International Journal of Phytomedicine 8 (2016) 139-175 http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijpm/index

Review Article ISSN: 0975-0185

A Detailed Overview of Medicinal Plants Having Hypoglycemic Activity Sandra Celine1, Shawn Tomy1, Ujwala TK1, Sam Johnson1, Udaya Chander J1*

*Corresponding author: A b s t r a c t Diabetes mellitus represents a spectrum of metabolic disorder, which has become one of the Udaya Chander major public health concerns worldwide. Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a third leading killer after cancer and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases and India has a distinction of having 1Pharm D Intern, RVS College of largest number of diabetics in world second to China. for treating chronic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil diseases, especially diabetes has gained an exponential growth in the last few years and both Nadu, India developing and developed countries are adopting herbal drugs for treatment of diabetes mellitus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000 plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. The WHO has defined herbal medicines as finished labelled medicinal products that contain aerial or underground parts of the plants or other plant material or combination thereof as active ingredients, whether in crude state or as plant preparations. This review attempts to present the profiles of plants with hypoglycemic properties, reported in the literature with proper categorization according to the botanical name, family, parts used, chemical constituents, and its other uses. Relevant medical databases and websites were searched. To qualify for inclusion, the herbs should have confirmed hypoglycemic potential. Other criteria for inclusion are: published in English and peer-reviewed journals. We also used related keywords like diabetes mellitus, plant, herb, glycemic control, natural or herbal medicine, Ayurvedic plants, and hypoglycemic plants, as keywords or combination of them. A total of 151 herbs belonging to 72 families were outlined in this review. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, medicinal plants, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic.

Introduction diabetes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated, which in Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine metabolic turn cause peroxidation and membrane damage and these disorders, which has caused significant morbidity and mortality due free radicals play an critical role in the development of secondary to various microvascular and macrovascular complications [1]. complications of diabetes mellitus (kidney, eye, blood vessel, and Diabetes has become the third “killer” of the health of mankind nerve damage) [7,8]. The destruction of beta cells is prevented by along with cancer, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular antioxidants by inhibiting the peroxidation chain reaction and thus,

diseases[2]. Asia is one of the regions that have high prevalence of in turn, prevents the development of diabetes. Natural antioxidants diabetes and is estimated that 20% of current global diabetic are present in almost all plants (tannins, , vitamins C and population resides in South East Asia region. India is a country with E, etc.) that can maintain beta cell function and prevent diabetes- largest number of diabetic population, indeed the number of people induced ROS formation [9,10]. Moreover, easy availability, raw with diabetes in India is likely to double in less than two decades consumption, least side effects and low cost makes the herbal from 39.9 million (in 2007) to 69.9 million by 2025[3,4]. Therapies drugs and preparations the king of all available therapies. currently available for diabetes include insulin and various oral Therefore, the current review focuses on traditional medicinal antidiabetic agents such as sulfonylureas, biguanides and glinides plants spread around the globe having antidiabetic potential with [5]. Most of them exhibit serious adverse effects. Therefore, the special emphasis to constituents present in each search for more effective and safer alternate for treatment of herb. diabetes is one of the most important areas of Investigation [6]. In

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Celine et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 8 (2) 139-175 [2016]

Methodology traditionally used in diabetes management with the potential for Ethnobotonical information was obtained from a literature search of integration into the healthcare system, not all identified plants were electronic databases such as EMBASE and Scopus from Elsevier, included in this study. Only those with more than one reference to Medline from PubMed, and Google Scholar up to year 2014 for use in diabetes management and experimental evidence in one or publications on medicinal plants used in diabetes management more diabetes experimental models validating its activity were using keywords diabetes mellitus, plant, herb, glycemic control, retained. This review is therefore not exhaustive of all the plants natural or herbal medicine, Ayurvedic plants, and hypoglycemic used traditionally for diabetes management throughout the globe. plants. In addition, experts in the field were contacted to select The detailed overview of medicinal plants having hypoglycemic studies that meet the criteria, and we also looked up references of activity is listed in Table 1 below. key articles. The authors read the articles in full and extracted the data in a standardized fashion. In order to highlight medicinal plants

Table 1: List of Hypoglycemic plants

BOTANICAL/ PART S.No FAMILY CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS INDICATIONS COMMON NAME USED Blighia sapida Hypoglycin A (HGA), hypoglycin B (HGB). α- Hypoglycemic [12], dysentery, and 1 Common name – Sapindaceae amino β (2methylene cyclopropyl) propionic ophthalmic conjunctivitis. Root Akeeapple acid, cyclopropanoid [11]. Coccinia indica Cucurbitaceae , flavonoids, ,alkaloids, Hypoglycemic [14], antioxidant 2 Common name- Leaves amino acids [13]. [15], antibacterial. [16] Kunduru Mucilaginous substances,asparagines saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, hexoses, nalkane mixtures (C), alkanol , β-sitosterol, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid,caffeic acid, Wound healing [18], Hypoglycemic fumaric acid, Abutilon A, (R)-N Abutilon indicum [19], Hepatoprotective [20], Anti- Malvaceae (1’methoxycarbonyl-2’phenylethyl)-4- 3 Common name- inflammatory, Anthelmintic, Leaves hydroxybenzamide, phydroxybenzoic, Indian mallow Hyperlipidemic activity [21]. galacturonic, p- β-D-glycosyloxybenzoic and Analgesic [22]. amino acids, essential oil (a-pinene, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, endesmol, farnesol, borenol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, elemene and a-cineole) [17]. Antihypertensive and Tannins, gum, proanthocynidins , saponins, antispasmodic [24], antioxidant Acacia arabica Fabaceae or phenolic ,Pod phenolic ,∝- , [25], antidiabetic, eye complaints, 4 Common name- Bark Leguminosea Tryptopham contents (total proteins, diahorea, dysentry, wounds, India Gum albumins, globulins) [23]. ulcers, asthma, urinary problems [26]. Catechin, catechutannic acid, epicatechin, Acacia catechu Antidiarhoeal, leprosy, dysentry, Leguminose catechin tetramer, dicatechin, gallocatechin, Common name- rheumatism, cancer, asthma [26], 5 ae , taxifolin, isorhamnetin, (+) Bark NA hypoglycaemic [28], afzelechinn, L‐arabinose, D‐galactose, Kattha hepatoprotective [30]. D‐rhamnose and aldobiuronic acid [27]. Actinodaphne hookeri Triterpenoids, , alkaloids, Hypoglycemic [31], antioxident, Lauraceae 6 Common name- carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, hepatoprotective [30]. Leaves

Pisa tannins [30].

Adiantum caudalum Adiyantaceae Isoadiantone, ferene, hentriacontane,16- Antitussive [33], antibacterial, 7 Leaves Common name- hentriacontanone [32]. antidiabetic, antipyretic, and PAGE | 140 |

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Mayur anticancer [34].

Skimmianine, Aegeline, Lupeol, Cineol, Hepatoprotective [36], antidiabetic, Aegle marmelos Citral, Citronella, Cuminaldehyde, Eugenol, dyspepsia, stomachalgia, gastric

Rutaceae Marmesinine, Skimmianine, Fagarine, irritability, digestive, laxative, anti- 8 Common name- Leaves Marmin, Marmelosin, Luvangetin, Aurapten, ulcer, antistress and adaptogenic Bael Psoralen, Marmelide, Tannin [35]. [37], radioprotective [38].

Aloe-emodin, aloetic-acid, anthranol, barbaloin, isobarbaloin , emodin, ester of cinnamic acid, Pure mannan, acetylated mannan, acetylated glucomannan, glucogalactomannan, galactan, Aloe vera galactogalacturan, arabinogalactan, Antidiabetic, immuno stimulant, Liliaceae or galactoglucoarabinomannan, pectic anti-inflammatory, antiviral, Asphodelacea 9 Common name- substance, xylan, cellulose, 8-C-glusoly-(2'- antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, Aloe gel e Gwarpattha O-cinnamoly)-7-O-methlyaloediolA, 8-C- anticancerous [40].

glucosyl-(S)-aloesol, 8-Cglucosyl-7-O- methylaloediolA, 8-C-glucosyl-7-0- methylaloediol, 8-C-glucosyl-noreugenin, isoaloeresin D, isorabaichromone, neoalosin A [39].

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Steroidal saponins, folic acid, essential oils, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, Asparagus asparagine, arginine, tyrosine, flavonoids, anticarcinogenic [42], antimicrobial, racemosus resin, tannin, sarsasapogenin , shatavarin I- diuretic, antiulcerogenic, Liliaceae IV, asparagamine, racemosol, kaempferol, Whole 10 hypolipidemic, adaptogenic, Common name- , rutin, hyperoside, , plant antidepressant, antiamnesic, Satavar quercetin-3 glucuronide, isoflavone, 8- prokinetic, fertility, hepatoprotective methoxy-5,6,4’-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-β-D- activity [41]. glucopyranoside [41].

Isomeldenin, nimbin, nimbinene, 6- desacetyllnimbinene, nimbandiol, immobile, nimocinol, quercetin, and beta-sitosterol, zafaral [24,25,26,27-tetranorapotirucalla- (apoeupha)-6alpha-methoxy-7alpha-acetoxy- Azadirachta indica 1,14-dien-3, 16-dione-21-al], Immunomodulatory, antifungal,

Meliaceae meliacinanhydride [24,25,26,27- antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, 11 Common name- Leaves tetranorapotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6alpha- anti-fertility [44]. Neem hydroxy, 11alpha-methoxy-7alpha, 12alpha-

diacetoxy, 1,14,20(22)-trien-3-one], tetranortriterpenoids, azadirachtin H azadirachtin I, tannin and oil [43].

Barberine, oxyberberine, berbamine, aromo Berberis aristata line, karachine, palmatine, oxyacanthine, Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory,

Berberidacea taxilamine, 4 protoberberine, bisisoquinoline, antifungal, anticancerous, eye Stem, 12 e epiberberine, dehydrocaroline, jatrorhizine, complaints [37]. Common name- bark, root. columbamine, karachine, dihyrokarachine, Daruharidra pakistanine, 1-O methylpakistanine,

pseudopalmatine chloride, pseudoberberine PAGE | 141 |

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chloride, secobisbenzlisoquinoline [45].

Boeravinone, A,B,C,D,E,F phenolic glycoside, C-methylflavone, iriodendrinand syringaresinolmono-β-D- glycoside, Boerhaavia diffusa hypoxanthine9-L-arabinose, Nyctaginacea Hepatoprotective [47], anti- dihydroisofuroxanthone-borhavine, Leaf or 13 Common name- e inflammatory [48], antidiabetic [49]. , punarnavine and root Punernava punernavoside, potassiumnitrate, ursolic

acid, fatty acids,boerhavin and boerhavicacid [46].

Caesalpinia Natin, Bonducin, protease, urease, amylase, bonducella (L) Roxb peroxidase, catalaseand oxidase, Caesalpin, Caesalpinace 14 β-caesalpin, α-caesalpin, δ–caesalpin, myristic Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic. Common name- ae acid, E,F,Ycaesalpin [50]. Kakachika

Casearia esculenta Dulcitol, magniferan, flabetannin, glycosaides Antidiabetic [51], antioxidant and tannin, leucopelargonidin, tammisnad resins, 15 Common name- Samydaceae antilipidperoxidase. Root calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, Saptarangi iodine vitamin A, B1, riboflavin and .

Linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids,caprylic and myristic acids, lupeol, ß- sitosterol and hexacosanol, phenylalanine, Heaptoprotective, Cassia auriculata methionine, glutamicacidandproline, antiinflammatory, antitussive, Caesalpiniac carbohydrate, lipidandfreeaminoacid, 5- antifungal, antibacterial [53], 16 Common name- eae Root nonatetracontanone, 2-hentriacontanone, antihyperlipidaemic, antiulcer, Amulthus triacontane, 16- antipyretic, hypoglycaemic.

hentriacontanolandsitosterol, Fistucacidin, kaempferol, proanthocyanidin, epiafzelechin, epicatechin, catechin, procyanidinB-2 [52]. Essential oil containing cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, trans-cinnamic acid, , Cinnamomum including catechins and Antidiabetic, antioxidant, zeylanicum Lauraceae oligomericproanthocyanidins, tannins, antimicrobial [37], Immune 17 Bark and alpha-terpineol, enhancing, and cancer support Common name- including pinene, Calcium Dalchini monoterpenoidoxalates, gum, mucilage, resin, starch, sugars, traces of coumarin [54]. Phenolic compounds, cardiac glycosides, tartaric acid, pectin, fatty acids, Limonene, benzyl benzoate predominant, n- Tamarindus indica hexacosane, eicosanoic acid, β-sitosterol, Antidiabetic, hypolipidemic , L. (+)-pinitol. octacosanyl ferulate, 21- antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti- Caesalpinace oxobehenic acid, β-amyrin, compesterol, β- nematodal, hepatoprotective, 18 Fruit ae sitosterol polyphenolics, organic acids, analgesic, antipyretic, laxative, Common name- , Leupeol, Eriodectin, Catechin, anticancer, antiemetic, and Tamarind Epicatechin, Procyanidin dimer, Procyanidin bioavailability enhancer [55]. trimer [55].

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Essential oils (myrecene, dimyrecene, Commiphora wightii polymyrecene), diterpene, hydrocarbon, Hypolipidemic, antiarthritic, Burseraceae diterpene alcohol, Z-guggulsterol-II, E- 19 Common name- hypertension [43], antiinflammatory Gum resin , guggulsterone, guggulsterol- Guggul [56]. I, guggulsterol-II, guggulsterol-III, ,

sesamine, camphorene, carbohydrates [56]. Volatile oils, flavonoids, , , Antidiarrheal, antirheumatic, Agrimony eupatoria quercetin, kaempferol, tiliroside, , haematological activity,

20 Rosaceae glycosides including euscapic acid and Antituberculosis [58], Common name- NA tormentic acid, phenolic acids, tannins [57]. antiinflammatory gene expression.

Ephedroxane, ephedradines, certain glycans (ephedran A, B, C, D and E), flavanols, Ephedra distachya Pain relieving, antiviral, Ephedra species contain alkaloids: Ephedereace antibacterial, expectorant, Aerial 21 ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, Common name- ae antitussive, and immune stimulant. stem norpseudoephedrine (cathine), Yellow astringent methylephedrine and methylpseudoephedrine [59] glucosides, alkaloidsm, barlerin, Barleria lupulina acetylbarlerin, shanzhiside methyl ester, Antiinflammatory, anti-ulcer, Leguminosea acetylshanzhiside methyl ester, antiarthritic, immunomodulatory 22 Aerial Part Common name- NA e ipolamiidoside, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, [61], hypoglycemic agent, anti- phenols, steroids, tannins, and amoebic, and diuretic [60]. [60]. Pirogalic tannin, flobabenic tannins, Antiophidic, anticoagulant, Bauhinia forficate anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, flavononols, antidiabetic, diuretic,

23 Leguminosae leucoanthocyanidins, catechins, flavanones, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and Leaves Common name- alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids and antifungal [62]. Cow paw saponins. Phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, , essential oil, polysaccharides and pectin, biflavones: bioflavonoid, , cupressoflavone; luteolin-7- Radioprotective, methyl ether, , 3- methoxyluteolin immunostimulation, antitumor 7-O-glucoside, as well as two acids 4- activity, antioxidant defense Biophytum caffeoylquinic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid, mechanism, antibacterial, sensitivum , , isoorientin 2”-O- cardioprotection, antimetastatic, 24 Oxalidaceae Leaves rhamnoside, (–)-epicatechin and epicatechin- targeting angiogenesis, Common name - (4β-8)- epicatechin (proanthocynidin B2), chemoprotective ability, Life plant 1,4- dimethoxy benzene, 1,2-dimethoxy antidiabetic potential, and anti- benzene, 2-methoxy-4-methyl phenol, inflammatory [63]. (Z)-linalool oxide, (E)-linalool oxide, linalyl acetate, 1-octen-3-ol, isophorone, BP100 III, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose [63]. Bougainvillea Alkaloid flavonoids, glycosides, Antidiabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, spectabilis phlobotannins, saponins, steroids, tannins antiinflammatory, larvicidal, Seed, 25 Rubiaceae Common name- NA terpenoids [64], antifertility, and hypolipidemic [65]. leaves D-pinitol (3-o-methyl- chiroinositol) [65]. Bryonia alba l. Alkaloid bryonicine, flavonoids , Hypoglycemic and , isovitexin, 5, 7, 4’-trihydroxy flavone 26 Cucurbitaceae antiatherosclerotic [66]. Roots Common name- 8-C-glucopyranoside, lutonarin, isoorientin;

White bryony glycosides 22-deoxocucurbitosides A and B, PAGE | 143 |

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22- deoxocucurbitacin D, triterpenoids, cucurbitacin L, 23, 24-dihydrocucurbitacin B, 23, 24,-dihydrocucurbitacin D, arvenin IV, , proteins [66], amylase, bryoamaride, bryonine, bryonol, bryopolyose, bryoresin, ceryl-alcohol, chrysophanic acid, dihydrocucurbitacin B, E, invertase, iso-23, 24- dihydrocucurbitacin D, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, peroxidase, phlobathene, rhamnose, spinasterol, stearic acid, and tannin [67].

Bumelia sartorum mart Triterpenoids and steroids such as the (2β,3β,4α)-2,3,23-trihydroxyoleana-5,12-dien- Anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, 27 Sapotaceae Root bark 28-oic acid, bassic acid [68]. antibacterial and antioxidant [68]. Common name- NA

Antidiabetic, adaptogenic, anthelmintic, antifilarial, antiestrogenic, antiinflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, Caesalpinia antibacterial, antifungal, Steroidal saponin, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, bonducella antispasmodic, antidiarrhoeal, phytosterols, isoflavones, aminoacids, and 28 Fabaceae antioxidant, antiproliferative, Seed phenolics [69]. Common name- antipsoriatic activity, antitumor,

Fever nut anxiolytic, larvicidal, immunomodulatory, muscle contractile activity, hepatoprotective, anticonvulsant, and antiviral activity [69]. Carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, fats and Cajanus cajan oils, , glycosides [cardiac glycoside, Diuretic, laxative, expectorant, anthraquinone glucoside, saponin glycoside, 29 Fabaceae sedative [69], antidiabetic [70]. Seed Common name- flavonoids], alkaloids, and phenolic

Pigeonpea compounds [71].

Antidiabetic, antibacterial, , hydrocarbons, resins and Tecoma stans antihypertensive, treats GIT volatile oils. The leaf contains flavonoids, disorders and various cancers. The Flower 30 Bignonaceae tannins, and traces of saponins, alkaloids, Common name- plant is an effective remedy for tecomine, tecostidine, beta carotene and Yellow trumpetbush snake and rat bites. It is also used zeaxantine [72]. as vermifuge [72]. Capparis sepiaria Alkaloids, phenols, sterols. glycosides ß-

31 Capparaceae sitosterol, Betulin, ß-amyrin, taraxasterol, Antidiabetic [74]. Leaves Common name- NA erythrodiol, n-octacosanol [73].

Antifungal, antidiarrhoeal, antiulcer, Ceiba pentandra Phenolics compound, alkanoid, , hepatoprotective, anthelminthic, tannin, sponnin, palmitic acid, fatty acid, Root, 32 Malvaceae angiogenesis activity, Common name- NA phytate, oxalate, trypsin inhibitor, Bark antiinflammatory, hypoglycemic, hemagglutinin [75], and linolenic acid. hypolipidemic [76]. 33 Centratherum Asteraceae Flavone glycoside, 8,5'-dimethoxy 3',4'- Analgesic and antipyretic, Seed PAGE | 144 |

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anthelminticum methylenedioxy 3, 7-dihydroxy flavone, antifilarial, antihelmintic, vernolic acid, linoleic, oleic, palmitic and antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, Common name- NA stearic acids, hexatetracontan-16-ol, 6,9- antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic, eicosadiene, butyl 11-hydroxy larvicidal, and macrofilaricidal octadecanoate, hexyl 3-hydroxynonanoate, activity [77]. hexyl 9- hydroxyheptatriacontanoate, heptadecylnonadecanoate, stigmasterolsaponin 3-O-[β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)- α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-28-O-[β-D- glucuronopyranosyl- (1→4)-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D- glucopyranosyl]-hederagenin [77]. Alkaloids, inulin, , lactones, Cichorium intybus Antihepatotoxic, antidiabetic, coumarins, vitamins, chlorophyll pigments, antiulcerogenic, and antioxidant 34 Asteraceae unsaturated sterols, flavonoids, saponins and Stem Common name- NA [78]. tannins [78].

Alkaloids, saponin, tannins, β-sitosterol, γ- sitosterol, ceryl alcohol, clerodin, clerosterol and clerodendrin- A, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-naringin-4′-O-α- D-glucopyranoside-5- methyl ether, D- Antiinflammatory, analgesic, mannitol, β-D-glucoside of β-sitosterol, β- antiarthritic, antimicrobial, Clerodendrum sitosterol and ceryl alcohol, Lup-20(29)-en-3- antiobesity, antihepatotoxic, phlomidis triacontanoate, tetratriacontanol and 24β- antifertility, antiamnestic, 35 Verbenaceae Leaves ethylcholesta-5, 22E, 25-triene- 3β-ol, β- antiasthmatic, antioxidant, Common name - NA sitosterol, γ-sitosterol, palmitic acid, cerotic antidiarrhoeal, hypoglycemic, and

acid, , pectolinaringenin, immunomodulatory [79]. Chalcone glycoside, pectolinarigenin, 7- hydroxy flavone and 7- hydroxy flavanone 7- O-glucoside, 6,4′-dimethyl-7- acetoxyscutellarein, pectolinarigenin, , apigenin and luteolin [79]. Essential oil, β- sitosterol, ginnol, glycosides,alkaloids, phenolic compounds, Antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, Cocculus hirsutus flavonoids, shaheenine, cohirsinine, analgesic, antimicrobial, hirsutine, jamtinine, jamitine- N–oxide, Menispermac cardiotonic, diuretic, laxative, 36 Common name- cohirsine, Cohirsitine haiderine, D- trilobine Leaves eae. immunostimulant, and Jaljamini DL-coclaurine, isotrilobine, syringaresinol, spermatogenic [77]. protoquericitol, D-trilobine, coclaurine, sterols

and resins [80].

Abelmoschus Cooling, aphrodisiac, ophthalmic, Mucilage, β-sitosterol, glycosides, flavonoids, moschatus cardio tonic, digestive, stomachic, myricetin, phospholipid, essential oil, linoleic 37 Malvaceae constipating, carminative, pectoral, Aerial Part acid [80], farnesol, and lactone of ambrettolic Common name- diuretic, stimulant, antispasmodic, acid. Muskdana deodorant [81]. Aconitum Benzoic acid-5-hydroxy-2-benzoyl-amino Analgesic, cardiotonic [83], carmichaeli methyl ester, honokiol,pinoresinol, salicylic diuretic, antiinflammatory, 38 Ranunculacea acid, p-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, songorine, Root antirheumatic, and oriental Common name- karakoline, mesaconitine,hypaconitine, 14- medicine. Chinese aconite benzoylhypaconitine [82], Aconitine, PAGE | 145 |

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Hypaconitine, and Mesaconitine.

