SEJARAH DIPLOMASI PALESTINA DI PBB Oleh: Samirah Begum

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SEJARAH DIPLOMASI PALESTINA DI PBB Oleh: Samirah Begum SEJARAH DIPLOMASI PALESTINA DI PBB Oleh: Samirah Begum Shaukat (210000249) Widad Shodri (210000277) Pendahuluan 1. Latar Belakang Kawasan Timur Tengah telah menjadi perhatian utama dunia dalam upaya menciptakan perdamaian yang menyeluruh. Telah muncul keyakinan kuat di kalangan pemimpin dunia bahwa perdamaian tidak akan tercapai tanpa adanya penyelesaian komprehensif atas konflik Palestina dan Israel. Konflik tersebut memanas sejak adanya pembagian wilayah oleh Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada tanggal 29 November 1947. Pembagian wilayah Palestina ini berdasarkan resolusi no 181 yang membagi wilayah Palestina menjadi dua negara antara bangsa Arab Palestina 42% dengan bangsa Israel 57%. Pembagian wilayah ini menyebabkan peperangan antara bangsa Arab dan bangsa Israel ditahun 1948. Berakhirnya peperangan ditandai oleh perjanjian damai dengan Israel pada tahun 1949 namun peperangan masih terjadi, ada tiga perang besar yaitu 1956, 1967 dan 1973. Peperangan ini menyebabkan semakin memperluasnya wilayah Israel yang sesuai resolusi 181 PBB. Namun berbagai upaya diplomasi telah dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan konflik tapi pada penyelesaian akhirnya tidak pernah menemukan hasil yang komprehensif bagi Palestina dan Israel. Selama ini Palestina ingin mendirikan sebuah negara merdeka dan berdaulat melalui perundingan dengan Israel. Kegagalan diplomasi Palestina terhadap penyelesaian konflik ini telah membuat pemerintahan Palestina mengupayakan mencari dukungan terhadap PBB. Upaya Palestina ke PBB adalah untuk meminta pengakuan negara Palestina berdasarkan garis batas 1967 sesuai resolusi 242 dan 338. Palestina, sebuah negara yang berbentuk Republik Parlementer merupakan salahsatu Negara yang berusaha untuk menjadi anggota PBB.1Usaha pun dilakukan oleh Palestina demi mendapat keanggotaan dari PBB. Untuk memulai proses ini, Palestina yang dipimpin oleh Mahmoud Abbas harus mengajukan permohonan resmi kepada Sekretaris Jenderal PBB, Ban Ki Moon dan dia sudah mengatakan akan melakukannya setelahmenyampaikan pidato di depan Majelis Umum PBB pada tanggal 23 September 2011. Sekjen PBB kemudian akan meneruskan permohonan itu kepada Dewan Keamanan yang akan membentuk sebuah komite. Namun ternyata komite yang dibentuk oleh DK tidak mendapat keputusan akhir, karena ku rangnya suara dari anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan. Sampai saat ini sudah 126 negara anggota PBB yang telah mengakui keberadaan Negara Palestina.2 Palestina resmi menyerahkan proposal keanggotaan ke Perserikatan Bangsa –Bangsa (PBB). Palestina saat ini menjadi entitas pengamat tetap di PBB. Perwakilan Palestina di PBB adalah Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina, (PLO). Otoritas Palestina ingin meningkatkan status sehingga negara Palestina menjadi anggota penuh PBB, Palestina meminta pengakuan berdasarkan perbatasan 1967, mencakup Tepi Barat, Jerusalem Timur, dan Jalur Gaza. Berbagai kalangan memikirkan mengenai pro kontra terhadap isu ini. Banyak yang berkata bahwa keputusan ini adalah keputusan yang sepihak, di mana keputusan ini adalah keputusan yang hanya mewakili sebagian