PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/SEPARAT 268-281 Znanstveni Prilozi Emina Zejnilović Erna Husukić

26 [2018]2[56] A SCHOLARLYJOURNALOFARCHITECTUREANDURBANPLANNING ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPISZAARHITEKTURUIURBANIZAM 7-12 [2018] 217-404 26 [2018]2[56] CODEN PORREV UDK |UDC71/72 10.31522/p https://doi.org/ ISSN 1330-0652 ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF OF ZAGREB, UNIVERSITY FAKULTET ARHITEKTONSKI U ZAGREBU, SVEUÈILIŠTE PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/SEPARAT 268-281 Znanstveni prilozi Emina Zejnilović Erna Husukić

Scientific Papers UDC 711.4(497.6Sarajevo)”20” https://doi.org/10.31522/p.26.2(56).5 Preliminary Communication Testing theRealityofSarajevoscape of theCulturalLandscape Re-conceptualizing CommonGround OFFPRINT

UDK 711.4(497.6Sarajevo)”20” https://doi.org/10.31522/p.26.2(56).5 Prethodno priopćenje Analiziranje stanjasarajevskogpejsaža kulturnih pejsaža Preispitivanje zajedničkogjezika

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Fig. 1 Neighborhood Marijin Dvor Sl. 1. Četvrt Marijin Dvor Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 26[2018] 2[56] PROSTOR 269

Erna Husukić, Emina Zejnilović

International Burch University Internacionalni Burč Univerzitet Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Fakultet za inženjering i prirodne nauke Department of Architecture Odsjek za arhitekturu Bosnia and Herzegovina - 7100 Sarajevo, Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža Bosna i Hercegovina - 7100 Sarajevo, Francuske revolucije bb, Ilidža [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Preliminary Communication Prethodno priopćenje https://doi.org/10.31522/p.26.2(56).5 https://doi.org/10.31522/p.26.2(56).5 UDC 711.4 (497.6 Sarajevo) ”20” UDK 711.4 (497.6 Sarajevo) ”20” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehničke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.02. - Urban and Physical Planning 2.01.02. - Urbanizam i prostorno planiranje Article Received / Accepted: 19. 10. 2018. / 11. 12. 2018. Članak primljen / prihvaćen: 19. 10. 2018. / 11. 12. 2018.

Re-conceptualizing Common Ground of the Cultural Landscape Testing the Reality of Sarajevoscape Preispitivanje zajedničkog jezika kulturnih pejsaža Analiziranje stanja sarajevskog pejsaža

cultural landscape kulturni pejsaž European identity europski identitet landscape change promjena pejsaža new technologies nove tehnologije Sarajevo, BiH Sarajevo, BiH sustainability održivost