Antibacterial, antifungal, Adansonnia digitata antimalarial, antipyretic, Terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, vitamins, immunostimulant, antioxidant, and Bark, Fruit 39 Bombacaceae Common name- amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids [84]. analgesics [85]. Pulp Baobab

Agrimonia pilosa Anticancer, Ledeb Agrimonolide, coumarin, tannin, flavonoids, antioxidant,acetylcholinesterase 40 Rosaceae , triterpenes [87], Aerial Part inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory Common name- NA agrimonin, catechin, quercetin, and rutin [86]. [86].

Analgesic, anti-Crohn’s, antiaggregant, antiaging, antiarthritic, antiasthmatic, antiatherosclerotic, antibacterial, anticataract, anticold, antidiabetic, antieczemic, antigingivitic, antihistaminic, antihypertensive, antimigraine, antiobesity, antiosteoarthritic, antiosteoporotic, Allium cepa Phenolics, , shallots, antioxidant, antiperiodontic, Alliaceae anthocyaninpigments, flavonoid, quercetin, 41 antiseptic, antishingles, antitumor, Bulb Common name- and organosulfur compounds. antiviral, asthma-preventive, Onion cancer-preventive, cold-preventive, diuretic, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulant, vasodilator, vulnerary [88], anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, lithontripic, stomachic, and tonic. 7-p-coumaroyl apigenin 4-O-beta-D- Astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, glucopyranoside, spinoside, xylofuranosyl emollient, antidote, emmenagogue, Amaranthus uracil, beta-D-ribofuranosyl adenine, beta- febrifuge spinosus sitosterol glucoside, hydroxycinnamates, antidiabetic, antitumor, analgesic, Amaranthace 42 quercetin, kaempferol glycosides, ; antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, Leaves ae Common name- betaxanthin, betacyanin; amaranthine, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, Calaloo isoamaranthine, gomphrenin, betanin, b- hepato-protective, spermatogenic, sitosterol, stigmasterol, linoleic acid, rutin, antifertility, antimalarial and and beta-carotene [89]. antioxidant properties [90]. Anisodus tanguticus Pascher Tropane Alkaloids called hyoscyamine and Spasmolytic and antiasthmatic 43 Solanaceae Root scopolamine [91]. agent. Common name- ZangQie Anacardium Tannins, aldehydes, flavanoids, phenols [92], Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, occidentale Linn Anacardiacea cardol ,anacardic acid, triglycerides, fatty hypoglycemic, antioxidant, 44 e acids, cholesterol, free fatty acids –palmitic antitumor, antiophidian, , Leaf Common name- oleic acids, phenolic resin, anacardic acid, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac , Gum as Cashew urushiol, anacardicacids, lipopolysaccharide, tablet binder, and larvicidal [93]. PAGE | 146 |

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volatiles, , and ascorbic acid. Carbohydrate, fats, fiber, flavanoids, tannins, alkaloids, minerals, isorhamnetin, quercetin, Diuretic, digestive, anthelminthic, Areca catechu , 5,7,4’-trihydroxy- astringent, 3’,5’dimethoxyflavanone, catechin, Flower, 45 Arecaceae Cardiotonic, antidepressant , and Common name- , ferulic acid, vanillic acid, 5,8- Leaves anti-rodents [94,95]. areca palm epidioxiergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol,stigmasta-

4-en-3-one, beta-sitosterol, , de- o-methyllasiodiplodin. Antihyperglycemic ,antimicrobial, 1,8-cineole alpha and beta-thujone, antioxidant, antispasmodic, oxygenated monoterpenes; terpinen-4-ol, Artemisia herba- antivenom, nematicidal, camphor, borneol, Davanone, alba-asso anthelmintic, antileishmanial, chrysanthenone,cis-chrysanthenol, Aerial 46 Asteraceae neurological agent, pesticidal , alcohols; santolina alcohol and Parts Common name- antibiotic resistant inhibitor yomogialcohol, Eudesmanolide, Worm wood activities, analgesic, antipyretic , germacranolide sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, antiinflammatory, antimalarial, and hispidulin and cirsiliol. potential relaxant [96]. Bauhinia rectusa Steroids, triterpenoids, fatty alcohol, acid and ester, glycerols, flavonoids, phenols, Used to treat cholera, used in 47 Acanthaceae Bark, Leaf Common name- chromone, sugar, 6′-(β-sitosteryl-3-O-β- snakebite, and as diuretic [97]. Semla glucopyranosidyl, and tetraeicosanoate. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, Astragalin, bauhinoside, beta-sitosterol, hypocholesterolemic, diuretic, Bauhinia forficate flavonols, flavonoids, glycosides, guanidine, hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory, Leguminosae 48 heteroglycosides, kaempferitrin, organic analgesic, antiulcer, anxiolytic, Leaf Common name- acids, quercitrosides, rhamnose, and hepatoprotective, hypotensive, and Brazilian orchid tree saponins. antiproliferative against human tumoral cells [98, 99]. Antitumor, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic, Bidens pilosa L Aliphatics, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, Whole 49 Asteraceae phenylpropanoids, aromatics, porphyrins antimalarial,antibacterial, Common name- plant [100]. antifungal, antihypertensive, Spanish needle vasodilator, and antiulcerative activities [101]. Glycerides of oleic, stearic and brassic acids, Brassica nigra L glucose, myrosin, allyl isothiocyanate, Antirheumatic, appetizer, digestive, potassium hydrogen sulphate, 50 Brassicaceae diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, and Seed Common name- sinigrinsinapine, sulphocyanate, and stimulant. Black mustard glucosinols [80].

Anthraquinone glycosides, sennosides A & B, rhein and its glucoside, barbaloin, aloin, Hepatoprotective, formic acid, butyric acid, ethyl esters, oxalic antiinflammatory, antitussive, acid, pectin and tannin, galactomannan free Cassia fistula antifungal, antibacterial [102], 51 sugars, free amino acids, ceryl alcohol, Leguminosea antioxident, hypoglycemic, kaempferol, bianthraquinone glycoside, Bark Common name- e antiviral, laxative, estrogenic, fistulin, rhein, its glycosides-sennosides A & Tinnevelly senna antitumor, analgesic, vermifuge, B, albuminous starch, oxalate of calcium astringent, and purgative. volatile oils, gum, astringent matter, gluten,

phlobaphenes,oxyanthraquinone, and fistulic acid[102]. PAGE | 147 |

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Antiamoebic, antianemic, Bridelia ndellensis antibacterial, anticonvulsant, Gallocatechin-(4′-O-7)-epigallocatechin, beille antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, Aerial Phyllanthacea quercetin, myricetin glycosides, bridelone, 52 antihelmintic, antiinflammatory, Parts, e bridelonine, and isoflavone[103]. Common name- NA antimalarial, antinociceptive, and Seed antiviral[103].

n-pentacosane, n-triacontane, n-triacontanol, 2-carboxy-1, 1-dimethylpyrrolodine, 6-(1- hydroxy-non-3-enyl) tetrahydropyran-2-one, Sedative ,depressant, ß-sitosterol, ß-carotene, ascorbic acid, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, Capparis deciduas glucosinolates, indole bases capparin, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, Aerial 53 Capparaceae capparilin, capparinin l-stachydrine, antihypertensive, Common name- parts capparidisine, capparisin, pentacosane, n- antihyperlipidemic,antioxidant, Caper berry triacontanol, β-sitosterol, isorhamnetin, antidiabetic, and arabinose, galactose, alanine, carotenes, antihemolytic[105]. polyphenols, capparisesterpenolide, decidua terpenolides A, B, C, D and E[104]. Vomitive, anticancer, purgative, Catharanthus vermifuge, depurative, hemostatic, Carbohydrate, flavinoid, saponin, and roseus antibacterial, antifungal and alkaloids (alkaloids like actineoplastidemeric, antiviral, hypoglycemic, 54 Apocynaceae Vinblastin, Vincrestine, Vindesine, Vindeline, Leaves Common name- antidiabetic,cytochrome P450 Tabersonin, ajmalicine, vinceine, vineamine, Madagascar inhibition, wound healing, raubasin, reserpine, catharanthine)[106]. periwinkle antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anthelmintic, and antiulcer[106]. Chamaemelumnobil Pre- e (L) All Aliphatic esters, Terpenic alcohol anesthetic,antiinflammatory,paraciti 55 Asteraceae (Pinocarveol, farnesol), Terpeniccetones Flower cidal (lambias, ankylostomes), and Common name- (Pinocarvone), and Chamazulene. hypoglycemic. Chamomile Antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anticandidal, antibacterial, Citrullus colocynthis antioxidant, antiinflammatory, Colocynthin, colocynthein, colocynthetin, analgesic, antiproliferative, 56 Cucurbitaceae pectin gum, fixed oils, and albuminiods[107]. Flower Common name- hypolipidemic, anti-alopecia, Bitter apple antioxidant, larvicidal, growth inhibitory activity on breast cancer cells, and antifertility [107]. Aromatic essential oils, Carbazolealkaloids, coumarins, phenylpropanoids named clausamines,estragole, (E)-, methyl chavicol, (E)-foeniculin, β-pinene, sabinene, (Z)-β-ocimene, germacrene B, (E)-β- Clausena anisata ocimene, terpinen-4-ol, (Z)-tagetenone, (E)- Hypotension, anthelmintic, (Willd) Benth tagetenone, (E)-nerolidol, germacrene D, antiseptic, analgesic, and snake- Root 57 Rutaceae methyl chavicol, myrcene, limonene, β- bite antidote. Common name - caryophyllene, 3-carene, β-humulene, Perdepis coumarins of the furanocoumarin type - imperatorin, isoimperatorin, oxypeucedanine, bergaptene, xanthotoxin, xanthotoxol and chalepin, geranylcoumarin (anisocoumarin A–I), furanocoumarin-lactone type PAGE | 148 |

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(indicolactone, anisolactone), the tetranortriterpenoidslimonin, zapoterin, clausenolide, carbazole alkaloids furanoclausamine A and B, clausamine B, C, D and E, mukonal, glycosinine, mukonidine and clausine F, the pyranocarbazole alkaloid mupamine, β-pinene, sabinene, germacrene- D, estragole and linalool. Essential oil composed of coriandrol (linalool), cymene, pinene, limonene, phellandrene, geraniol and borneol, malic, oxalic and tannic acids, 1,8-cineole, ß- Antidiarrhoeal, antihalitosis, caryophyllene, citronellol, , linalyl appetizer, aromatic, carminative, acetate, geranyl acetate, caryophyllene Coriandrum expectorant, narcotic, stimulant, oxide, elemol, methylheptenone, flavonoids, sativum L stomachic, depurative, diuretic, coumarins, phthalides and phenolic acids, 58 Apiaceae antipyretic,laxative, antihelmintic, Seed fixed oil, fatty matter, mucilage, tannin, malic Common name- refrigerant, antiinflammatory, acid, umbellifferone and scopoletin, Coriander antirheumatic, and quercetin-3-O-caffeyl, kaempferol-3- antiscorbutic[108]. glucosides and ß-sitosterol, chlorogenic,

caffeic acids, quercetin, rutin, triacontane, triacontanol, ß-sitosterol, tricosanol, psoralen, angelicincoriandrinol (ß-sitosterol glucoside). Cryptostegia grandiflora Tanins, flavonoides, coumarins, steroids, and Aperient, diuretic, emetic, Asclepiadace Aerial 59 triterpens[109]. emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, ae Parts Common name- and tonic[110,111]. Rubber vine Essential Oil,aroma compounds are cuminaldehyde (a promising agent against Cuminum nigrum alpha-synuclein aggregation),cuminic Antidiabetic, immunologic,

alcohol, substituted pyrazines, 2-ethoxy-3- antiepileptic, antitumour, 60 Common name- Umbelliferae Seed isopropylpyrazine, 2-methoxy-3-sec- antimicrobial, antioxidant[113], Zeera butylpyrazine, and 2-methoxy-3- and antifungal[114].

methylpyrazine, γ terpinene, safranal, p- cymene, and β-pinene[112]. Antidiabetic effect ,antiulcer, Cyamopsiste cytoprotective, anticholinergic, tragonoloba (L) hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, Quinone, phenol, steroids, flavanoids, Taubert anticoagulant, hemolytic, 61 Papilionaceae caradiac glycosides ,, tannin, Pods antimicrobial, saponin, and steroids.[115] Common name- antiasthmatic, and anti- Guar inflammatory[116].

