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(Re)Negotiated Identifications: Reproducing and Challenging the Meanings of Arab, Canadian, and Arab Canadian Identities in Ottawa

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(Re)Negotiated Identifications: Reproducing and Challenging the Meanings of Arab, Canadian, and Arab Canadian Identities in Ottawa (Re)negotiated Identifications: Reproducing and Challenging the Meanings of Arab, Canadian, and Arab Canadian Identities in Ottawa by Samah Sabra A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fiilfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Canadian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2011, Samah Sabra Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87751-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87751-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada Abstract This dissertation is based on data collected through informal conversations, formal interviews, and participant observation at community events over sixteen months of fieldwork with Arab Canadians living in Ottawa, Ontario. Most literature on Canadian national identity focuses on the institutional reproduction and circulation of national identity discourses. Moreover, the few scholars who have recently written about the lives of Arabs in Canada and the United States tend to take a "post 9/11" approach which sometimes dehistoricizes the use of security discourses in Canadian and American governance. Rather than begin from the premise that "post/ 9/11" security discourses are most salient for constituting the subjectivities of Arab Canadians, I employ a multidimensional and multi-scalar analysis to investigate how research participants encountered, (re)interpreted, and negotiated numerous historically and institutionally produced Canadian and Arab national identity discourses. My focus is on the multidimensional experiential scale at which they encountered discourses that are institutionally (re)produced at, and through the interactions of, global, national, and local scales. Although institutionally produced and circulated national identity discourses - whether or not they are about "security" - might aim to govern immigrants' behaviours and desires in ways that keep them subservient to "the Canadian nation," I argue, these discourses do not shape immigrants' subjectivities in unidirectional or predictable ways. Indeed, such discourses intersect with other, equally salient, multi-scalar and multidimensional discourses in ways that shape research participants' subjectivities and produce their agency. Research participants' commitments to and desires for social and political change in Canada and the Middle East were particularly important for their ii interpretations of Canadian and Arab national identity discourses. Thus, the meanings they attributed to their immigration narratives and senses of national identity cannot be fully understood without paying attention to multiple dimensions of their social experiences and the intersections between the broad geographic, socio-historical, and political contexts in which they have lived in the past and live presently. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for their generous financial support of this project in the form of a Canada Graduate Scholarship (award 767-2005-1791). I would also like to thank Carleton University's Faculty of Postdoctoral and Graduate Affairs and School of Canadian Studies for their logistical and financial support throughout the last few years. I am especially indebted to Cathy Schmueck and Lori Dearman whose patience, dedication, and knowledge about every element of university life ensured that my time as a graduate student at Carleton University was both enjoyable and free of administrative snags. I also want to express my sincerest and deepest gratitude to the people who participated in this study. I could not have completed this research without your generosity: from suggestions about my research methods, to analyses of current political events, to the food you offered when I entered your homes, to the eandidness with which you spoke about issues of concern in regards to the lives of Arab Canadians in Ottawa, your words are at the heart of this project. I hope that I have done justice to the stories you have so kindly shared with me. Eva Mackey, my supervisor, mentor, and friend, you consistently inspire me to do better work. You have an uncanny ability to know when I need a kind word, a gentle push, or a substantial shove in any direction. I am immensely grateful to have gone on this journey with you and, especially, for your flexibility and willingness to explore numerous paths with uncertain endpoints. Your confidence in me sometimes overwhelmed me, but always made me strive to be worthy of that confidence. You and Mary were my first friends in Ottawa and I thank you for your ongoing love and support. iv I was lucky enough to have three wonderful committee members whose scholarship and personalities I greatly admire. Jasmin Habib, I have been so grateful for your willingness to discuss the many forms this project took, your careful and generous critique, and the long, long phone conversations we have had along the way. While it scared me a bit at first, I thank you for pushing me to consider the merits of ethnography; it has been one of the most difficult and rewarding tasks I have taken up as an academic and I wouldn't have it any other way. Davina Bhandar, you have also been there for multiple permutations of my dissertation and have worked with me across the cities that separated us and, for that, I am sincerely thankful. Your careful reading and thoughtful suggestions consistently helped me to clarify my writing. Patrizia Gentile, you are one of the busiest people I know and yet somehow always make time to be there for students. I learned a lot from you in the last few years. Working as your teaching assistant helped me bring together many strands of thought that frame this project. I felt both fully supported and taken seriously as an academic in all our interactions. Thank you for always challenging me to push myself further. I am also grateful to Dr. Jenny Burman for her willingness to act as an external examiner on this project. Her work has been inspirational for me and a consistent reminder that it is possible to explore the complexities of social life without losing analytic depth and rigor. Dr. Jacqueline Kennelly acted as an internal external at my defense. Her questions, like her scholarship, challenge me to delve deeper into the meanings and interrelationships of agency, subjectivity, and citizenship. My gratitude to my parents is immeasurable. You have supported me financially, emotionally, and intellectually through my entire life. I consider this project an v expression of my gratitude to you for all you have done, and especially for having dared to dream of a better life for your children. Undertaking this research gave me an ever greater appreciation for the many ways in which you struggled along the way. I wouldn't be who or where I am today without you. I love you both so much. Bilo, the best little brother anyone could ever wish for, you have listened when I needed to vent and understood when I was "in writing mode." You and Erica were often treated to late night phone calls when I took a night off or worked all day and lost track of time. Thanks for always answering the phone! I love you and thank you for all you do. Nabila and Al, you are always there through the ups and downs, always have your home open and a meal on the table, and make sure I laugh through it all. Your stories have also inspired this dissertation. My grrrrrls, Nagham and Farah, what would I have done without the awesome dances, giggles, and baking?! I am, every day, in awe of the beautiful and intelligent women you have become. Julie Gregory, you continue to be a constant support in my life and you know the place you hold in my heart. You listened to many sections of this dissertation, proofread the earliest drafts, challenged me to fully express my half-formed ideas, and made sure I took breaks along the way. Your carefulness with words inspires me to write more clearly and your love, support, and courage often leave me speechless. I remember, many years ago, talking with you until four o'clock in the morning about race being a social construct, my first introduction to this idea being through a class you were taking.
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