suara di Palestina, dan meninggalkan suara yang lainnya.Ada juga yang mengingatkan dampak besar yang dapat terjadi apabila Palestina diakui oleh PBB, terbukti dengan datangnya ancaman ancaman, terutama dari Israel dan Amerika Serikat. Tentu saja ada yang berpikir positif terhadap keputusan ini, dengan berargumentasi bahwa saat inilah waktu yang paling tepat untuk Palestina untuk mendapat pengakuan dari dunia Internasional. Peristiwa ini menjadi momen bersejarah yang dihormati oleh banyak negara di dunia ini sekaligus menjadi hal yang paling tidak menyenangkan bagi Amerika Serikat (AS) dan Israel. AS yang dahulu menjanjikan Palestina merdeka pada 2011, justru menjadi penghalang terbesar bagi negeri yang mendambakan kemerdekaan itu. AS menilai, Palestina sudah mengabaikan upaya solusi dua negara dengan meminta pengakuan secara sepihak (unilateral) ke PBB. 1Jimmy Carter, “Palestine Peace Not Apartheid ( Palestina Perdamaian Bukan Perpecahan )”, Jakarta: PT Dian Rakyat, 2010, hlm. 65. 2Tanya jawab seputar Palestina , Laporan Khusus BBC Indonesia, dalam http://www.bbc.co.uk/indonesia ( diakses tanggal 30 agustus 2015, pukul 22.03 WIB ) Proposal yang diberikan Abbas kepada Sekretaris Jendral (Sekjen) PBB Ban Ki Moon berjudul, "Proposal untuk pengakuan Palestina berdasarkan garis batas 4 Juni 1967 dengan Yerusalem sebagai Ibu Kota Palestina." Untuk mendapatkan keanggotaan penuh di PBB, Palestina harus mendapatkan minimal sembilan dukungan dalam voting Dewan Keamanan PBB. Pada awalnya, Palestina tampak berhasil mendapatkan simpati dari negara -negara anggota DK PBB. Gabon, Nigeria, dan juga Bosnia menyatakan dukungannya terhadap Palestina. Waktu pun terus berjalan, Abbas beserta pejabat -pejabatnya kerap melakukan lobi untuk mensukseskan keanggotaan Palestina di PBB. Perseteruan pun muncul antara Palestina, dan AS serta Israel, dan kian memuncak setelah Palestina meminta keanggotaan di Badan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Bidang Pendidikan, Ilmu Pengetahuan, dan Budaya (UNESCO). 2. Rumusan Masalah Setelah kita melihat penjelasan di atas, kita tentu dapat melihat betapa pentingnya peran PBB dalam upaya Palestina untuk mendapat pengakuan dari negara negara lain, selain juga untuk membantu penyelesaian masalah yang sedang dihadapinya dengan Israel. Melihat pentingnya peran PBB tersebut, tentu terdapat posisi tersendiri bagi PBB di dalam strategi diplomasi yang dimiliki oleh pemerintah Palestina.Oleh karena itu, pertanyaan makalah ini adalah “Bagaimana Palestina melancarkan diplomasinya untuk mendapatkan pengakuan dari PBB sebagai sebuah negara?” 3. Sistematika Penulisan Penjelasan terhadap makalah ini tentunya akan dibuka dengan pembahasan terhadap konsep konsep yang akan sering ditemui di dalam makalah ini, yaitu konsep diplomasi multilateral pada forum internasional bagian analisis, kita akan membahas mengenai arti penting dari PBB dalam pengakuan Palestina. Kemudian, akan lebih lanjut melihat mengenai sejarah diplomasi Palestina yang pernah dilakukan di forum PBB. 4. Kerangka Konsep Pada bagian ini kita akan membahas mengenai konsep, yaitu Diplomasi. Bagaimana langkah diplomasi palestina untuk menjadi negara pengamat nonanggota di perserikatan bangsa-bangsa. The Oxford English Dictionary memberi konotasi diplomasi yaitu: “manajemenhubungan internasional