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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vangalapati Et Al World Journal of Pharmaceutical ReseaRch Vangalapati et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical SJIF Research Impact Factor 5.045 Volume 3, Issue 6, 2127-2139. Review Article ISSN 2277 – 7105 A REVIEW ON CHEBULINIC ACID FROM MEDICINAL HERBS Surya Prakash DV1 and Meena Vangalapati2* 1 Research scholar, Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2* Associate Professor, Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh, India. Article Received on ABSTRACT 30 June 2014, Chebulinic acid is a phenolic compound found in the fruits of Revised on 25 July 2014, Accepted on 20 August 2014 Terminalia chebula (Haritaki), Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) and seeds of Dimocarpus longan (Longan) species etc. It’s also known as 1,3,6- *Correspondence for Tri-O-galloyl-2,4-chebuloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. Chebulinic acid is Author extracted from the medicinal herbs using soxhlet extractor, column Dr. Meena Vangalapati chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) etc. Associate Professor, Centre for It showed many pharmacological activities including inhibition of Biotechnology, Department of cancer cell growth like human leukemia K562 cells, colon Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, adenocarcinoma HT-29 cell lines, anti-neisseria gonorrhoeae activity, Visakhapatnam-530003, inhibiting the contractile responses of cardiovascular muscles activities Andhra Pradesh, India. etc. KEY WORDS: Chebulinic acid, Terminalia chebula, Dimocarpus longan, Phyllanthus emblica, Anticancer activity, HPLC, Astringency. INTRODUCTION Chebulinic acid is a phenolic compound [1,2] commonly found in the fruits of Terminalia chebula, leaves and fruits of Phyllanthus emblica and seeds of Dimocarpus longan species, which has many potential uses in medicine. It is also found in the leaves of Dendrophthoe falcata, Lumnttzera racemosa, Terminalia macroptera species. It is a Faint yellowish crystalline powder and sparingly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate. It shows several pharmacological activities presented below. Terminalia chebula is extensively used in unani, ayurveda and homeopathic medicine. This is used in traditional medicine due to the wide spectrum of pharmacological activities associated with the www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. 2127 Vangalapati et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research biologically active chemicals present in this plant. It shows several pharmacological activities like anti-oxidant [3], anti-cancar [4], anti-diabetic, anti-microbial etc. It contains various biochemical compounds such as tannins, chebulinic acid [5], chebulic acid, chebulagic acid [6], ellagic acid, gallic acid and flavonoids etc. Fig-1: Dry Fruits of Terminalia chebula Phyllanthus emblica is one of the best rejuvenating herbs in the ayurveda, an Indian traditional medicinal system. Traditionally, the fruit is useful as an astringent, cardiac tonic, diuretic, laxative, liver tonic, stomachic, and digestive medicine. It shows antioxidant activiry[7], antitumor activity, anti-inflammatory activity [8], antimicrobial activity [9], cytoprotective activity etc. The fruit of amla contain a wide variety of compounds such as tannins, phyllembelic acid, phyllemblin, vitamin C, chebulinic acid, corilagin, alkaloids, flavonoids etc. Fig-2: Fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Dimocarpus longan is widely distributed in Southeast Asia, such as China, Taiwan, Vietnam and Thailand, southwestern India and the forests of upper Assam and the Garo hills in Meghalaya. This fruit used as a traditional Chinese medicine for different treatments, such as www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. 2128 Vangalapati et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research promoting blood metabolism, soothing nerves and relieving insomnia etc. Longan seeds have long been used as a folk medicine in China for treatment of acariasis, hernia, wound hemorrhages, eczema and scrofula etc. This seeds have been found to be a rich source of poly phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, corilagin, chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, ellagic acid etc. Longan seeds [10] extract showed strong scavenging activities of free radicals, inhibition on the proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma cells, antifatigue effect, hypoglycemic effects etc. Fig-3: Seeds of Dimocarpus longan These medicinal herbs are used in soxhlet extractor [11], column chromatography [12] and high pressure liquid chromatography for chebulinic acid extraction [13]. Dendrophthoe falcate, Terminalia macroptera and Lumnttzera racemosa species are also medicinal plants. These are contains various chemical constituents especially chebulinic acid present in leaves. These plants show different pharmacological activities like Antibiofilm activity [14], Antioxidant, Antinociceptive activity [15], In vitro anti Neisseria gonorrhoeae activity [16], DPPH radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity [17] and Antihypertensive etc. Fig-4: Leaves of Dendrophthoefalcata www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. 