This paper discusses the complex processes and practices of global flows within Ovaj se rad bavi složenim procesima i aktivnostima globalnih tokova unutar the dynamic nature of European cultural landscapes in a contemporary context. dinamičke prirode europskih kulturnih pejsaža u suvremenom kontekstu. It examines the role of new technologies, recent demographic fluctuations and Istražuje se uloga novih tehnologija, recentne demografske fluktuacije i rastu- increasing interconnectedness in cultural landscape reconfiguration. This paper ća međupovezanost u novoj konfiguraciji kulturnih pejsaža. Rad ima za cilj represents an attempt to encourage a shift in thinking on existing environmental potaknuti promjene u načinu razmišljanja o postojećim mogućnostima u resources and sustainable landscape practices, and to question alternative ap- okolišu i održivim aktivnostima u krajoliku te preispitati drugačije pristupe proaches that are sensitive to the cultural interchange process. Substantively, osjetljive na procese kulturne razmjene. Analizira se složena i kontradiktorna complex and contradictory nature of contemporary cultural identities is ad- priroda suvremenih kulturnih identiteta u Sarajevu, glavnom gradu Bosne i dressed in the city of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hercegovine. 270 PROSTOR 2[56] 26[2018] 268-281 E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Introduction ing and are being invaded by new landscapes, which is intimately connected with the shift- Uvod ing nature of cities. Thus, as characterized by researchers, planners and policy makers5 urbanization, new modes of transportation, globalization and unpredictable factor - calamity are driving forces of landscape change. Fur- thermore, the realities of the accumulated ef- fects of infrastructural interventions constantly alter ecosystems and material process in foreseen and unforeseen ways.6 Consequently, dysfunctional environmental relations have been a major force of landscape transformation, challenging the landscape to cope within maelstrom of continu- ous disintegration. Broadly speaking, an abundance of conceptual landscape views is to be expected. In this context substantive landscape meaning varies. As Rowntree7 re- veals according to various disciplines and its preferences landscape could be understood differently ”as an ecological artefact, material culture, visual resource, a metaphor, and artistic depiction, ideology, and agent of power relations”.8 Accordingly, selective landscape experience and representation, the ones that favor beau- tiful and stylized scenarios, is based on indi- vidual aspirations of the observer. Looking D istinctive characteristics of twenty-first for visually appealing environmental images, century landscapes, old or new, are products picaresque and surreal landscape beauty, of fundamental changes of its natural state very often intentionally, wilderness of envi- by human activity. Moreover, pointed out by ronment, ”the squalid villages of the real 1 the recent studies today’s Earth’s surface is countryside and including certain agreeable occupied predominantly by human-dominat- natural features: brooks and groves of trees ed ecosystems. Cleary, untouched nature is and smooth expanses of grass”9 are omitted just a fiction since every epoch and culture from landscape images. But such landscape leaves its own imprint on landscape. Thus, interpretation signifies the exact opposite of there can be no doubt that pseudo-natural 10 landscapes do exist. Still, the degrees of hu- what a cultural landscape is. Thus, the ma- man impact on environment vary, as well as jor concern of this paper is to question how degrees of landscape naturalness. one could understand, analyze and interpret diverse value system inherent in cultural Given the scale changes happening in the landscapes. age of the Anthropocene, humans have become a major geological force.2 The plethora This paper draws on Wall11 and the concep- of processes between various actors in the tion of landscape as responsive urban sur- environment indicate that there is little hope face ”that invokes functioning matrix of con- for understanding these interactions at a nective tissue that organizes not only objects global scale unless particularity of complex and spaces but also the dynamic process and environmental realities is going to be re- vealed. The identification of these interac- 1 Sanderson et al., 2002; Foley, 2005 tions and specific environment features in- 2 Steffen et al., 2011 clude understanding of co-dependent and 3 Terkenli, 2001: 198 co-evolutionary processes articulated and 4 According to Antrop: ”Traditional landscapes have materialized socially and culturally. Specified been defined as the landscapes which evolved during cen- by Terkenli3 the relevance of accepting land- turies until the fast and large scale modem changes in scapes as a synthesis of various discourses ‘tabula rasa’ style started.” [Antrop, 1997: 105] comes from need of ”cultural understanding 5 Antrop, 2004; Li et al., 2013; Lokman, 2017 and interpretation of changing geographical 6 Lokman, 2017 schemata of changing economic, physical as 7 Rowntree, 1996 well as social relations”. 8 Stephenson, 2008: 128 9 Jackson, 1984: 3 A common theme across landscape discipline 10 Rapaport, 1992: 34 is that traditional landscapes4 are disappear- 11 Wall, 1999: 233 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović 268-281 26[2018] 2[56] PROSTOR 271