Palmitic acid, beta-sitosterol, oleic acid, beta- Dioscorea japonica sitosterol acetate, 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural, Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory 62 Discoreaceae nonanedioic acid, beta-daucosterol, cyclo- Tubers Common name- [118]. (Phe-Tyr), cyclo-(Tyr-Tyr), 6-methyl citrate, 1, Glutinous Yam 5-dimethyl citrate, and trimethyl citrate [117]. Elephantopus Germancranolide, elephantopin and two Antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, Root and 63 scaber Asteraceae Quinic acid esters (4,5-dicaffeoyl Quinic acid antioxidant, antidiabetic, Leaves and 3,5- dicaffeoyl Quinic acid)107, antiinflammatory, analgesic, PAGE | 149 |

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Common name- Epifriedelinol, lupeol, stigmasterol, mixture of antiasthamatic, antiplatelet, and Elephant’s Foot. triacontan-1-o1, dotriacontan-1-o1, wound healing [119]. sesquiterpenedilactone- isodeoxyelephantopin, Sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids and essential oil [119]. Antidiabetic, antioxidants, Eucalyptus globules insecticidal, anthelmintic, wound Sterols, esters, fatty acids, steroid healing, antibacterial, antifungal, Dried Common name- ketones, hydrocarbons, triglycerides, fatty 64 Myrtaceae antiplaque, antitumor, antiviral, fruits and Tasmanian Blue alcohol, mono&diglycerides, waxes, and antihistaminic, antiinflammatory, leaves Gum tocopherols [120]. antimalarial, nerve bloker, and

larvicidal [120]. Flavonoids, , tannins121, sterols Antiinflammatory, analgesic, Euphorbia prostrate β-amyrine acetate, β-sitosterol, , antioxidant, haemostatic,

stigmasterol and cholesterol, alcohol antithrombotic,vasoprotective Euphorbiacea Aerial 65 β-terpineol, , , 1,2,3-tri-O- [121], wound healing, Common name- e parts galloyl-D-glucose, , various amino antihemorrhoidal, antiviral, anti- Prostrate sandmat acids, myricylic alcohol, two triterpenes, allergic, antiplatelet, and

taraxerol, and tirucallol. antitumour. Ficus glomerata Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, Cycloar-tenol, euphorbol, hexacosanate, hypoglycaemic, antiinflammatory, triacetate, taraxerone, tetratriterpene, 66 Common name- Moraceae immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, Leaf glauanolacetate, racemosic acid, glau-, Indian Fig Tree analgesic, antiulcer, antidiarrheal, glucose, and hentriacontane [122]. (Gular) and anti-HIV [122]. Refrigerant, astringent, acrid, Ficustriol, O-methyltylophorinidine, tannins, antidysenteric, antiinflammatory, Ficus hispida Linn. saponin, glycosides, bergapten, psoralen, β- depurative, vulnerary, haemostatic,

67 Moraceae amyrin, β-sitosterol, protein, ascorbic acid, galactagogue, Bark Common name- carbohydrates, minerals, 10-keto- hepatoprotective123,124, Devil fig tetracosylarachidate, and hydrocarbons [80]. antidiarrhoeal [125], anticancer [126], and anticoagulate [127]. Analgesic properties [129], Fraxinus excelsior L antimicrobial, antioxidative, Hydroxycoumarins, secoiridoid, glucosides, photodynamic damage prevention, 68 Oleaceae Seed Common name- phenylethanoids, and flavonoids [128]. wound healing, antiinflammatory, Ash immunomodulatory, and antiviral [l30]. Alkaloids, , anthraquinols, Antiinflammatory, antifever, pain- Morinda lucida Oruwalol, Oruwal, tannins, flavonoids, reducing, antimalarial,

69 Rubiaceae saponosides, oruwacin, Ursolic, oleanolic trypanocidal, antifungal, Stem bark Common name- acids, digitolutein, rubiadin 1-methyl ether, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, and Brimstone tree and damnacanthal [131]. antibacterial [131]. Morus alba Isobavachalcone, , norartocarpetin, Antibacterial, astringent, Tender 70 Moraceae albanin A, guangsangon E, mulberrofuran F, diaphoretic, hypoglycemic, Common name- leaf chalcomoracin, and kuwanon J[131]. odontalgic, and ophthalmic [132]. White Mulberry Antidiabetic, aphrodisiac, Mucuna pruriens Alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, antineoplastic, antiepileptic, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, calcium, Leguminosea antimicrobial, learning and memory 71 Common name- phosphorus, potassium, polyphenolic Seed e enhancement, antivenom, Cowitch substances, protease inhibitor, phytic acid, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, and L-dopa [133]. antifungal, antioxidant, PAGE | 150 |

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hypotensive, hypocholesterolemic, hypothermic, and antiparkinsonian [133].

Tannins, saponins, reducing and non reducing sugars, sterols, triterpenes, anthocyanin, carbohydrates, amino acids, sugar,starch, cellulose, hemicelluloses, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, Hepatoprotective, hair growth methionine, tryptophan, bicyclic diaryl promoter, diuretic, analgesic, Musa paradisiacal heptanoid rel (3S-4Ar,10Br)-8-hydroxy-3-(4- antiulcer, wound healing, Flower, 72 Musaceae hydroxy phenyl)-9-methoxy-4a,5,6,10b- antioxidant, hypoglycemic, Common name- Fruit tetrahydro-3H naphtho (2,1-b) pyran, antiurolithiatic, mutagenic, Plantain (banana) 1,2 dihydro 1,2,3 trihydroxy-9-(4-methoxy haemostatic, and antidiabetic phenyl) phenalene, hydroxy anigorufone, 2- activity [134]. (4-hydroxy phenyl) naphthalic anhydride, 1,7 bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) hepta-4(E), 6 (E)- diene-3-one, acyl steryl glycosides, α-glucan phosphorylase [134]. Nigellicine, nigellidine, nigellimine, N-oxide, Carminative, aromatic, stimulant, thymoquinone, di-thymoquinone, diuretic, anthelmitic, galactagogue, Nigella sativa L thymohydroquinone, nigellone, thymol, diaphoretic, Ranunculacea arvacrol, oxy-coumarin, 6-methoxy- 73 antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, Seed Common name- e coumarin,7-hydroxy-coumarin, alpha-hedrin, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, Black cumin steryl-glucoside, flavinoids, tannins, essential antifertility, antioxytocic, fatty acids,essential amino acids, ascorbic cytotoxic, and analgesic [136]. acid,terpines, iron and calcium [135]. Aphrodisiac, antioxidant, Nymphaea stellata Phenols, , tannins, protein, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, Nymphaeacea Flower, 74 glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids antihepatotoxic,antioxidant, anti Common name- e leaf [137]. microbial, cytotoxic, and Water lilies scavenging activity [137]. Flavonoids, flavone glycosides, flavanones, , iridane glycosides, secoiridoids, secoiridoid glycosides, triterpenes, Antioxidant, antidiabetic, Olea europaea biophenols , benzoic acid derivatives, xylitol, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, sterols, isochromans, sugars, phenolic 75 Oleaceae antiinflamatory, gastroprotective, Leaves Common name- compounds, flavonoids, secoiridoids, enzyme inhibition, and Olive secoiridoid glycosides, Lignans, neuroprotective [138]. derivatives , Galactolipids, triacylglycerols, and fatty acids [138]. Stimulant, expectorant, Origanum vulgare L. antibacterial, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, Alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, sterols, 76 Common name- Lamiaceae laxative, antiurolithic, Leaf , tannins, and flavonoids [139]. Wild marjoram. antispasmodic, diuretic, and pain relieving activity [139].

Panax ginseng Anticarcinogenic, Triterpene glycosides, or saponins, amino immunomodulatory, Berry, 77 Araliaceae acids, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, Common name- antiinflammatory, antiallergic, stem, leaf. polypeptides, vitamins B1 and B2 [140]. Ginseng antiatherosclerotic, PAGE | 151 |

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antihypertensive, antidiabetic ,antistress , adaptogenic, pain- relieving effects, antitumor, enhanced liver function, anti fatigue, antioxidative, and anti- aging effects [140]. Antihyperglycemic, Flavanoids, fatty acids, Karangin, sterols, antilipidperoxidative, antioxidants, sterol derivetives, disaccharides, olic acid, antihyperammonemic, antifungl, Pongamia pinnata stearic acid, palmitic acid, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, Leguminosea Hiragonic,octadecatrienoic acid, pongamol, antiviral, antifilarial, antidiarrheal, Pods, 78 Common name- e pongagalabrone pongapin, pinnatin, kanjone, antimotility, antisecretory, flower Karanj metabolites: beta-sitosteryl acetate, antimicrobial, nootropic, galactoside, stigma sterol, galactoside, and antinociceptive, protective effect sucrose [141]. against nephrotoxicity, antioxidant, and ulceroprotective activity [141]. Antifungal, insectisidal, Cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin, prunasin Prunus persica antibacterial [143], glycerides, sterols, emulsion, antiinflammatory, antitumor, Acetophenone 6-hydroxy 4-methoxy 2-O-β- 79 Common name- Rosaceae antihyperglycemic, protecting Flowers D-glucopyranoside, Crysophenol 8-O-β-D- Peach against ultraviolet-induced DNA glactopyranoside, β-Sitosterol, and damage, anticancer, purgative, and Querceitin [142]. diuretic [144]. Immunostimulant, cardiotonic, Radix astragali seu hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, hedysari Flavonoids, saponins, polysaccharides, antiviral, hypotensive, antiageing, 80 Leguminosae amino acids, various trace elements, Root antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and Common name- benzofurans, organic acids, and lignans. analgesic [145]. Astragalus.

