DOCSLIB.ORG

Cortisone and the Burning Cross: the Story of Percy Julian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cortisone and the Burning Cross: the Story of Percy Julian Gerald Weissmann, M.D. Philip Hench, Edward Kendall, and Tadeus Reichstein received the 1950 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries relating to the isolation and use of cortisone. Photos courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. The author (AΩA, New York University, 1965) is research seemed condemned to stand idly by to watch many of their professor of medicine and director of the Biotechnology patients turn into cripples. Oh yes, we had diathermy, gold Study Center at New York University School of Medicine. In salts, paraffin injections, and, believe or not, bee venom. We 2002 he was elected to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei knew how to treat gout with colchicine and had just learned (established in Rome in 1603) as the sole American physi- to give penicillin to prevent rheumatic fever, but by and large cian member. He is a member of the editorial board of The our treatment of joint disease, or serious threats like systemic Pharos, and a previous contributor to the journal. lupus erythematosus (SLE), was limited to aspirin, aspirin and more aspirin. All that changed in the annus mirabilus of heumatology, the treatment of bones and joints and our field, 948. It’s the year that cortisone was first given to a widespread miseries, came late to the game of medi- patient with arthritis. It’s also a year when bigots were burning cal science. For many years my medical specialty was the houses of black folk in white suburbia and lighting crosses Ra descriptive art; in any meaningful way we had no idea of on their lawns. what was going on. The cardiologists had their cardiograms At a staff meeting of the Mayo Clinic in January of 948, and digitalis, the endocrine people had their thyroid tests Malcolm M. Hargraves described the LE cell, which permit- and extracts, but, despite stop-gap measures, joint doctors ted rheumatologists not only to make a diagnosis of SLE, but The Pharos/Winter 2005 13 Cortisone and the burning cross: The story of Percy Julian also gave us an insight into one factor operative in the disease: literature (William Faulkner) was almost a footnote in the we now call the process “apoptosis.” Before 950, we couldn’t world press. really tell who had SLE and who didn’t; we had no clue as There were other footnotes in the fall of 950. On to why dead cells might cause auto-antibodies to appear. Thanksgiving Eve, November 22, a hate crime was committed Hargraves’s discovery of the LE cell sparked the study of auto- in the exclusive Oak Park suburb of Chicago: “ARSON FAILS AT immunity and led us over the threshhold to science.1 HOME OF A NEGRO SCIENTIST,” headlined the newspapers. It In the same month, immunologist Harry Rose and rheuma- was one of a string of cross-burnings and arson attempts in the tologist Charles Ragan of Columbia described a factor in the white suburbs of Chicago. The scientist in question was Percy serum of most patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that Lavon Julian (899–975), the first African-American to buy clumped sheep red blood cells coated with human antibod- a home in Oak Park. Julian was described as “director of re- ies: the “sensitized sheep cell agglutination test.” Tests for this search in the soya products division of the Glidden Company. factor not only permitted accurate diagnosis of rheumatoid . widely acclaimed for his discovery of life-stimulating [sic] arthritis, but also taught us that in RA the joints are inflamed chemicals, [and] drugs for treatment of diseases.”7 More to the by immune complexes directed against our own immunoglob- point, in November of 950, Julian was working feverishly on ulins. As with Hargrave’s finding of the LE cell, the discovery the practical synthesis of cortisone via Reichstein’s compound of rheumatoid factor made it possible to make sense of yet one S, work that resulted in U.S. patent 2,752,339, “Preparation of more of our diseases.2 Cortisone.”8 On April 20, 949, William L. Laurence of the New York On December , 950, less than a month after Julian’s Times broke news of another staff meeting at the Mayo house was torched in Oak Park, Hench addressed the Nobel Clinic: audience at the Karolinska Institutet.9 He rehearsed the long trail of his discovery: how in the 920s he had first noted Preliminary tests during the last seven months at the relief of rheumatoid arthritis in a male physician who devel- Mayo Clinic with a hormone from the skin of the adrenal oped jaundice; how in the 930s he had noted that pregnancy glands has opened up an entirely new approach to the treat- relieved the disease in female patients; how in the 940s he ment of rheumatoid arthritis, the most painful form of ar- had discussed with Kendall the possibility that substance X thritis, that cripples millions, it was revealed here tonight.3 in the blood of jaundiced or pregnant patients might be his compound E; finally, how in September of 948 he had writ- That evening, Philip Hench, Charles Slocumb, and Howard ten to Merck for small amounts of the laboriously synthesized Polley reported their experience with 4 cases of rheumatoid material to test in the clinic. His letter noted that jaundice or arthritis treated with a precious material called “Kendall’s com- pregnancy brought almost immediate relief, and he promised pound E” or 7 hydroxy- dehydrocorticosterone.4 Cortisone Merck that “if any adrenal compound is of real significance had entered the clinic. in rheumatoid arthritis we would expect to see some results Within a week, cinemas nationwide showed newsreels of within a very few days.”10p174 Three days to be exact. Beginning cripples rising miraculously from their wheelchairs. By May of at 00 mg/day, IM, the Mayo doctors obtained dramatic 949, Hench and coworkers reported the “complete remission results and soon cut to a maintenance dose of 25 mg of corti- of acute signs and symptoms of rheumatoid inflammation”5 sone, Hench and Kendall’s new name for compound E. That’s at the Association of American Physicians in Atlantic City. In equivalent to 25 mg tapering to 5 mg of prednisone, and nowa- June, they added success with rheumatic fever to the cortisone days those results are duplicated the world over. legend at the Seventh International Congress of Rheumatic In his Nobel speech, Hench reminded his audience how Diseases in New York. It was the summer I decided to follow difficult it was to manufacture practical amounts of cortisone. my father into rheumatology and I will never forget the waves Merck had gotten into the steroid business during World of applause after Hench’s dramatic film clips were shown to a War II, when the National Research Council subsidized a packed crowd at the Waldorf Astoria. crash program for synthesis of adrenal steroids. Washington In October 950, the Nobel committee announced that had learned that Luftwaffe doctors were experimenting with Philip Hench and the two biochemists who had painstakingly injections of adrenal extracts to keep their aviators stress- isolated and described the chemistry of adrenal steroids, resistant at 40,000 feet, and several of Kendall’s compounds Tadeus Reichstein (of the University of Basel) and Edward (E and F especially) seemed likely candidates. Merck’s Lewis Kendall (of the Mayo Clinic), would receive the Nobel Prize in Sarret came up with a complex, difficult synthesis of E from Physiology or Medicine “for their discoveries relating to the bile: by 944 it had produced 5 milligrams from the bile of hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biologi- 2,500 cows!11 Hench averred, “Although none of the thirty-six cal effects.”6 Hench remains the only rheumatologist among steps required to convert desoxycholic acid into cortisone has Nobel laureates. So universal was the acclaim for cortisone been by-passed, some of the steps have been made less costly, that the Swedish announcement of the 950 Nobel prize in less time-consuming, and productive of greater yields.”9p20 The Pharos/Winter 2005 His fellow laureate, and within four years Tadeus Reichstein, told came up with the total his Stockholm audi- synthesis of physostig- ence that “for practical mine from the calamar purposes [the Sarrett] bean (Physostigma vene- method is much too nosum). Physostigmine laborious. In the last was for many years the two years, again par- only weapon doctors ticularly in the U.S.A., had to fight glaucoma. at the cost of a consid- The bean also contained erable amount of time, stigmasterol, an interme- much better methods diate in sex steroid syn- have been discovered thesis, and Julian sought [e.g., Julian and his col- a more abundant source laborators] . For af- of plant sterols. He wrote ter the clinical