Interracial Marriage and Relationships: A Fact Sheet

Race, as well as culture, ethnicity, and religion, are important factors leading to an increase in diversity seen in today’s marriages.

Race, as well as culture, ethnicity, and religion, are relating to these differences including how their important factors leading to an increase in diversity families accept the relationship, which can cause seen in today’s marriages. As such, it is difficult increased divorce rates among couples who to isolate the impact of racial differences within a intermarry. marriage. This Fact Sheet highlights trends and Acceptance and commonality of interracial or rates of interracial marriages in American society, and interethnic marriages are related to the community discusses possible explanations of these trends. in which people live. For example, daily proximity and geographic location increases the likelihood of The trends indicate a greater interracial relationships. Other variables that affect the acceptance for relationships number of interracial marriages can include regional between individuals of different differences (including the region’s racial history) and cultural, religious and racial the proportion of racial populations relative to one backgrounds. Nevertheless, couples another. The sex ratio of available partners can also may experience stressors relating affect the possibility of interracial marriage. to these differences including how How recently an individual or group has immigrated their families accept the relationship, to the U.S. can be a predictor of an openness (or which can cause increased divorce resistance) to interracial marriage.1 There appears to rates among couples who intermarry. be a higher interest in preserving traditional cultural norms among recent immigrants. The ability to Trends in Interracial speak English also plays a role in the likeliness of an Relationships and Marriage interracial relationship.

America is a nation of incredible diversity, and this diversity has increased significantly in the past 50 years. Because of the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s and the change in immigration laws, cultural interactions between people in the U.S. have also changed. The trends indicate a greater acceptance for relationships between individuals of different cultural, religious and racial backgrounds. Nevertheless, couples may experience stressors

www.healthymarriageinfo.org FS-7-09 Interracial Dating 1980s showed a rapid annual increase, but from the 1990s to the present time, interracial marriage rates Little research exists on interracial dating; however, have declined for some ethnic groups.7 This decline available studies indicate that younger people, can be explained by the influx of immigration during African-American and Caucasian men, college this era (offering more choices of mates within one’s students, people from diverse backgrounds and own culture) and the rise of cohabitation (see section those with a history of interracial dating tend to be on Cohabitation). the most likely to date someone from a different race.2 In general, interracial dating is becoming Out of the 54 million married couples in the U.S., 8 more widely accepted. The Pew Research Center in nearly four million are interracial couples. It is 2007 surveyed adults on interracial dating and found important to note that data taken from the Current an increasing tolerance of dating between Black Population Survey 2003-2006 can show different and White Americans with 83 percent of Americans results depending on how a researcher manipulates agreeing that, “It’s all right for blacks and whites to the racial categories. The numbers can vary from four date.”3 million interracial married couples to over eight million nationally.9 It’s important to note that respondents Interracial Cohabitation were not provided the opportunity to mark one or

There are very few studies that address interracial more racial category in the Census reports from 1960 cohabitation. Most in the field can agree, however, until 2000. Over time, the way in which people have that this area should be investigated as cohabitation self-identified with race has changed, often blurring becomes more frequent in the U.S. Research shows the lines between racial categories. This change that cohabiting couples are twice as likely to be could account for some of the incline in interracial interracial or interethnic.4 Multiracial individuals are marriages over the past few decades. more likely than single-race individuals to cohabit Although Hawaii has the highest rate of intermarriage 5 in an interracial relationship. According to Current (a marriage that may be between people of two Population Survey (CPS) data 2003-2006, 25 percent races, cultures or ethnicities), proportionally, of couples cohabiting are mixed race couples, and California, Florida, Oklahoma, Texas and Washington the same racial trends for intermarriage also exist for account for the largest numbers of intermarriages.10 interethnic couples living together.6 Scholars point to the rise in cohabitation rates in the U.S. as a possible Interracial Divorce explanation for the decline in interracial marriages. Interracial couples in the United States face unique Interracial and Interethnic Marriage challenges to marital harmony — those that emanate from partners of different backgrounds seeking Since 1960, interracial marriages in the U.S. have increased According to a 2005 report from the federal Center for Health substantially. Prior to Statistics, the rate of divorce for first marriages is slightly that time, less than 1 higher for interracial couples than it is for couples that marry percent of all marriages within their race (31 percent vs. 41 percent at ten years).11 were interracial. The