melalui negosiasi; yang mana hubungan ini diselaraskan dandiatur oleh duta besar dan wakil; bisnis atau seni para diplomat.”3 Menurut theChamber’s Twentieth Century Dictionary, diplomasi adalah “the art of negotiation,especially of treaties between states; political skill.” (seni berunding, khususnya tentangperjanjian di antara negara-negara; keahlian politik)4. Menurut Harold Nicholson, kata diplomasi menunjukkan paling tidak lima hal yangberbeda.5Dari kelima hal tersebut, empat hal yang pertama menyangkut: (1) politik luarnegeri, (2) negosiasi, (3) mekanisme pelaksanaan negosiasi tersebut, dan (4) suatucabang Dinas Luar Negeri. Ia selanjutnya mengatakan bahwa interpretasi kelimamerupakan suatu kualitas abst rak pemberian, yang dalam arti baik mencakup keahliandalam pelaksanaan negosiasi internasional. unsur pokok diplomasi adalah negosiasi. Kedua, negosiasi dilakukan untuk mengedepankan kepentingan negara.Ketiga, tindakan-tindakan diplomatik diambil untuk menjaga dan memajukan kepentingan nasional sejauh mungkin bisa dilaksanakan dengan sarana damai. Keempat, diplomasi sering dipakai untuk menyiapkan perang dan bukan untuk menghasilkan perdamaian. Kelima, diplomasi dihubungkan erat dengantujuan politik luar negeri suatu negara. Keenam, diplomasi modern dihubungkan eratdengan sistem negara. Ketujuh, diplomasi juga tak bisa dipisahkan dari perwakilannegara. Ada beberapa tipe diplomasi yang dipraktekkan oleh negara sebagai aktorinternasional. Dalam diplomasi terdapat konsep conference diplomacy yaitu perundingandiplomatik multilateral dalam skala luas yang dilakukan melalui pertemuan internasional.Konferensi diplomasi ini bersifat “terbuka”, berbeda dengan diplomasi “rahasia”.Konferensi diplomasi yang bersifat multilateral membantu membuka keluhan,mengungkapkan masalah, menukar pandangan dan bekerja sama untuk mencari jalankeluar bagi permasalahan bersama. Sebagai sebuah mekanisme untuk menyelenggarakanhubungan internasional, konferensi diplomasi bukan merupakan sebuah persetujuan yangmampu memberikan jaminan. Teknik konferensi diplomasi 3S.L. Roy, Diplomasi, Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 1995, hlm. 2 4 Ibid 5Harold Nicholson, “Diplomacy”,London: 1942, dalam S.L. Roy, Diplomasi, Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 1995, hlm. 3 dapat mendorong pemecahanmasalah manakala kepentingan nasional tidak dapat diselesaikan oleh forumpembicaraan dan perundingan yang telah disediakan.6 Keberhasilan Presiden Mahmoud Abbas dalam meningkatkan status Palestina initak terlepas dari keseriusan Mahmoud membangun lobi (diplomasi). Karena kemerdekaan Palestina susah terwujud tanpa diperjuangkan melalui jalur lobi. Dan Mahmoud Abbasmenyadari betul hal ini, sehingga jalan diplomasi kian diintensifkan. Mahmoud Abbas melakukan lobi (diplomasi) ke negara-negara Eropa, di negara Eropa Mahmoud Abbas berpidato di markas Uni Eropa di Strasbourg dan berkunjung ke negara-negara Eropa untuk memperoleh dukungan7. Kenapa diplomasi diintensifkan ke negara -negara Eropa, hal ini dilatarbelakangi pada saat pengajuan sebagai negara anggota tetap PBB negara -negara Eropa. Terdapat lima negara Eropa yang pada 2011 menyatakan “abstain” kelima negara itu adalah Italia, Denmark, Swiss, Portugal, dan Georgia setelah
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