results to the Glidden Company of Hench, Kendall and (a natural product gi- their colleagues it can ant) requesting gallons hardly be doubted that of soybean oil. This con- the future demand for tact led to a job inter- these substances will be view at Glidden’s labs in very great.”12p10 Appleton, Wisconsin. “Future demand” But Appleton had a was met as the cost of hoary statute on its production of cortisone books dictating that “No fell from $000/gm in Negro should be bedded 948 to $50 in 950 to or boarded in Appleton less than $7 in 2000.10 overnight.” Chance fa- We owe this boon to the vored the prepared synthesis of cortisone chemist and Julian was from vegetal sources by offered a far better job Percy Lavon Julian, that in Chicago as Director brilliant “Negro scien- Percy Julian, Ph.D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Download
    What’s On Your Mind? Percy Lavon Julian PhD — The Man Who Wouldn’t Give Up Richard J. Barohn In the Volume 2, Issue 1 of this journal, I told the story of Vivien Thomas, an incredibly bright and technically adept laboratory technician who had to take a role behind the physician Alfred Blalock, literally in the operating room where he would tell Dr. Blalock how to proceed in the new open heart surgeries Vivien developed, and throughout his whole life as he struggled as a black man in the scientific world. He is indeed a scientific hero worthy of honor for Black History Month. Let me tell you the story of another black pioneer in health care science that has touched millions of lives but Figure 1. Percy Julian is seen here in this 1920 photo at who you may never have heard of, and while February DePauw University. was officially Black History month, we should consider any month or day a good time to honor great scientists of and was that year’s valedictorian, majoring in chemistry. all backgrounds. The scientists I will tell you about now He applied to graduate school at DePauw and at many will be of particular interest to neuromuscular health care other institutions around the country, but he was denied researchers and providers. admission. In 1960 he told this story as follows: Percy Lavon Julian, PhD was born in Montgomery, Alabama in 1899, the son of a railway mail clerk and the I shall never forget the week of anxious waiting in 1920 grandson of slaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Steroid Interference with Antifungal Activity of Polyene Antibiotics
    APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Nov., 1966 Vol. 14, No. 6 Copyright © 1966 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Steroid Interference with Antifungal Activity of Polyene Antibiotics WALTER A. ZYGMUNT AND PETER A. TAVORMINA Department of Microbiology and Natural Products Research, Mead Johnson & Company, Evansville, Indiana Received for publication 21 April 1966 ABSTRACT ZYGMUNT, WALTER A. (Mead Johnson & Co., Evansville, Ind.), AND PETER A. TAVORMINA. Steroid interference with antifungal activity of polyene antibiotics. Appl. Microbiol. 14:865-869. 1966.-Wide differences exist among the polyene antibiotics, nystatin, rimocidin, filipin, pimaricin, and amphotericin B, with ref- erence to steroid interference with their antifungal activities against Candida albicans. Of the numerous steroids tested, ergosterol was the only one which ef- fectively antagonized the antifungal activity of all five polyene antibiotics. The antifungal activities of nystatin and amphotericin B were the least subject to vitia- tion by the addition of steroids other than ergosterol, and those of filipin, rimo- cidin, and pimaricin were the most sensitive to interference. Attempts to delineate the structural requirements of steroids possessing polyene-neutralizing activity in growing cultures of C. albicans are discussed. The ultraviolet absorbance of certain antibiotic steroid combinations was also studied. It has been suggested (1, 9, 13) that the polyene While studying the effects of various steroids antibiotics become bound to the fungal cell mem- on the antimonilial activity of pimaricin, we brane and cause permeability changes with observed that ergostenol was almost as effective attendant depletion of essential cellular con- as the above A5-3/3-hydroxy steroids in antag- stituents. Loss of potassium and ammonium onizing pimaricin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coordinated Upregulated Expression of Genes Involved In