events that move through them”. Wall12 re- their shared cultural and natural heritage, fers to a landscape as an urban surface char- and a foundation of their identity”.19 acterized ”as extensive and inclusive ground- The article aims to fill gaps within recent plane of a city, the ‘field’ that accommodate landscape research by addressing intercon- buildings, roads, utilities, open spaces, neigh- nectedness between culture and nature. In 13 borhoods, and natural habitats”. Moreover, doing so, Section 2 presents research on this view on the importance of complex pro- landscape as an instrument of cultural power cesses in landscape formation is additionally and questions alternative landscape ap- supported by the European Landscape Con- proaches that are sensitive to the process of vention that implies understanding of land- cultural interchange. Seeking to contribute to scape as ”means an area, as perceived by the theoretical framework and practical mo- people, whose character is the result of the dalities of comprehensive landscape devel- action and interaction of natural and/or hu- opment approach, section 3 explores mean- man factors”.14 ingful concepts of sustainability in reference Accordingly, multiple and complex changing to cultural landscape and challenges landscape design beyond ecological perfor- realities bring to the forefront new challenges mance. Substantively, Section 4 explores the for landscape research that questions land- complex nature of contemporary cultural scape policy as well as landscape evaluation identities that are addressed in the city of Sa- and assessment methods. The European rajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovi- Landscape Convention15 emphasized the ur- na. Using descriptive case study method20, gent need for landscape inventorying and this work seeks to provide insights of phe- monitoring. Reliable data and meaningful in- nomena at general level rather than simply dicators for landscape assessment are need- matters exclusively intrinsic to the case study ed to properly assess the character of the area. Section 5 entails to study landscapes, changing landscapes and decide what is offering directions for innovative future re- valuable for the future. Therefore, the stage search that sees technology as an extended and set up of new conditions for an uncertain network of various materials, social, cultural future of landscape has become a recurring 16 and environmental relations. Section 6 syn- topic in recent work of professionals. thesizes the research findings together with It is critical to comprehend that isolated per- the implications and argues that maintaining ception on understanding human-environ- cultural diversity through landscape is para- ment relationships are not sufficient, but mount for cultural sustainability. Finally, this rather pluralistic approaches are needed to work is seen as productive moment for put- effectively bridge research cores of different ting forward visionary ideas for cultural land- views.17 In that vein, the recognition of the scapes under technological influence and multiple values recaptured in landscapes has thus aims to provide a platform for future resulted in a steadily growing interest to sus- research. tain both cultural and ecological landscape diversity that can be also seen in the inclu- Landscape as an Instrument sive methods taken to landscape identifica- of Cultural Power tion and protection presented in the World Heritage Convention.18 Similar arguments Pejsaž kao instrument have appeared within the European Land- kulturne moći scape Convention in which a variety of pro- 21 fessions and disciplines have emphasized It is Eliot’s conviction that European culture the need for appropriate landscape identifi- represents the identities which can be discov- cation by recognition of ”landscapes in law ered in the different national cultures. Howev- as an essential component of people’s sur- er, faith of European culture is questionable if roundings, an expression of the diversity of countries suffer sustained identity reduction. According to Stephenson22 connections between culture and identity are not just obtain- 12 Wall, 1999 able through social relationships, but are also 13 Corner, 1999: 233 profoundly spatial. Parallel with this view, 14 Council of Europe, 2000: 2 both self-identity and group identity have 15 Council of Europe, 2000 causal links to the events and history that are 16 Terkenli, 2001; Birks, 2004; Stephenson, 2008; Fair related to the tangible environment. Changes clough, 2016 that have eroded existing landscapes may 17 Brown et al., 2005 nonetheless be important forces of oblitera- UNESCO, 2008 18 tion of locally distinctive characteristics and its Council of Europe, 2000: 89 19 meanings, that lead to a break between com- Francis, 2001 20 munities and their past.23 21 Eliot, 1988 22 Stephenson, 2008 Outdated landscape approaches increase the 23 Antrop, 2005 rift between landscape as discipline and the 272 PROSTOR 2[56] 26[2018] 268-281 E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

reality consisting of diverse forces.24 More- systems within a social order. Moving for- over, traditional perspectives to landscape ward, it can be argued that ”culture itself is embodies corrosive impact of various ideolo- the shaping force”30 of landscape change. gies, politics and economy that nurture con- Consequently, as Rapoport31 claimed ”the cealing realities of landscapes. In fact, all most modified landscapes - settlements - landscapes are seen as a repository of cultur- are cultural landscapes per excellence.” al values25, and thus the way how culture manifests itself spatially vary cross-culturally. Testing Grounds for Sustainable In order to address questions raised and Development problems identified around cultural landscapes it is important to clarify the concep- Ispitivanje osnova tual confusion about a cultural landscape za održivi razvoj within various disciplines. Perhaps most di- The concept of sustainable development is rectly, Longstreth26 describes how landscape widely interpreted as a need to achieve sus- is very often misinterpreted ”as being syn- tainability concurrently within environmen- onymous with designed landscape - a gar- 32 den, park, campus, boulevard system, and tal, economic and social spheres. Sustain- the like-or with landscaping - the act of ma- ability therefore has enjoyed a great deal of attention in various professional disci- nipulating topography, ground surfaces and 33 plan material”. plines resulting in significant body of studies that has evolved over three decades. In- The term cultural landscape was introduced evitably, sustainability discourse has received 27 by Sauer stated that ”the cultural landscape mainstream acceptance, and is a catch- is fashioned from a natural landscape by a word used within various academic, profes- cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natu- sional and political circles, in the media and ral are the medium, the cultural landscape is everywhere. the result” The World Heritage Convention defined three categories of cultural land- However, when we taught about apparent in- scapes: (1) ”clearly defined landscape de- terest in sustainability in tandem with sub- signed and created intentionally by man” (2) stantial global convocations, the discipline of ”organically evolved landscape” and (3) ”as- landscape architecture must critically explore sociative cultural landscape”.28 the meaningfulness of concept of sustainable development. And, yet, contemporary theory In this understanding, this work has moved a and the practice of sustainable landscape de- long way from the definition of cultural land- sign focuses primarily on sustainability’s scape by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel from the 1890s as ”the landscape ecological aspects while little attention has modified by human activity” (as cited in been paid to distinctions between sustain- Jones29). Rather, this paper discusses con- able development and sustainable landscape struction of landscape as both spatial mani- design since for a landscape design to be festation and cultural setting. sustainable it needs more than just the use of sustainable technologies. Different views on This work refers to landscape as an urban in- sustainable landscapes were further debated teractive surface responsive to socio-cultural by Palang et al.34 calling for additional ap- and technological dynamics, and as such rep- proach on sustainable landscape design resents an imprint of time and events. This apart from the popular ‘pillar approach’ con- explains how each landscape presents in em- sisting of the ecological, social, and econom- blematic form an experience of the discovery, ic dimensions of sustainability.35 Rather, ac- its exploration, engagement, and longer re- ceptance of a fourth pillar of sustainability - flection about the unique relationships be- culture, Hawkes36 represents integration of tween humans and non-humans. cultural values into memorable landscape Cultural or landscape identity is not bounded to spatial boundaries. It is dependent primar- 24 Terkenli, 2001 ily on geographical networks and changes 25 Deming, 2015 through numerous interconnections and in- 26 Longstreth, 2008: 1 terdependencies rather than spatial bound- 27 Sauer, 1925: 46 aries. Landscape identity is constantly trans- 28 UNESCO, 2008: 81 forming in reference to both spatial and time 29 Jones, 2003: 33 components. It might be verbalized and 30 Taylor, 2008: 7 showed at a variable topographical scale, 31 Rapoport, 1992: 34 spatial element, or examination unit. The 32 United Nations, 2002 contextualization of multifunctional land- 33 WCED, 1987; Holden et al., 2017 scapes is a cultural process - where cultural, 34 Palang et al., 2017 as a significant system, interpenetrates the 35 Antrop, 2006; Soini, Dessein, 2016 economic and political, even the physical, 36 Hawkes, 2004 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović 268-281 26[2018] 2[56] PROSTOR 273