Radix clematidis Antimicrobial, antidiabetic, Saponins, prosapogenins, protoanemonin 81 Common name- Chinensis induction of labor [146], Root [146]. Root of Chinese antidiuretic, and analgesic [147]. Clematis Antitumor, antivirus, Radix Trichosanthis Saponins, polysaccharide, amino acid, immunomodulatory, abortifacient,

82 Cucurbitaceae protein, flavonoids, steroid or triterpenoid antiinflammatory, molluscicidal, Root Common name- aglycone (sapogenin) [148]. antimicrobial, antispasmodic, Trichosanthes root antidiabetic, and antioxidant [148]. Stigmast-4-en-3-one, cycloartenol, 5alpha, Rhizoma Pinelliae Cytotoxic, anti-tumor, antiemetic, 8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol, beta- insecticidal, antitussive, 83 Areaceae sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside-6'- Rhizome Common name- antimicrobial, and anticonvulsant eicosanate, alpha-monpalmitin, and beta- Pinellia Tuber [150]. sitosterol [149]. Semen Cuscutae Alkaloids, anthraquinone, coumarin, Convolvulace Antiaging, anticancer, antibacterial, 84 flavones, glycoside sterols, terpene, tannic Seed Common name- ae and deficient kidneys effect. acid , sterols, and amino acid. Cuscuta seed Semen litchi P-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, protocatechuic Antidiabetic, blood lipid modulation, acid, daucosterol, kaempferol-3-O-β-D- antioxidant, antivirus, antitumor, 85 Sapindaceae Seed Common name -- glucopyranoside, enol compounds, anti-liver injury, and enhancing litchi see flavonoids, and total saponins [151]. insulin sensitivity activities [151]. 86 Suaeda fruticosa Chenopodiace Alkaloids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids Antibacterial, antifungal, laxative, Aerial PAGE | 152 |

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(SF) Euras ae [152]. diuretic, antiemetic, parts hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial Common name -- [152]. Shrubby Seablite Vitamin C, fixed oil, phosphatides, essential oil, free sugars: D-glucose, D-fructose, D- myo-inositol. pectin with D-galacturonic acid, D-arabinosyl, D- rhamnosyl, D-xylosyl, D- Emblica officinalis Aperient, antibacterial, antifungal, glucosyl, D-mannosyl and D- galactosyl Fruit, Euphorbiacea antiviral, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, 87 residues, fatty acids: linolenic, linoleic, oleic, Leaves, Common name – e chelating agent, diuretic, and stearic, palmitic. myristic, quercetin, Seed Amla antidiabetic [153]. phyllaemblic compounds, gallic acid, tannins: Emblicanin A and Emblicanin B, flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and leucodelphinidin [153]. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, Curzerene, γ-elemene, Myrcene, Limonene, Linalool, (Z)-3-Hexenyl butyrate, Cuminaldehyde, δ-Elemene, α- Eugenia uniflora Cubebene, Sativene, (E)-Caryophyllene, Antihypertensive [155], antidiabetic trans-α-Bergamotene, Aromadendrene, α- [156], 88 Common name - Myrtaceae Humulene, Alloaromadendrene, β- Antitumor [157], analgesic [158], Leaves Pitanga fruits, Chamigrene, Germacrene D, β-Selinene, antiviral, antifungal [159], Brazilian cherry tree Curzerene, γ-Cadinene, δ-Cadinene, Selina- antiinflammatory properties [160]. 3,7-(11)-diene, Germacrene B, Spathulenol, Caryophyllene oxide, Globulol Viridiflorol, trans-β-Elemenone, Atractilona, Eudesm- 7(11)-en-4-ol, andtrans-β-elemenone154. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-genotoxic, antiinflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, cardioprotective, Eugenia jambolana anti-allergic, anticancer, Flavonoids, terpenes, and anthocyanins, Seed 89 Myrtaceae chemopreventive, radioprotective, Common name – carbohydrates, and minerals. free radical scavenging, Black plum antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic, and antidiabetic effects [161]. Euonymus alatus 2,3-dihydroxypropanyl hentetracosanate and 90 Common name - Celastraceae neozeaxanthin A [162]. Antioxidants [163]. Stem Winged Spindle Tree) Fructus coini Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid [75]. Fruit pulp 91 Cornaceae Antidiabetic activity [75].

Common name - NA Fumaria parviflora Isoquinoline alkaloids: protropine, cryptopine, Antiscabies, antiscorbite, Common name - sinactine, stylopine, bicu-culine, adlumine, antibronchite, diuretic, expectorant, Aerial fumitory, earth parfumine, fumariline, fumaro-phycine, 92 Fumariaceae antipyretic, diaphoretic, appetizer parts smoke, beggary, fumaritine, dihydro-fumariline, per-fumidine and antineoplastic, and fumus, vapor, and dihydrosanguirine [164]. hepatoprotective effects [164]. fumittery or wax dolls PAGE | 153 |

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Leaves Galega officinalis Saponin, tannins, glycoside, alkaloid, Diuretic, platelet aggregation, anti- and

93 Fabaceae flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, phenol, resin, bacterial, and anti-diabetic effect flowering Common name - terpens and steroids [165]. [166]. top Galega Purgative, antiparasitic, Biflavonoids, xanthones, kolanone, antimicrobial, antiviral, Garcinia kola ameakoflavone, 24methylenecyclartenol, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, Seed 94 Clusiaceae coumarine and prenylate benzophenones. antioxidant, hepatoprotective, Common name – Others include oleoresin , the chromanols, antiulcer, antidiabetic, Bitter kola garcioic and garcinal [167]. antihypertensive, and analgesic [168]. Proteins: globulins, 11S glycinin and 7S β -conglycinin, hemagglutinin, trypsin inhibitors, α -amylase and lipoxygenases. Oil: triglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and α -linolenic acid. Phospholipids, collectively called lecithin, as well as phytosterols, and tocopherols. Glycine max Estrogenic, hypocholesterolemic, Carbohydrates, Vitamins and minerals: α - anti-carcinogenic, Seed 95 Leguminosae tocopherol, β -tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ Common name - immunostimulator, antiatherogenic, –tocopherol. Isoflavones, flavones, flavonols, Soyabean and antioxidant [169]. aurones, red and blue anthocynin pigments, chalcones, Phytosterols: β -sitosterol, campesterol andstigmasterol. Phospholipids: phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidic acid. soy saponins, ferritin [169]. Polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides and reducing sugars, pregnan ester glycosides, namely (17β)-marsdenin-12-O-acetate 3-O- Gongronema [6-deoxy-3-O-methyl- β-D-allopyranosyl- latifolium Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, Asclepidacea (1→4)-β-D-canaropyranoside (7) and 3-O-[β- Leaves 96 antioxidative [171], antidiarrheal, e D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl- Common name - and anti-tussive [172]. β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D- utazi canaropyranosyl-11,12-di-O-tigloyl- 17β- marsdenin, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins [170]. Antioxidant, -like activity, Herbaepimedii Lignans, flavonoids-epimedin A, B, C and osteoprotective, anticancer, Branches Berberidacea icariin, flavonol glycosides, terpene immunological effects, and 97 Common name – e glycosides and phenolic carboxylic acids antidepressant, cardiovascular leaves Horny goat weed [173]. effects, and neurological effects [173]. β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, taraxeryl acetate, Aphrodisiac, emollient, aperient, cyclopropane compounds and their antifertility, anticomplementary, Hibiscus derivatives, cyanidindiglucoside, flavonoids anti-diarrhetic, anti-phologistic, rosasinensis Leaves, and vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and anti-spermatogenic, androgenic, 98 Malvaceae flowers ascorbic acid, Quercetin-3-diglucoside, 3,7- anti- tumour, antioxidant, Common name – diglucoside, cyanidin- 3,5-diglucoside and anticonvulsant, oral contraceptive, China rose cyanidin-3-sophoroside-5- glucoside, laxative, antimplantation, kaempferol-3- xylosylglucoside [174]. abortifacient, anti-tumour and PAGE | 154 |

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anticonvulsant [174]. Volatile oils, resins, tannins, flavones (rutin, Humulus lupulus quercetin), chalcone (xantohumol), Antimicrobial, stimulative, sedative, Cannabinacea Strobiles 99 flavanones (izoxantohumol), choline, general tonic, and Common name – e asparagine, trimethylamine, and p- cavity‐preventive activity [175]. hop plant aminobenzoic acid. Hypoxis Radix Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Pentenyne glycoside hypoxoside176, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, Corm 100 Hypoxidaceae cytokininszeatin, zeatinriboside and Common name – anticonvulsant, and and zeatinglucoside [177]. African potato antidiabetic [178]. Sesquiterpene lactones, Alantolactone Inula racemosa (ALT), isoalantolactone (IALT), Anti-hyperglycemic, cardiac Dihydroalantolactone, activity, anti-dermatophytic, Root 101 Common name – Asteraceae dihydroisoalantolactone, inunolide, B- hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, Indian elecampane setosterol, D-mannitol, dihydroxinunolide, anti-fungal, and antibacterial [180]. neo-alantalactone, in-unolise, and alantodiene [179]. Ipomoea Batatas Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, Convolvulace steroids, phenol, anthraquinone, Leaves 102 Hypoglycemic effect [181]. Common name – ae Phlobatannin, Glycosides and terpenoids sweet potato [181]. Antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal nematicidal, Oleanonic acid, 22β-acetoxylantic acid and immunosuppressive, anti-tumor, Lantana camara 22β- dimethylacryloyloxylantanolic acid, anti-fertility, antifilarial, diterpenoids and rich in essential oils. antiurolithiatic, antimotility, Fruits 103 Verbenaceae Common name - Monoterpenes, triterpenes, flavones antiulcerogenic, anti-mutagenic, Lantana coumarin, steroids, and iridoid glycosides wound healing, antiinflammatory, [182]. hemolytic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anticancer and antiproliferative activity [182]. Lawsone, 2- hydroxy-1:4 napthaquinone, Analgesic, hypoglycemic, gallic acid, glucose, mannitol, fats, resin, hepatoprotective, mucilage and traces of an alkaloid, immunostimulant, anti- Lawsonia inermis hennatannic acid and an olive oil green resin, inflammatory, antibacterial, Leaves 104 Lythraceae essential oil, α- and β- ionones, proteins, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, Common name – carbohydrates, fibers , fatty oils composed of antiparasitic, antitrypanosomal, Henna behenic acid, arachidic acid, stearic acid, antidermatophytic, antioxidant, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid antifertility, tuberculostatic, and [183]. anticancer [183]. Alkaloids such as lepidine, glucotropaeolin, N,N’-dibenzyl urea, N,N’-dibenzylthiourea, sinapic acid and its choline ester (sinapin); carotene, cellulose, calcium, phosphorus, Chemoprotective effects, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, uric acid. antidiabetic, antihypertensive, Lepidium sativum Seed oil known to contain palmitic, stearic, fracture healing property ,diuretic,

105 Brassicaceae oleic, linoleic, arachidic, behenic, lignoceric hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, Seed Common name – acids, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl cyanide, antioxidant, hypercholesterolemic, Garden cress sterol and sitosterol, proteins, fat, laxative, nephroprotective, and carbohydrates, minerals – calcium and pesticidal [184]. phosphorus, trace elements such as iron, nickel, cobalt and iodine, also contains various vitamins such as vitamin A, thiamine, PAGE | 155 |

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riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid, stigmast- 5-en-3β, 27-diol- 27-benzoate, glucotropoeolin, 4-methoxy glucobrassicin, sinapine, sinapic acid, calmodulin, sinapoyglucose, esters of caffeic, p- coumaric, ferulic, quinic acids, protein, minerals, vitamins, 5-4’-dihydroxy- 7,8,3’,5- tetramethoxyflavone, 5-3’-dihydroxy-7,8,4’- trimethoxyflavone, 5-3’- dihydroxy-6,7,4’- trimethoxyflavone [184]. Leucaena Abortifacient, cancer Lipids, crude protein and carbohydrates, leucocephala chemopreventive, anti-proliferative, tannin and oxalic acid , oil, and mimosine Seed 106 Leguminosae anthelmintic, antidiabetic and [185]. Common name - antibacterial [185].

kubabul Steroidal glycorides, tentatively named glycoside I, II, III and IV or beta.-sitosterol (major) and stigmasterol (minor)-.beta.-D- glucopyranoside (glycoside I), 25(S)- ruscogenin 1-O-.beta.-D-fucopyranosido-3- Lirio pespicata O-.alpha.-L-rhamnopyrannoside (glycoside Root 107 Liliaceae II), 25(S)-ruscogenin 1-O-.alpha.-L- Antidiabetic [187]. Common name - NA rhamnopyranosyl (1 .fwdarw. 2)-.beta.-D- xylopyranoside (glycoside III) and 25(S)- ruscogenin 1-O-[.alpha.-L- rhamnopyranosyl(1.fwdarw.2)][.beta.-D- xylopyra-nosyl(1.fwdarw.3)]-.beta.-D- fucopyranoside (glycoside IV) [186]. Lithospermum erythrorhizon Lithospermumerythrorhizon, Lithosperman Antibacterial, wound healing, anti- Seed 108 Boraginaceae A,B & C [75]. inflammatory, antithrombotic, and Common name - NA antitumor effects [188].