    plants Article The Coordinated Upregulated Expression of Genes Involved in MEP, Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Tocopherol Pathways, Mirrored the Corresponding Metabolite Contents in Rice Leaves during De-Etiolation Xin Jin 1,2,3,†, Can Baysal 3,†, Margit Drapal 4, Yanmin Sheng 5, Xin Huang 3, Wenshu He 3, Lianxuan Shi 6, Teresa Capell 3, Paul D. Fraser 4, Paul Christou 3,7 and Changfu Zhu 3,5,* 1 Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] 2 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China 3 Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio CERCA Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (W.H.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (P.C.) 4 Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (P.D.F.) 5 School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China; [email protected] 6 School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; [email protected] 7 ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain Citation: Jin, X.; Baysal, C.; Drapal, * Correspondence: [email protected] M.; Sheng, Y.; Huang, X.; He, W.; Shi, † These authors contributed equally to this work. L.; Capell, T.; Fraser, P.D.; Christou, P.; et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthologs of the Archaeal Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinase Regulate Terpenoid Production in Plants
    Orthologs of the archaeal isopentenyl phosphate kinase regulate terpenoid production in plants Laura K. Henrya, Michael Gutensohnb, Suzanne T. Thomasc, Joseph P. Noelc,d, and Natalia Dudarevaa,b,1 aDepartment of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; bDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; cJack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037; and dHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 Edited by Rodney B. Croteau, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, and approved July 2, 2015 (received for review March 9, 2015) Terpenoids, compounds found in all domains of life, represent the distributed among the three domains of life: eukaryotes, archaea, largest class of natural products with essential roles in their hosts. and bacteria. Although the MEP pathway is found in most bacteria, All terpenoids originate from the five-carbon building blocks, the MVA pathway resides in the cytosol and peroxisomes of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphos- eukaryotic cells. Plants contain both the MEP and MVA pathways, phate (DMAPP), which can be derived from the mevalonic acid which act independently in plastids and cytosol/peroxisomes, re- (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. The ab- spectively (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, metabolic cross-talk between these sence of two components of the MVA pathway from archaeal two pathways occurs via the exchange of IPP—andtoalesserextent genomes led to the discovery of an alternative MVA pathway with of DMAPP—in both directions (1, 2). IPP and DMAPP are sub- isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK) catalyzing the final step, the sequently used in multiple compartments by short-chain prenyl- formation of IPP.
    [Show full text]
  • Short-Step Synthesis of Chenodiol from Stigmasterol
    Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 68 (6), 1332–1337, 2004 Short-step Synthesis of Chenodiol from Stigmasterol y Toru UEKAWA, Ken ISHIGAMI, and Takeshi KITAHARA Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Received February 3, 2004; Accepted March 11, 2004 Chenodiol is an important bile acid widely used for the hydroxyl group (C-3 position), 2) construction of gallstone dissolution and cholestatic liver diseases. We cis-fused rings by hydrogenation (C-5 position), 3) succeeded in a short-step synthesis of chenodiol, starting allylic oxidation and stereoselective reduction (C-7 from the safer phytosterol, stigmasterol. position), and 4) ozonolysis of the side chain and subsequent transformation, including the Wittig reac- Key words: chenodiol; stigmasterol; gallstone dissolu- tion. tion; bovine spongiform encephalopathy Our first synthetic route is outlined in Scheme 2. The hydroxyl group of stigmasterol (2) was inverted by Chenodiol is an important bile acid contained in many mesylation4,5) and the subsequent treatment with cesium vertebrates. This compound is widely used in clinical acetate.6) Inversion under Mitsunobu conditions gave a applications