www.healthymarriageinfo.org FS-7-09 common ground, as well as the stresses from being grown from 55,000 in 1960 to 440,000 in 2005, black accepted by family and the larger society. According –white marriage remains the most unlikely racial to a 2005 report from the federal Center for Health combination in the U.S. For example, the number Statistics, the rate of divorce for first marriages is of Hispanic marriages to non-whites (1.75 million) slightly higher for interracial couples than it is for was four times larger than the number of black-white couples that marry within their race (31 percent vs. 41 marriages in 2005. percent at ten years).11 CPS Data 2003-2006 shows that Puerto Ricans are Children of Interracial Marriage the least likely to be in co-ethnic relationships and Mexicans were most likely, with Cubans and Central/ Because of the increase in interracial marriages, South Americans falling in the middle there are more children of bi-racial and multiple racial identities. The number of babies born of mixed-race The rates of interracial marriages between Hispanics has grown 26 times faster than any other group.12 and whites, and between Asians and whites declined During the 2000 census, nearly 6.8 million individuals from 1990-2000.18 This period of time also shows considered themselves to be of two or more races.13 inclines in their respective immigration rates. This trend is expected to continue increasing over the Differences by Gender coming years. Nearly two-thirds of all people who reported more than one race lived in just ten states Since 1960, in general women have been more with California, New York and Texas accounting for 40 likely to intermarry than males within their own races percent of this population.14 (except for black women).19/20 Most recently, data Differences by Subgroup shows that of those who intermarry, black men are more likely to intermarry than black women.21 Recent Differences by Race data also shows that white men are slightly more likely to intermarry than white women, and Native Less than 1 percent of all interracially married American women are more likely to intermarry than couples consist of two non-white spouses. Most Native American men.22 When the CILS (Children interracial couples consist of a white spouse with an of Immigrants Longitudinal Study) regional data was Asian, Hispanic or black spouse.15 Of all races in examined in Southern California, it was discovered the U.S., Native Americans are most likely to marry that females were 1.5 times more likely than males outside of their race and currently have a 56 percent to be in mixed relationships (Note: more than one- intermarriage rate. quarter of all interracial couples live in CA). Asians Asians in the U.S. have an interracial marriage rate show the largest gender gap of all races when it of about 14 percent.16 Of the six largest specific comes to intermarriage. Of Asians who intermarry in Asian groups, Japanese have the highest percentage America, about 75 percent are women and they are (31 percent) with one or more other races or Asian most likely to marry non-Hispanic, white men. groups, while only 8.3 percent of the Vietnamese reported multi-ethnic identities.17 They are followed by blacks (10.4 percent), and whites (3.46 percent). Although the number of black-white marriages has

www.healthymarriageinfo.org FS-7-09 when the groups are broken Research has shown that interracial marriage is down by age.25 more common among the middle class and those who are more educated (holding a college degree or Definitions higher). Higher education likely increases exposure Currently, the U.S. Census to individuals from other races/ethnicities, as well as Bureau uses five categories to the idea of and examples of intermarriages. define race: (1) White, (2) Black or African American, (3) American Indian or Alaska Native, (4) Differences by Socioeconomic Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and (5) Status Asian. According to the Census Bureau, Hispanics— Research has shown that interracial marriage is an ethnic group—can be of any race.26 more common among the middle class and those Race – An individual’s race is determined by who are more educated (holding a college degree or phenotypic characteristics such as skin color, hair higher). Higher education likely increases exposure type and other physical features. This category to individuals from other races/ethnicities, as well as is controversial since it relies on biological the idea of and examples of intermarriages. differences and society’s generalized ideas on Differences by Acculturation what is believed to be the characteristics of each race.27 Research shows non-whites, who are more acculturated to American mainstream society, are Ethnicity – An individual’s ethnicity refers to his more likely to marry outside of their race or ethnic or her subscription to the mores and practices group.23 This acculturation includes factors such as of his or her heritage, including race, culture an individual’s length of stay in the U.S., immigration and religion. One might subscribe to multiple history, and ability to speak English fluently. For ethnicities concurrently, and emphasize one over example, Asians that have been in the U.S. longer, the other at different points in time.28 such as Japanese and Chinese, are more likely to Culture – Culture is an individual’s belief system intermarry than more recent Asian immigrant groups and values. These include various identities such such as the Vietnamese or Koreans. as nationality, religion and family country of origin. Differences by Generation Socioeconomic, historical, and political factors also influence culture.29 Many researchers have found that intermarriage rates are statistically significant by the third generation The term “interracial marriage” falls under the larger following immigration.24 An analysis of first, second category of “intermarriage,” which encompasses and third-plus Asian and Hispanic generations interracial, intercultural, interethnic and interfaith shows that as these generations increase, so do the unions. Each refers to the marriage between occurrences of interracial marriages (CPS 2003- individuals of a different subgroup.30 2006). However, one recent study found that this The National Healthy Marriage Resource Center relationship is not quite as linear as once thought (NHMRC) would like to thank Sarah Ballard,

www.healthymarriageinfo.org FS-7-09 MA, LPC for her contributions to this Fact population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t19/tables/tab01. Sheet. The NHMRC would also like to thank pdf Jane Koppelman, MPA, Serena Retna, Charles 9 Morgan, Charlie V. (2009). Intermarriage Across Sauro, MSW, and Rachel Derrington, MSW, of the Race and Ethnicity Among Immigrants. El Paso: LFB NHMRC for their contributions. This is a product Scholarly Publishing. of the NHMRC, led by co-directors Mary Myrick, APR, Jeanette Hercik, Ph.D. and project manager, 10 Root, M. P. & Temple. (2001). Love’s Revolution: Patrick Patterson, MSW, MPH. Interracial Marriage, University Press.