2129 Vangalapati et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Fig-5: Leaves of Terminalia macroptera Fig-6: Leaves of Lumnttzera racemosa Molecular structure of chebulinic acid Nomenclature: 1,3,6-Tri-O-galloyl-2,4-chebuloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. 2130 Vangalapati et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Molecular formula: C41H32O27 Molecular weight: 956.67 g/mol. Characteristics: Faint yellowish crystalline powder. Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate. Density: 2.04g/cm3 Boiling Point: 1460°Cat760mmHg USES Chebulinic acid was helps to remove toxins and unwanted fat from the body, improves skin glow and complexion also. It showed many pharmacological activities including inhibition of cancer cell growth like human leukemia K562 cells [18], colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cell lines [19], anti-neisseria gonorrhoeae activity, inhibiting the contractile responses of cardiovascular muscles, anti-hypertensive [20], anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial activities etc. The dried fruits of Terminalia chebula is used to produced the dye. The appearance of dye powder is brown and the main colouring component is chebulinic acid and this fruit contains an astringent matter. The astringency is because of the characteristic principle of chebulinic acid. Pharmacological Activities A) Chebulinic acid of some Medicinal plants shows pharmacological activities such as www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. 2131 Vangalapati et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Pharmacological activity Source Type of extract Laboratory Used References Terminalia chebula fruit a) 95% of ethanol extract Adult male albino rats Suchalata S et al., 2005y Antioxidant Phyllanthus emblica fruit b) water, methanol & 95% Fermented products Chia-lin chang et al., 2010 of ethanol extract water Human myeloleukemic U937 cells Juree Charoenteeraboon et al., extract 2010y Terminalia chebula fruit Ethanol extract Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus Kannan P et al., 2009 Antibacterial b) Ether, alcoholic, water aureus, Bacillus subtilis etc. Malekzadeh F et al., 2001 extract Helicobacter pylori Anticancer Terminalia chebula fruit 70% of methanol Human(MCF-7), mouse (S115) Saleem A et al., 2002y breast cancer cell lines etc. Antiviral Terminalia chebula fruit Acetone extract Swine influenza A virus Hongbo Ma et al., 2010 Antiulcer Terminalia chebula fruit Methanolic extract Wistar albino male rats Raju D et al., 2009 Antiinflammatory Terminalia chebula fruit Water extract Rats S Sireeratawong et al., 2012 Phyllanthus emblica fruit Methanolic extract Rats Asmawi MZ et al., 1993y Antidiabetic Terminalia chebula fruit Ethanol extract Adult albino male rats Gandhipuram Periyasamy et al., 2006 Wound healing Terminalia chebula fruit Hydroalcoholic extract Induced diabetic rats Manish PalSingh et al., 2009 90% of ethanol extract Wistar albino rats Choudhary GP., 2011 Anticonvulsant Terminalia chebula fruit Ethanol Chloroform Rats Hogade Maheswar Petroleumether Aqueous G etal., 2010 extract Antimutagenic Terminalia chebula fruit Chloroform, Aqueous Salmonella typhimurium Grover IS et al., 1992 extract Anticarries Terminalia chebula fruit Aqueous extract Streptococcus mutans Jagtap AG et al., 1999 Cardio protective effect Terminalia chebula fruit 95% of ethanol extract Adult albino male rats Suchalata S et al.,2005 Radiation protective effect Terminalia chebula fruit Aqueous extract Rats Jagetia GC et al., 2002 Cytotoxic effect Terminalia chebula fruit Acetone extract Cancer cell lines Kaur S et al., 2005 Immunodulatory effect Terminalia chebula fruit Alcohol extract Male wistar rats Vaibhav Aher et al., 2011 Antioxidant & Anti matrix Dimocarpus longan seed 80% Acetone MMP inhibitor Atita Panyathep et al., 2013y mettalloproteinase Antibiofilm activity Dendrophthoe falcata leaf Methanolic extract Proteus mirabilis, Vibrio Karthikeyan A et al., 2012 vulnificus, Shigella sonnei, Proteus www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 6, 2014. 2132 Vangalapati et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research vulgaris etc. Antioxidant & Dendrophthoe falcata leaf 90% ethanol extract Md Shihab Hasan et al., 2006 Antinociceptive activity Swiss albino mice In vitro anti Neisseria Terminalia macroptera Diethyl ether extract Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains Silva O et al., 2002 gonorrhoeae activity leaf DPPH radical scavenging and Terminalia macroptera Pham AT et al., 2011 xanthine oxidase inhibitory
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