for the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones diastereomixture at the C-3 position, and elimination of and cholestatic liver diseases.1) At present, chenodiol is the hydroxyl group was also observed. Allylic oxidation industrially synthesized from cholic acid,2,3) a major of the C-7 position was accomplished by N-hydroxy- component of bovine bile. BSE (bovine spongiform phthalimide-catalyzed air oxidation, using benzoyl per- encephalopathy) has recently become a global problem oxide as a radical initiator.7,8) The resulting hydroper- and it is now prohibited to use the specified bovine risk oxide was dehydrated to give enone 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Assembly of Naturally Occurring Stigmasterol in Liquids Yielding A
    RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Self-assembly of naturally occurring stigmasterol in liquids yielding a fibrillar network and gel† Cite this: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,4755 Braja Gopal Bag * and Abir Chandan Barai Stigmasterol, a naturally occurring 6-6-6-5 monohydroxy phytosterol, was extracted from the leaves of Indian medicinal plant Roscoea purpurea, commonly known as Kakoli. In continuation of our studies on the self-assembly properties of naturally occurring terpenoids, herein, we report the first self-assembly properties of this phytosterol in different organic liquids. The molecule self-assembled in organic liquids yielding supramolecular gels in most of the liquids studied via the formation of fibers and belt-like architechtures of nano-to micrometer diameter. Characterization of the self-assemblies carried out by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, FTIR and X-ray diffraction studies indicated fibrillar network and belt-like structures. A model for the self-assembly of stigmasterol has been proposed based on molecular modeling studies, Received 10th December 2019 X-ray diffraction data and FTIR studies. Rheology studies indicated that the gels were of high mechanical Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Accepted 21st January 2020 strength. Fluorophores such as rhodamine B, carboxy fluorescein including the anticancer drug DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10376g doxorubicin could be loaded in the gels. Moreover, release of the loaded fluorophores including the rsc.li/rsc-advances drug has also been demonstrated from the gel phase into aqueous medium. 1. Introduction templates for cell growth, inorganic structures,25 cosmetics and food industries.7 Chemical gels26–28 include both synthetic Terpenoids including steroids are the major components of polymeric gels as wells as biopolymers which are based on plant secondary metabolites.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Patrinia
    Natural Product Sciences 19(2) : 77-119 (2013) Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Patrinia Ju Sun Kim and Sam Sik Kang* Natural Products Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea Abstract − The genus Patrinia, belonging to the Valerianaceae family, includes ca. 20 species of herbaceous plants with yellow or white flowers, distributed in Korea, China, Siberia, and Japan. Among them, P. scabiosaefolia (yellow Patrinia), P. saniculaefolia, P. villosa (white Patrinia), and P. rupestris are found in Korea. Several members of this genus have long been used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, wound healing, ascetics, and abdominal pain after childbirth. Thus far, ca. 217 constituents, namely flavonoids, iridoids, triterpenes, saponins, and others have been identified in this genus. Crude extract and isolated compounds have been found to exhibit anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic activities, lending support to the rationale behind several of its traditional uses. The present review compiles information concerning the phytochemistry and biological activities of Patrinia, with particular emphasis on P. villosa, as studied by our research group. Keywords − Valerianaceae, Patrinia species, Natural products chemistry, Biological activities Introduction of the compounds/extracts obtained from this plants. Patrinia is a genus of herbaceous plants in the Chemical Constituents Valerianaceae family. There are about 20 species native to grassy mountain habitats in China, Siberia, and Japan. The reported chemical constituents from the genus Among them, P. scabiosaefolia (yellow Patrinia), P. Patrinia number, thus far, approximtely 217, include saniculaefolia, P. villosa (white Patrinia), and P. rupestris flavonoids, iridoids, triterpenes, saponins, steroids, and a are found in Korea (Lee, 1989; Bae, 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Guided Isolation, Purification and Chemical Characterization of Epigallocatechin
