War. Steven earned his Bachelor of the Arts in History and a Minor in Political Science from Chico State in 2010. He is concurrently earning his Certificate of Museum Studies along with his Master’s Degree, and hopes to work in archive research at a museum. His paper was originally written during the Spring 2012 semester for Dr. Kenneth Rose’s History 435 (U. S. in the Age of World Wars) and serves as one of his three culminating papers for his degree. Josh Bergeron is an undergraduate student at California State University, Chico and graduates in May with a Bachelor of Arts in History. His primary interests lie in the history of revolutions and social movements, and the historical antagonisms of class, race, and gender. He is a member of both Phi Alpha Theta and Golden Key International Honor Society. Josh plans to pursue a doctorate degree in History, and teach at the university level. His paper was written for Dr. Kate Transchel’s History 421 (Russian and Soviet History) in Spring 2012. Jacob Fender is a graduate student at California State University, Chico, pursuing a Master of Arts in History. He loves and is loved in return by his amazing wife Lara, and his two adorable, rambunctious daughters, Penelope and Eloise. His interests include science-fiction and puns. His paper was written for Dr. Jason Nice’s History 690 (Historiography) in Fall 2011. Meghan Miller is a graduate student at California State University, Chico and graduates in May with a Master of Arts in History. Her primary areas of concentration are Tudor-Stuart Britain, Modern Japan, and the United States before 1877. Meghan obtained her Bachelor of Arts in History, with an option in Social Science, from Chico State in viii The Chico Historian 2009. She received her California Single-Subject Teaching Credential in Social Science and English in 2010. She currently teaches at a primary school, but plans on teaching history at the secondary level in the future. Her paper was written for Dr. Jason Nice’s History 690 (Historiography) in Fall 2011. Sean Painter is a graduate student at California State University, Chico pursuing a Master of Arts in History. His primary interests lie in British history, Roman history, and the history of the American West. Sean earned his Bachelor of Arts in Social Science from San Diego State in 2000 and then served in the United States Navy. He is a member of both Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Alpha Theta. Sean plans to teach history at the high school level following graduation. Prior to serving as editor this year, he previously served on the Editorial Board of The Chico Historian in 2010. His paper was written for Dr. Robert Cottrell’s History 690 (Historiography) in Spring 2009, and was presented at the 2013 Phi Alpha Theta Northern California Regional Conference at California State University, Sacramento. Contributors Ken Knirck is a graduate student at California State University, Chico and is currently pursuing his Master of Arts in History, writing his thesis on Cold War civil defense. His prior academic achievements include both Bachelors and Masters Degrees in Political Science from Chico State in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Ken is a member of Phi Alpha Theta and the Political Science National Honor Society, Pi Sigma Alpha. His paper was written for Dr. Emmerich’s History 630 (Graduate Seminar in U.S. History) in Spring 2009. Taylor McQuilliams graduated from California State University, Chico with a Bachelor of Arts in History in December 2012. His primary interests lie in Latin American, Colonial, and Roman history. He is a member of Phi Alpha Theta and plans on continuing to pursue a Master of Arts in History.
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