Protein , lipids, fatty acids, ash, fibre, amino lupinus albus acids, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, Hypoglycemic, antibacterial, and Seed 109 leguminosae zinc, iron, copper and manganese, Common name - anti-parasitic [189]. antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, lupin thiamin, riboflavin and niacin [189], Flavon C-glycosides (vitexin, isovitexin, Lythrum salicaria orientin and isoorientin), anthocyanins, Stems vescalagin, , vanoleic acid Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and and 110 Lythraceae Common name – dilactone, 1,6-di-O-galloylglucose, 1-O- hypoglycaemic [190]. flowers Loosestrife galloylglucose and 6-O-galloylglucose and β- sitosterol, and tannin [190]. Vitamins (A, B6, C, D, E and K), carotenoids, essential elements (potassium and copper), Analgesic, antiinflammatory, Leaves, Mangifera indica amino acids antioxidants, carotenoids, immunostimulant, antioxidant, Stem Anacardiacea polyphenols, omega-3 and omega-6 spasmolytic, antidiarrheal, 111 Barks, Common name – e polyunsaturated fatty acids, provitamin A, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and Seed mango tree carotene (a and b), lutein (3), polyphenols antiamebic, anthelminthic,

(quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic antiallergic, and antibacterial [192]. acid, catechins, tannins and mangiferin [191]. 112 Momordica Vit-E, fatty acids, carbohydrates, flavonoidal Antioxidant, anti-microbial, and Fruits, PAGE | 156 |

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cochinchinensis glycosides [193]. antidiabetic [193]. seeds, and Common name – leaves Gac Carotenoids: lutein, α-tocopherol, carotene, β-carotene, Carbazole alkaloids: 8, 10’- {3,3’,11, 11’-tetrahydro-9,9’ dihydroxy- 3,3’,5, 8’-tetra methyl –3,3’-bis (4-methyl-3- pentenyl)}bispyrano (3,2 a) carbazole (a dimericcarbazole alkaloid), koenimbine, O- methyl murrayamine, O- methyl mahanine, isomahanine and bismahanine and bispyrayafoline, glycozoline, 1-formyl –3 methoxy- 6-methyl carbazole and 6, 7- dimethoxy- 1- hydroxy- 3-methyl carbazole, Koenigine, koenine, koenidine and (-) mahanine, mahanimbine, isomahanimbine, koenimbidine and murrayacine,Isomahanimbicine, Euchrestine B, mahanine, mahanimbicine, mahanimbine, bismurrayafoline E, mahanimbicine, Antioxidant and free radical- bicyclomahanimbicine, cyclomahanimbine, scavenging activity, activity, bicyclomahanimbine, mahanimbidine, activity, antimicrobial and anti- mukonicine, 8, 8”- biskoenigine, new binary fungal activity, pancreatic lipase carbazole alkaloid along with its monomer inhibitory effect, effect on dental koenigine, koenigine- quinone A and caries, anticancer activity, Murraya koenigii koeniginequinone B, structures were antiinflammatory,

established as 7- methoxy- 3 methyl immunomodulatory, 113 Common name – Rutaceae Leaves carbazole- 1,4- quinone and 6, 7-dimethoxy- cardioprotective, antiosteoporotic, curry leaf or 3-methyl carbazole-1, 4- quinone, 9- antiobesity and antihyperlipidemic karipatta carbethoxy-3-methyl carbazole and 9- formyl activities, antiamnesic and wound- –3- methyl carbazole, Me- 2- healing activity, kidney protective methoxycarbazole –3- carboxylate and 1- activity, antipyretic, antiulcer, hydroxy –3- methyl carbazole, antitrichomonal, antidiarrheal, Murrayazolinol (a minor carbazole alkaloid), anthelmintic, and cosmetic use mahanimbinol, murrayazolidine, [194]. murrayacinine, mukonidine, murrayazolinine, murrayanine, girinimibine and mahanimbine, girinimbinol and mahanimbilol, Mahanimbine,koenimbine, sesquiterpenes, b-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, a- cadinol, caryophyllene epoxide, b-selinene, humulene, apinene, sabinene, ß-pinene, ß- caryophyllene, limonene, bornyl acetate,terpinen-4-ol, g-terpinene and a- humulene,monoterpenoids, β-caryophyllene, β-phellendrene, α- pinene, β-elemene and β thujen, α- caryopyllene, cardinene, selinene, linalool, trans ocimen, gujunene, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, β- caryophyllene, (E)- β-Ocimene and linalool [194]. 114 Nelumbo nucifera Nymphaeacea Dauricine, L. iensinine, Isoliensinine , Cardiovascular activity, Rhizome PAGE | 157 |

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e lotusine, Neferine, Nuciferine, N- hypocholesterolemic, analgesic, Common name – Nornuciferine, O-Nornuciferine, anthelmintic, antiobesity, Indian lotus, Pronuciferine, Roemerine, Armepavine, hematopoietic, cosmetic agent, Chinese water lily Gallic acid, Procyanidin, Anonaine, D(–)-3’- antioxidant, diuretic, and sacred lotus bromo-O-methyl-armepavine, Coclaurine, psychopharmacological, Norcoclaurine, D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- antidiabetic, antipyretic, methoxy-1-(p-methoxybenzly)-2-methyl-7- antimicrobial, aphrodisiac, anti- isoquinolinol, Liriodenine, Dehydroemerine, fibrosis , anti-proliferative, Dehydronuciferine, Dehydroanonaine, immunomodulatory, and Nelumboside, Remerine, Quercetin-3-O-β-D- hepatoprotective [196]. glucuronide, N-methyl-coclaurine, N- methylisococlaurine, Kaempferol 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, Kaempferol 7-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-β-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1,6)- β-D- glucopyranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-β-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →2)- β-D- glucopyranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-β-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →2)- β-D- glucuronopyranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-α-D- glucuronopyranoside[195].

Protein, pentosan, mucilage, tannins, Astragalin, corilagin, gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester, isokaempferide, kaempferol, Antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic, quercetin-3-methyl ether, quercetin, 2,3,4,6- cholinergic, analgesic anti- Nymphaea nouchali tetra-o-galloyl dextroglucose, and 3-o- inflammatory, antimicrobial, Leaves 115 Nympheaceae methylquercetin-3’-o-beta antibacterial, antifungal, Common name – dextroxylopyranoside , crude protein-16.8, antiprotozoal, antiviral, and diuretic Indian blue water lily ash-, crude fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen free [197]. extract, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, Apomorphine, nuciferine, and nornuciferine [197]. Opuntia Isorhamnetin-glucoside, kaempferol, luteolin, Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, sterptacanthas penduletin, piscidic acids, quercetrin, rutin, hypocholesterolemic, anti-ulcer,

116 Cactacceae. and β-sitosterol, galactose, arabinose, antioxidant, diuretic, Stems Common name – xylose, and rhamnose, biothiols, taurine, neuroprotective, antiviral, and Prickly Pear flavonols, tocopherols, and carotenoids. wound healing.

Combretum micranthum Combretacea Antipyretic, tonic, diuretic, Flavonoids, saponins, cyano-genetic and 117 Common name – e antidiarrheal and choleretic, anti- Leaves cardiac glycosides [198]. Combretumaltum viral and anti-inflammatory [199]. Perr

Dioscorea dumetorum Pax Dioscoreacea Alkaloid, dihydrodioscorine, dioscorine and Schistosomiasis, anaesthetic, and 118 Common name – e Tuber dumetorine, sapogenin, and diosgenin [200]. hypoglycaemic [200]. Bitter yam or cluster yam

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Anthocyanin - cyaniding-3-0-glucoside and Oryza sativa Antineurotic, antirheumatic, anti- peoxidin-3-0-glucoside, carbohydrates, allergic, antiplatelet, anti- Root 119 Poaceae protein, fat, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, Common name – inflammatory, antitumour and isoflavones, catechins, anthocyanidins and Rice antioxidant activities [201]. chalcones [201]. Panax quinquefolius Ginsenosides, polyacetylenes, alkaloids, Adaptogen, aphrodisiac, anti- polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, depressant, immunopotentiating, Root 120 Araliaceae Common name – oligopeptides, phenolic compounds, lipids, antineoplastic, and antiapoptotic American Ginseng vitamins, and minerals [202]. properties [202]. Paeonia lactiflora Paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, oxybenzoyl-paeoniflorin, Immunomodulatory, analgesic, Root 121 Common name – Paeoniaceae paeoniflorigenone, lactiflorin, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory common garden galloylpaeoniflorin, paeonin, paeonolide, and [203]. peony paeonol [203]. Phyllanthu Analgesic and as an aperitif, sfraternus Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, carminative, digestive, laxative, Euphorbiacea Leaves 122 Common name – saponin, carbohydrates, resins and phenols stomachic, tonic, and vermifuge e Bhumiamalki, [204]. [204]. Bhoiamli Vanillic acid, apocyanin (4'-hydroxy-3'- methoxy acetophenone), picroside- I:[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[[(1aS, 1bS,2S,5a R,6S, 6aS)-6- hydroxy-1a-(hydroxymethyl)- 2,5a,6,6a-tetrahydro-1bH- oxireno[5,6]cyclopenta [1,3-c]pyran-2-yl]oxy]- 3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2- yl] methyl (E)-3 phenylprop-2-enoat, picroside-II: [1a- (hydroxymethyl)-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,5a,6,6a- tetrahy dro-1bH- oxireno[5,6]cyclopenta[1,3- Anti-inflammatory, c]pyran-6-yl]4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoate, hepatoprotective, kutkoside: [1a,1b,2,5a,6,6a-Hexahydro-6- immunomodulatory, free radical hydroxy-1a-[[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy scavenging, gastric ulcer, anti- benzoyl)oxy] Picrorhiza kurrooa allergic and anti- anaphylactic, anti- methyl]oxireno[4,5]cyclopeanta[1,2-c]pyran]- Scrophulariac hepatitis-B surface antigen activity, 123 2- yl β-D-glucopyranoside (10 Rhizome Common name – eae antispasmodic, antitumor, antiviral, vanilloylcatalpol), picroside-III: Kutki purgative, antioxidant, anti- (1aS,1bS,2S,5aR,6S,6aS)-1a,1b,2,5a,6,6a- phosphodiesterase, neuritogenic, Hexahydro-6-hydroxy-1a- antidiabetic, antiasthmatic, (hydroxymethyl)oxireno[4,5]cyclopenta[1,2- cardioprotective, molluscicidal and c]pyran-2-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside 6- [(2E)- leishmanicidal activities [205]. 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2- propenoate], (2β,3β,9β,10α,16α, 20ϵ,24ϵ)- 20,24-epoxy-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)- 3,16, 25, 26-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19- norlanost-5-en-11-one, pikuroside: β-D- glucopyranoside, (3R,5S,5aS,6R,7S, 8R, 8aS)- hexahydro-8,8a-dihydroxy-7-[(4- hydroxy-3-methxy benzol) oxy]-3,6- methano-1H-cyclopenta[e] [1,3]dioxepin-5-yl, 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (9) 1-O,3-O,6-O- trigalloyl β-D-glucose (10) 1-O,2-O,3-O,4- PAGE | 159 |