    mac har olo P gy Osuntokun et al., Biochem Pharmacol (Los Angel) 2018, 7.1 : & O y r p t e s DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000240 i n A m c e c h e c s Open Access o i s Biochemistry & Pharmacology: B ISSN: 2167-0501 Research Article Open Access Bio-guided Isolation, Purification and Chemical Characterization of Epigallocatechin; Epicatechin, Stigmasterol, Phytosterol from of Ethyl Acetate Stem Bark Fraction of Spondias mombin (Linn.) Oludare Temitope Osuntokun1*, T.O Idowu2 and Gamberini Maria Cristina3 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, P.M.B 001, Ondo State, Nigeria 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria 3Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy Abstract Spondias mombin (Linn.) is a widely cultivated edible plant used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of severe infection and health disorders. This research work was carried out to isolation, purification and chemical characterization the bioactive constituents of the ethyl acetate stem bark fraction of Spondias mombin (Linn.), a medicinally important plant of the Anacardiaceae family. This study revealed the presence of flavonoid and steroids, which have been found to be important hormone regulators which possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation of (C15H14O6.) 5, 7, 3', 4'-pentahydroxy flavanol (Epicatechin), (C15H14O7.) Epigallocatechin (C29H48O.), Stigmasterol phytosterol. It is here reported isolated from Spondias mombin for the first time, this makes the Spondias mombin very important medicinal plant in Nigeria and west Africa. EGC and EC arts as a strong inhibitor of HIV replication in cultured peripheral blood cells and inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Mutants and Inhibitors to Study Sterol Biosynthesis in Plants
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/784272; this version posted September 26, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Title page 2 Title: The use of mutants and inhibitors to study sterol 3 biosynthesis in plants 4 5 Authors: Kjell De Vriese1,2, Jacob Pollier1,2,3, Alain Goossens1,2, Tom Beeckman1,2, Steffen 6 Vanneste1,2,4,* 7 Affiliations: 8 1: Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, 9 Belgium 10 2: VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium 11 3: VIB Metabolomics Core, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium 12 4: Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 13 21985, Republic of Korea 14 15 e-mails: 16 K.D.V: [email protected] 17 J.P: [email protected] 18 A.G. [email protected] 19 T.B. [email protected] 20 S.V. [email protected] 21 22 *Corresponding author 23 Tel: +32 9 33 13844 24 Date of submission: sept 26th 2019 25 Number of Figures:3 in colour 26 Word count: 6126 27 28 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/784272; this version posted September 26, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Sitosterol/Stigmasterol Ratio Caused by the Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita
    plants Article Changes in the Plant β-Sitosterol/Stigmasterol Ratio Caused by the Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita Alessandro Cabianca 1 , Laurin Müller 1 , Katharina Pawlowski 2 and Paul Dahlin 1,* 1 Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (L.M.) 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Sterols play a key role in various physiological processes of plants. Commonly, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and campesterol represent the main plant sterols, and cholesterol is often reported as a trace sterol. Changes in plant sterols, especially in β-sitosterol/stigmasterol levels, can be induced by different biotic and abiotic factors. Plant parasitic nematodes, such as the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, are devastating pathogens known to circumvent plant defense mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the changes in sterols of agricultural important crops, Brassica juncea (brown mustard), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Glycine