11 Bramlet, M. D. & Mosher, W. D. (July 2002). 1 Quian, Z. & Lichter, D. T. (2004). Crossing Racial Cohabitation, marriage, divorce, and remarriage in Boundaries: Changes of Interracial Marriage in the United States. Vital and Health Statistics, Series America, 1990 – 2000. The Ohio State University. 23, No. 22. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved March 23, 2009 from 2 Firmin, M. & Firebaugh, S. (September, 2008). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_022. Historical Analysis of College Campus Interacial pdf. Dating. College Student Journal. 12 London, S. (1999). The Face of Tomorrow: 3 Pew Research Center for The People and The Reflections on Diversity in America, At Issue: Press. (2007). Interracial Relationships. Greenhaven Press.

4 Fields & Casper, 2001; Landale, Oropes & 13 Jones, N. A. & Smith, A. S. (2001). The Two or Bradatan, 2006; Simmons & O’Connell 2003 studies more Races Population: 2000. Retrieved July 13, (as cited in Morgan, Charlie V. (2009). Intermarriage 2009 from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/ Across Race and Ethnicity Among Immigrants. El c2kbr01-6.pdf. Paso: LFB Scholarly Publishing.) 14 Jones, N. A. & Smith, A. S. (2001). The Two or 5 Quian, Z. & Lichter, D. T. (2004). Crossing Racial more Races Population: 2000. Retrieved July 13, Boundaries: Changes of Interracial Marriage in 2009 from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/ America, 1990 – 2000. The Ohio State University. c2kbr01-6.pdf.

6 Morgan, Charlie V. (2009). Intermarriage Across 15 Fields, J. (2003). America’s Families and Living Race and Ethnicity Among Immigrants. El Paso: LFB Arrangements: 2003. Current Population Reports, Scholarly Publishing. Washington, D.C. Retrieved September 14, 2009

7 Morgan, Charlie V. (2009). Intermarriage Across from http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-553. Race and Ethnicity Among Immigrants. El Paso: LFB pdf.

Scholarly Publishing. 16 U.S. Census Bureau. (2003). Table 1: Hispanic

8 U.S. Census Bureau. (2003). Table 1: Hispanic Origin and Race of Wife and Husband in Married- Origin and Race of Wife and Husband in Married- Couple Households for the United States: 2000. Couple Households for the United States: 2000. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.census.gov/ Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://www.census.gov/ population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t19/tables/tab01. pdf. www.healthymarriageinfo.org FS-7-09 17 U.S. Census Bureau. (2002). The Asian Population: 25 Root, Maria P.P. Love’s Revolution Interracial 2000. Census 2000 Brief. Retrieved on October 28, Marriage. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2009 from http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/ 2001. c2kbr01-16.pdf. 26 U.S. Census Bureau. Race Data. Retrieved August 18 Morgan, Charlie V. (2009). Intermarriage Across 31, 2009 from http://www.census.gov/population/ Race and Ethnicity Among Immigrants. El Paso: LFB www/socdemo/race/racefactcb.html. Scholarly Publishing. 27 American Psychological Association. (2002). 19 Root, Maria P.P. Love’s Revolution Interracial Guidelines on multicultural education, training, Marriage. Philadelphia: Temple University Press research, practice, and organizational change 2001. for psychologists. APA Online: Public Interest. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.apa.org/pi/ 20 Jacobs, J. A. & Labov, T. G., (2002). Gender multiculturalguidelines/definitions.html. Differentials in Intermarriage among Sixteen Race and Ethnic Groups. Sociological Forum, 17(4), 621- 28 American Psychological Association. (2002). 646. Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change 21 U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Table FG4: Married for psychologists. APA Online: Public Interest. couple family groups, by presence of own children in Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.apa.org/pi/ specific age groups, and age, earnings, education, multiculturalguidelines/definitions.html. and race and Hispanic origin of both spouses: 2008. America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2008. 29 American Psychological Association. (2002). Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.census.gov/ Guidelines on multicultural education, training, population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2008.html. research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. APA Online: Public Interest. 22 U.S. Census Bureau. (2003). Table 1: Hispanic Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.apa.org/pi/ Origin and Race of Wife and Husband in Married- multiculturalguidelines/definitions.html. Couple Households for the United States: 2000. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.census.gov/ 30 Hwang, S., Saenz, R., & Aguirre, B.E. (1997). population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t19/tables/tab01. Structural and Assimilationist explanations of Asian pdf. American Intermarriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 758-772. 23 Hwang, S., Saenz, R., & Aguirre, B. E. (1997). Structural and assimilationist explanations of Asian American Intermarriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 758-772.

24 Root, Maria P.P. Love’s Revolution Interracial Marriage. Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2001.

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