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O,6-O-pentagalloyl-β-D-glucose (11) (52) isochebulic acid [205]. Poria cocos Anti-fungal, antibacterial, Sclerotiu antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti- m 124 Polyporaceae Triterpene and polysaccharide [206]. Common name – hypertonic, anti-inflammatory, anti- Indian bread angiogenic, and anti-cancer [207]. Vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, manganese, phosphoric, oxalic and malic acids, saponin combined with oleanolic acid. -3-O-α-L-lyxopyranoside and morin-3-O- α-L-arabopyranoside, flavonoids, guaijavarin, Quercetin. Essential oil contains hexanal, -2- hexenal , 2,4-hexadienal, 3-hexenal, 2- hexenal, 3- hexenyl acetate and phenol, while β-caryophyllene, nerolidol, 3- phenylpropyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, pentane-2-thiol, 3-penten-2-ol and 2-butenyl acetate, 3-hydroxy-2-butano3-methyl-1- butanol, 2,3- butanediol, 3-methylbutanoic acid, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 6- methyl-5-hepten-2- one, limonene, octanol, ethyl octanoate,α- pinene, β-pinene, limonene, , terpenyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, Antioxidant, anti-diabetic, longicyclene, caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, caryophyllene oxide, β-copanene, farnesene, antidiarrheal activity, Psidium guajava humulene, selinene, cardinene and spermatoprotective, antimutagenic, Leaves 125 Myrtaceae curcumene, mallic acids, nerolidiol, β- inotropic, spasmolytic, anti-cancer, Common name – sitosterol, ursolic, crategolic, and guayavolic analgesic, anti- inflammatory, Guava acids, cineol, quercetin, 3-L-4-4- immunomodulatory, arabinofuranoside (avicularin) and its 3-L-4- antiproliferative, and antipyretic pyranoside (Essential oil), resin, tannin, [208]. eugenol, caryophyllene (1a α-, 4a α-, 7 α-, 7a β-, 7b α- )]-decahydro-1H-cycloprop[e] azulene, Guajavolide (2 α-,3 β-,6 β-,23- tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28,20 β-olide; 1) and guavenoic acid (2 α-,3 β-,6 β-,23- tetrahydroxyurs-12,20(30)-dien-28-oic acid, triterpeneoleanolic acid, triterpenoids, flavinone-2 2’-ene, prenol, dihydrobenzophenanthridine and cryptonine,polyphenols, resin and crystals of calcium oxalate, Tannin, leukocyanidins, sterols, gallic acid, carbohydrates, salts, tannic acid, Proteins, starch, oils, phenolic, flavonoid compounds, flavonol glycoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-(2"-O- galloyglucoside)-4'- O-vinylpropionate [208]. (including Punica granatum ), punicic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, estrogenic Antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and 126 Lythraceae Fruit Common name – flavonols, glucose, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, anti-inflammatory [209]. pomegranate caffeic acid, catechin, EGCG, quercetin, rutin, and flavones [209]. PAGE | 160 |

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Simple alkyl phthalides (ligustilide, (Z)- ligustilide, (Z)-6,7-epoxyligustilide, angelicide, (Z)-butylidenephthalide, Radix Angelica butylphthalide, 2,4-dihydrophthalic Sinensis Antihepatotoxic, cardiovascular anhydride), terpenes (β-cadinene, carvacrol Root 127 Umbelliferae activity, and antithrombotic activity and cis-β-ocimene), phenylpropanoids ((E)- Common name – [210]. ferulic acid, coniferylferulate); benzenoids Chinese Angelica (valerophenone-o-carboxylic acid and vanillic acid); and coumarins (angelol G, angelicone and umbelliferone) [210]. Analgesic, antispasmodic, bactericidal, cardiovascular effects, antipsychotic, anticancerous, Reserpine, Ajmalicine, ajmaline, isoajmaline, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, Rauwolfia ajmalinine, chandrine, rauwolfinine, anticholinergic, hypotensive, serpentina renoxidine, rescin-namine, reserpiline, Apocyanacea anticontractile, sedative, relaxant, Root 128 reserpin, reserpinine, sarpagine, serpentine, e hyperthermic, antidiuretic, Common name – serpentinine, tetraphyllicine,yohimbine, 3-epi- sympathomimetic, hypnotic, Indian snake root a- yohimbine, ophioxylin, resin, starch, wax, vasodialater, antiemetic, anti- Riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin [211]. fibrillar, tranquilizing agent, anti- arrhythmic, antifungal, antidiabetic and nematocidal [212]. Emetic, purgative, vermifuge, anthelmintic, antiseptic, Retama raetam antidiabetic, analgesic, Root 128 Fabaceae Alkaloid, essential oils and flavonoids [213]. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, Common name – cytotoxic, hypoglycemic, diuretic, White broom anti-hypertensive, and antioxidant [213]. Tannins, reducing sugars, glycosides, and sterol and triterperoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, and reducing sugars, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid; 16- octadecenoic acid methyl ester; 9, 12- octadecadienoyl chloride Antioxidant, antidiabetic, Telfairia occidentalis (Z,Z); 9- Octadecadienoic acid (Z)-, 2, 3- hematological, anticancer, anti- dihydroxypropyl ester; Octadecanoic acid; inflammatory, analgesic activity, 129 Cucurbitaceae Leaves Common name – hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] male fertility activity, Telfairia Nut propyl ester in the hexane fraction and 2,4- hepatoprotective, antimicrobial heptadien-6-ynal,(E,E); benzoic acid; activity, and antimalarial [214]. dodecanoic acid; linoleic acid ethyl ester; hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; α- phellandrene; α-campholenealdehyde; terpinen-4-ol; trans-β-ocimene; borneol; stigmastan-3- ol [214]. Antibacterial, antifungal, Tannins, flavonoids, sterols, amino acids, antiamebic immunomodulatory, Combretacea fructose, resin, fixed oils, chebulic acid, antiplasmodial, anthelmintic, Fruit And 130 Common name – e , , gallic acid, antiviral, antimutagenic, Seed Black Myroblans corilagin and ellagic acid [215]. anticancerogenic, and antioxidant [215]. Triticum repens Triticin (carbohydrate), mannitol, mucilage 131 Graminae Hypoglycaemic. Rhizomes (triticin), silicic acid, potassium, inositol, PAGE | 161 |

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Common name – mannitol, glycosides (including Outara glucovanilline), gum, vanillin, saponin, agropyrene, iron and other minerals.

Rhizoma atractylodis

132 Compositae Atractans A, B, C[75]. Hypoglycaemic[75]. Rhizome Common name – NA

Myrcia uniflora Hypoglycemic, astringent, Flavonoids, flavonols, flavanones, Myrtaceae hypotensive, antihemorrhagic, 133 myrciacitrins I and II, and myrciaphenones A Leaves Common name – antioxidant, cardiotonic, and and B Vegetable Insulin gastrototonic. Ellagitannins (flosin A and B, and reginin A, B, C and D), lagerstannins A, B and C, ellagic acid, ellagic acid sulphate and four Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, Lagerstroemia methyl ellagic acid cyanidin 3-O- glucoside, antinociceptive, anti-diarrheal, speciosa virgatic acid, corosolic acid, ursolic acid and cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, 134 Lythraceae β-sitosterolglucoside, triterpenes (oleanolic Leaves Xanthine oxidase inhibition, anti- Common name – acid, arjunolic acid, asiatic acid, maslinic obesity, anti-fibrotic, and anti- Queen’s Flower acid, corosolic acid and 2, 3-hydroxyursolic diabetic [216]. acid) triterpenes (ursolic acid, corosolic acid, asiatic acid and alphitolic acid), coumarin and one neolignan [216]. Swertiamarin, triterpene sapogenin, Monoterpene alkaloids like enicoflavin, gentiocrucine and flavonoids like apigenin, , isovitexin, swertisin, saponarin, anti-inflammatory activity, tumour 5-o glucosylswertisin and 5-o inhibition, central nervous system glucosylisoswertisin, catechins, saponins, (CNS) depressant steroids, sapogenin, triterpenoids, flavonoids, Antimicrobial activity, Enicostemma Verticilliside and xanthones, vanillic acid, Antihelminthic activity, littorale Whole 135 syringicacid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, Antinociceptive, antioxidant, Common name – plant , p-coumaric acid and antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, White Head ferulic acid, aminoacids like L-glutamic acid, antitumour, hepatoprotective, tryptophane, alanine, serine, aspartic acid, L- hepatomodulatory, proline, L-tyrosine, threonine, phenyl alanine, antihyperlipidemic, hypoglycemic, L-histidinemonohydrochloride, methionine, and antihyperinsulinemic [217]. isoleucine, L-arginine monohydrochloride, DOPA, L-Glycine, 2-amino butyric acid and valine [217]. Coumestans, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyacetylenes, triterpenoids, stigmasterol, a- terthienylmethanol, wedelolactone, Anti-hepatotoxic, anti- Eclipta Alba demethylwedelolactone, hyperlipidemic, anaphylaxis

136 Asteraceae demethylwedelolactone-7-glucoside, activity, immunomodulatory, Leaves Common name – hentriacontanol, heptacosanol, polyacetylene analgesic, anti-inflammatory, False Daisy substituted thiophenes, P-amyrin in antidiabetic, and anticancer [218]. the n-hexane extract and luteolin-7- glucoside, P-glucoside of , a glucoside of a triterpenic acid and PAGE | 162 |

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wedelolactone, cystine, glutamic acid, phenyl alanine, tyrosine, nicotine and nicotinic acid [218]. Carbohydrates, proteins,, mineral Antidiabetic, diuretic, antioxidant, constituents, oxides of magnesium, Cynodon dactylon antidiarrheal, antiviral, phosphorous, calcium, sodium, potassium, immunomodulatory, antiulcer, Root 137 Poaceae alkaloids, β-sitosterol, flavanoids, glycosides, Common name – antiarrhythmic, CNS depressant, Stalks triterpenoides, carotene, vitamin C, fats and Durva Grass hepatoprotective, wound healing, palmitic acid [219]. and cardioprotective [219].

Cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabinavarin Anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, Cannabis indica (CBNV), cannabinol (CBN), cannabielsoin antibiotic, antifungal,anxiolytic,

138 Cannabaceae (CBE), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabitriol antipsychotic, antioxidant, Leaves Common name – (CBO) CBN variants, cannabielsoin (CBE), antispasmodic,euphoriant, and Cannabis 1′-oxcannabinol, and 1′-hydroxycannabinol antiemetic [221]. [220]. Brassica juncea Alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compound, Antioxidant, antinociceptive,

139 Brassicaceae triterpenoids, flavonoids and volatile oils anticancer, and hyperglycemic Seed Common name – [222]. activity [222]. Indian Mustard Delta-tocotrienol , apocarotenoids: methyl Bixa orellana Diuretic, antipyretic, antivenom, (9Z)-8’-oxo-6, 8’diapocarten-6-oate, methyl anticonvulsant, analgesic, 140 Bixaceae Z)-10’-oxo-6, 10’diapocaroten-6-oate, and Root Common name – antidiarrheal, enzyme inducing, methyl (9Z)-14’-oxo-6,14’-diapocaroten-6- Annatto and antimutagenic [223]. oate, cartenoids, and geranylgeraniol. Averrhoa bilimbi Amino acids, citric acid, cyanidin–3–O–h–D– Antidiabetic, antimicrobial, glucoside, phenolics, potassium ion, sugars, 141 Oxalidaceae cytotoxic, antithrombotic, and Leaves Common name – vitamin A, alkolids, saponins, and flavonoids antioxidant [224]. Bilimbi [224]. Saponins A (D-Glucuronic Acid ) and B (β-D- galactopyranosyl ester of D-Glucuronic Acid), oleanolic acid, amino acids, hentriacontane, 10-tricosanone, 10-octacosanone, 4- tritriacontanone, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →4)-(β-D- glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 →3)-oleanolic Spermicidal, antiparasitic, acid, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →4)-(β-D- hypoglyceamic, cancer glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 →3)-oleanolic chemopreventive, acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and α-L- hepatoprotective, analgesic, Achyranthes aspera rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →4)-(β-D- antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti- Amaranthace Whole 142 glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1 →3)-oleanolic arthritic, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, Common name – ae plant acid-28-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1 →4)-β-D- anti-depressant, diuretic, Aghata glucopyranoside, aliphatic fatty bronchoprotective, cardiovascular acid,sapogenin, strigmasta-5, 22-dien-3-β-ol, activity, anti-allergic, wound trans-13-docasenoic acid, n-hexacosanyl n- healing, immunomodulatory, and decaniate, n-hexacos-17-enoic acid and n- hypolipidemic [225]. hexacos-11-enoic acid. Strigmasta-5, 22- dien-3-β-ol, 17-pentatriacontanol, tetracontanol-2, melting point 76-77C), 4- methoxyheptatriacont-1-en-10-ol (C 38 H76 O) and β-sitosterol, betaine, Saponins C and D, bisdesmosidic saponins (I-III), 20- PAGE | 163 |

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hydroxyecdysone, andquercetin-3-O-β-D- galactoside,β-D-glucopyranosyl3 β-[O-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1 →3)-O-β-D- glucopyranuronosyloxy]machaerinate, β-D- glucopyranosyl3 β-[O-β-D- galactopyranosyl- (1 →2)-O-α-D-glucopyranuronosyloxy] machaerinate, β- D-glucopyranosyl-3β[O-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-[1 →3)- O-β-D- glucopyranuronosyloxy] oleanolate, β-D- glucopyranosyl3-β-[O-β-D-galactopyranosyl (1 →2)-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosyloxy] oleanolate, β-D- glucopyranosyl 3 β-[O-β-D- glucopyranuronosyloxy] oleanolatep- benzoquinone, hydroquinone, spathulenol, nerol, α-ionone, asarone, and eugenol [225]. Anti-asthmatic, bronchodilator, Adhatoda vasica wound healing, anti-ulcer, Quinazoline alkaloid-vasicinone, insecticidal, cholagogue, anti- 143 Acanthaceae deoxyvasicine, maiontone, vasicinolone and Leaves Common name – allergy, anti-bacterial, anti- vasicinol [226]. Adosa tubercular, abortifacient, and uterotonic activity [226]. Antihypertensive, wound healing, antidiabetic, anticancer, Allium Sativum antiatherosclerosis, antifungal, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, 144 Alliaceae Sulphur thiosulphinate and Allicinalliin [227]. Bulb Common name – immunomodulatory, antioxidant, Garlic antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, antihelmentic, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic [228]. Pectins, starch, glucoronic acid, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, galactose, mono-and di-saccharide saccharose, mucilage, Althaea officinalis flavonoids (Hypolaetin-8-glucoside, Antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, Leaves

145 Malvaceae isoquercitrin, kaempferol, caffeic, pcoumaric immuno modulatory, demulcent, and whole Common name – acid), coumarins, scopoletin, phytosterols, soothing, and antittusive [229]. plant Garden Hollyhock tannins, asparagine and many amino acids,valine, threaonine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine and arginine [229]. Diterpenes, lactones, flavonoids, alkanes, ketones, aldehydes, lactone and rographolide named kalmeghin. Four lactones – Chuanxinlian A (deoxyandrographolide), B Andrographis Hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, (andrographolide), C (neoandrographolide) paniculata Acanthaceae anti-parasitic, antioxidant, anti- 146 and D (14-deoxy-11, 12- Leaves Common name – inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, didehydroandrographolide), diterpene Kalmegh and hypoglycaemic [230]. glucoside (deoxyandrographolide- 19beta-D- glucoside), (bis-andrographolides A, B, C, and D), 5, 7, 2’, 3’- tetramethoxyflavanone and 5-hydroxy-7, 2’, 3’- trimethoxyflavone [230]. PAGE | 164 |

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Anemarrhena Steroidal saponins (timosaponin BII (1), asphodeloides anemarsaponin BIII, timosaponin AIII (3) and Anti-dementia and anti-microbial 147 Liliaceae timosaponin E1), flavonoids, pigments, Rhizome Common name – [231]. polysaccharides, organic acids, amino acids, NA nucleosides, and oligosaccharides [231].

Annomuricatin C, annomuricatin B, Cohibins Annona Muricata A and B, Sabadelin, muricoreacin and Cytotoxicity, antileishmanial, anti- Seeds, murihexocin C, Murihexol, donhexocin, viral, anticarcinogenic, genotoxic, 148 Annonaceae bark, Common name – annonacin A and Annonacin, murihexocins A wound healing, and anti-microbial roots sour-sop and B, Annohexocin and annomuricatin A [232]. [232]. Glycoside, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, amino acids, anonaine, aporphine, coryeline, isocorydine, norcorydine, glaucine, 4-(2-nitro-ethyl 1)-1-6- ((6-o-β-D- xylopyranosy1-β-D- glucopyranosyl)-oxy)benzene, Anonaine, Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, Borneol, Camphene, Camphor, car-3-ene, Carvone, Antioxidant, antidiabetic, β- Caryphyllene, Eugenol, Farnesol, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, anti- Geraniol, 16- Hetriacontanone, genetoxicity, antitumour, antilice, Annona squamosa Hexacontanol, Higemamine, Isocorydine, antibacterial, antihyperlipidemic, Limonine, Linalool acetate,Menthone, Methyl 149 Annonaceae cytotoxic, chemopreventive, Fruit Common name – anthranilate, Methylsalicylate, antilipidperoxidative, custared apple Methylheptenone, p-(hydroxybenzyl)-6,7-(2- antiplasmodial, vasorelaxant, anti- hydroxy,4-hydro)isoquinoline, n-Octacosanol, platelet, anthelmintic, antifertility, a- Pinene, b-Pinene, Rutin, Stigmasterol, β- and molluscicidal [233]. Sitosterol, Thymol and n-Triacontanol, annonaine, 1H-cycloprop(e) azulene, germacrene D, bisabolene, caryophyllene oxide, bisabolene epoxide, kaur-16-ene, Coumarinoligans, Annotemoyin-1, Annotemoyin-2, squamocin, cholesteryl, glucopyranoside, β caryophyllene, α pinene, α-humulene, α gurjunene, and Annotemoyin [233]. 1,8-cineole, alpha and beta-thujone, Antioxidant, anti-venom, antifungal, oxygenated Artemisia herba- nematicidal, antibacterial, monoterpenes including terpinen-4-ol, alba antispasmodic, anthelmintic, camphor and borneol, Davanone, Aerial 150 Asteraceae antileishmanial, neurological, chrysanthenone, cis-chrysanthenol Parts Common name – neurological, cytotoxicity, and gene Eudesmanolide, germacranolide, and white worm wood induction. sesquiterpenes.

Artemisia pallens Immunomodulating, anthelmintic, Aerial 151 Asteraceae Terpenoids and flavanoids [234]. antipyretic, and wound healing Common name – Parts [234]. Davana

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Results and Discussion 33 Combretaceae 2 34 Poaceae 2 35 Apocyanaceae 2 Data from 151 plants traditionally used in diabetes management 36 Annonaceae 2 were illustrated in the above Table 1. The number of diabetic 37 Acanthaceae 2 studies both completed and on-going is increasing day-by-day, in 38 Adiyantaceae 1 which herbal-based researches have major importance. All the 39 Asphodelaceae 1 herbs reviewed in the study have scientific background in the field 40 Meliaceae 1 of diabetes management (either pre-clinically or clinically). The 151 antidiabetic herbs listed in this review belongs to 72 families with 41 Nyctaginaceae 1 the most predominant family with hypoglycemic activity is 42 Samydaceae 1 Leguminosae (12 herbs) followed by Asteraceae (10 herbs) 43 Burseraceae 1 followed by Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Myrtaceae, and 44 Ephedereaceae 1 Lythraceae (4 herbs) followed by other families with three, two, and 45 Sapotaceae 1 one herb in each family, which is listed in Table 2. 46 Bignonaceae 1 47 Menispermaceae 1 48 Bombacaceae 1 Table 2 Number of species in each Family 49 Solanaceae 1 S.No Name of the Family Number of 50 Arecaceae 1 herbs 51 Phyllanthaceae 1 1 Leguminosae 12 52 Apocynaceae 1 2 Asteraceae 10 53 Apiaceae 1 3 Fabaceae 5 54 Papilionaceae 1 4 Malvaceae 5 55 Discoreaceae 1 5 Cucurbitaceae 5 56 Musaceae 1 6 Myrtaceae 5 57 Lamiaceae 1 7 Lythraceae 5 58 Chinensis 1 8 Liliaceae 4 59 Chenopodiaceae 1 9 Caesalpinaceae 3 60 Celastraceae 1 10 Rosaceae 3 61 Cornaceae 1 11 Brassicaceae 3 62 Fumariaceae 1 12 Euphorbiaceae 3 63 Clusiaceae 1 13 Moraceae 3 64 Hypoxidaceae 1 14 Nymphaeaceae 3 65 Boraginaceae 1 15 Alliaceae 3 66 Cactaceae 1 16 Sapindaceae 2 67 Paeoniaceae 1 17 Lauraceae 2 68 Scrophulariaceae 1 18 Rutaceae 2 69 Polyporaceae 1 19 Berberidaceae 2 70 Graminae 1 20 Oxalidaceae 2 71 Compositae 1 21 Rubiaceae 2 72 Bixaceae 1 22 Capparaceae 2 23 Verbenaceae 2 The literatures show that herbal drugs exert their anti-diabetic effect 24 Ranunculaceae 2 by their activities over pancreatic beta cells (synthesis, release and 25 Amaranthaceae 2 cell regeneration/reactivation), protective/inhibitor effect against 26 Anacardiaceae 2 insulinase, and the increase of the insulin sensitivity or insulin-like 27 Asclepiadaceae 2 activity, increase of synthesis hepatic glycogen, decrease in 28 Umbelliferae 2 glycogenolysis acting on enzymes, inhibition in renal glucose 29 Oleaceae 2 reabsorption, increasing the size and number of cells in the islets of 30 Araliaceae 2 Langerhans, stimulation of glycogenesis, preventing pathological 31 Convolvulaceae 2 conversion of starch to glucose, inhibition of beta-galactosidase and α glucosidase, cortisol lowering activity, inhibition of alpha- 32 Cannabinaceae 2 PAGE | 166 |

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amylase. The herbs listed above in Table 1 exert their Conclusion hypoglycaemic activity by any one of the above mechanisms. The In conclusion, this review presented a list of hypoglycemic plants major advantage of botanicals is that they have less or no side used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It showed that many of effects than their synthetic counterpart. There are many more the plant derived products are effective than oral hypoglycemic plants around us, which are not explored and screened for anti- agents, however, many other active agents obtained from plants diabetic properties. More preclinical researches are needed for have not been well characterized. A detailed investigation should proper exploration of anti-diabetic potential of new plants/herbs that be held to ascertain the mechanism of action and toxic effect of are not yet studied. There is also a need of clinical validation of these plants. anti-diabetic herbal drugs, which shows promising results in their preclinical studies.

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