max (soybean), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Zea mays (corn), 21 days post inoculation (dpi) with M. incognita. The main changes affected the β-sitosterol/stigmasterol ratio, with an increase of β-sitosterol and a decrease of stigmasterol in S. lycopersicum, G. max, C. sativus and Z. mays. Furthermore, cholesterol levels increased in tomato, cucumber and corn, while cholesterol levels often were below the detection limit in the respective uninfected plants. To better understand the changes in the β-sitosterol/stigmasterol ratio, gene Citation: Cabianca, A.; Müller, L.; expression analysis was conducted in tomato cv.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Tinnitus
    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Chemicals for Tinnitus Chemical Activity Count (+)-ALPHA-VINIFERIN 1 (+)-AROMOLINE 1 (+)-BORNYL-ISOVALERATE 1 (+)-CATECHIN 1 (+)-EUDESMA-4(14),7(11)-DIENE-3-ONE 1 (+)-HERNANDEZINE 2 (+)-ISOLARICIRESINOL 1 (+)-NORTRACHELOGENIN 1 (+)-PSEUDOEPHEDRINE 1 (+)-SYRINGARESINOL-DI-O-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE 1 (+)-T-CADINOL 1 (-)-16,17-DIHYDROXY-16BETA-KAURAN-19-OIC 1 (-)-ALPHA-BISABOLOL 1 (-)-ANABASINE 1 (-)-APOGLAZIOVINE 1 (-)-BETONICINE 1 (-)-BORNYL-CAFFEATE 1 (-)-BORNYL-FERULATE 1 (-)-BORNYL-P-COUMARATE 1 (-)-CANADINE 1 (-)-DICENTRINE 1 (-)-EPICATECHIN 2 (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN-GALLATE 1 (1'S)-1'-ACETOXYCHAVICOL-ACETATE 1 (E)-4-(3',4'-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-BUT-3-EN-OL 1 1,7-BIS-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-1,4,6-HEPTATRIEN-3-ONE 1 1,8-CINEOLE 4 Chemical Activity Count 1-ETHYL-BETA-CARBOLINE 2 10-ACETOXY-8-HYDROXY-9-ISOBUTYLOXY-6-METHOXYTHYMOL 1 10-DEHYDROGINGERDIONE 1 10-GINGERDIONE 1 12-(4'-METHOXYPHENYL)-DAURICINE 1 12-METHOXYDIHYDROCOSTULONIDE 1 13',II8-BIAPIGENIN 1 13-HYDROXYLUPANINE 1 13-OXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 16,17-DIHYDROXY-16BETA-KAURAN-19-OIC 1 16-HYDROXY-4,4,10,13-TETRAMETHYL-17-(4-METHYL-PENTYL)-HEXADECAHYDRO- 1 CYCLOPENTA[A]PHENANTHREN-3-ONE 16-HYDROXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 2'-O-GLYCOSYLVITEXIN 1 2-BETA,3BETA-27-TRIHYDROXYOLEAN-12-ENE-23,28-DICARBOXYLIC-ACID 1 2-METHYLBUT-3-ENE-2-OL 2 2-VINYL-4H-1,3-DITHIIN 1 20-DEOXYINGENOL-ESTER 1 22BETA-ESCIN 1 24-METHYLENE-CYCLOARTANOL 2 3,3'-DIMETHYLELLAGIC-ACID 1 3,4-DIMETHOXYTOLUENE 2 3,4-METHYLENE-DIOXYCINNAMIC-ACID-BORNYL-ESTER 1 3,4-SECOTRITERPENE-ACID-20-EPI-KOETJAPIC-ACID
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    International Journal of Phytomedicine 8 (2016) 139-175 http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijpm/index Review Article ISSN: 0975-0185 A Detailed Overview of Medicinal Plants Having Hypoglycemic Activity Sandra Celine1, Shawn Tomy1, Ujwala TK1, Sam Johnson1, Udaya Chander J1* *Corresponding author: A b s t r a c t Diabetes mellitus represents a spectrum of metabolic disorder, which has become one of the Udaya Chander major public health concerns worldwide. Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a third leading killer after cancer and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases and India has a distinction of having 1Pharm D Intern, RVS College of largest number of diabetics in world second to China. Herbal medicine for treating chronic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil diseases, especially diabetes has gained an exponential growth in the last few years and both Nadu, India developing and developed countries are adopting herbal drugs for treatment of diabetes mellitus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000 plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. The WHO has defined herbal medicines as finished labelled medicinal products that contain aerial or underground parts of the plants or other plant material or combination thereof as active ingredients, whether in crude state or as plant preparations. This review attempts to present the profiles of plants with hypoglycemic properties, reported in the literature with proper categorization according to the botanical name, family, parts used, chemical constituents, and its other uses. Relevant medical databases and websites were searched. To qualify for inclusion, the herbs should have confirmed hypoglycemic potential. Other criteria for inclusion are: published in English and peer-reviewed journals.
    [Show full text]