forms and spaces. Meyer37 pointed out on the ent in European countries.41 All the efforts of need of thinking on design of landscape as European Union to diminish consequences of cultural act that is a product of culture ”made climate change using innovative solutions42 with materials of nature, embedded within seems to be reasonable given the range of its and inflected by particular social formation; it benefits. Thus, there is still discrepancy be- often employs principles of ecology, but it tween countries across Europe and the active does more than that. It enables social rou- usage of innovative technologies becomes tines and spatial practices, from daily prom- the exclusive right of developed countries. enades to commuting to work”. The growing awareness of the need to sus- Sarajevoscape under Pressure tain both cultural and ecological diversity ap- Sarajevoscape pod pritiskom pears to be finding common ground in the landscape, as can be seen for example in the This case study intent to produce knowledge inclusive approaches taken to landscape about city Sarajevo that has the potential to identification and protection under the World inform contemporary practices and enforce Heritage Convention38 and the interest in sus- creation of a continuity between past, pres- Fig. 2 Sarajevo topographic map Sl. 2. Topografska karta Sarajeva tainable cultural-natural relationships under ent and future. The method employed in this the protected landscapes approach.39 work aims to build understanding and recognize character of existing cultural landscape Seeking to contribute to the theoretical of Sarajevo, reading the city backward and framework and practical modalities of a com- forward, looking beyond chaos and examin- prehensive approach to landscape developing city with a sharper critical focus. The ment, this work negotiates antiqued land- methods used to develop the case study in- scape conceptions, one in which beauty is cluded multidisciplinary and multimedia ar- seen as generic and a charming factor, condi- chival research on city specificities. By focus- tional for first contact and experiencing the ing on multidimensional variables attention landscape. It suggests enrichment of experi- is given to the current modalities of practices, mental possibilities of contemporary land- aspirations, and constrains that are generat- scapes by enlarging perceptions and narra- ed over time. Using a descriptive case study tives. In a similar tone, it is significant to be method, it attempts to provide answer on able to challenge landscape design beyond how a city could operate effectively and in- only ecological performance and to take vari- novatively under conditions of instability. ous social and cultural factors into account. One may reason that there is nothing revolu- In-depth research on landscapes demon- tionary about a city’s development, global- strates that its unique characteristics can fa- ization, and in particular, its implications on cilitate positive changes geared toward sus- the cultural landscape re-formation. Howev- tainable development. er, Sarajevo, the capital and the largest city As Meyer40 argued it is not enough to design of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia hereinaf- landscapes that incorporate best manage- ter), is an exemplary case of how globaliza- ment practices and advanced technologies tion under a specific social, economic, and based on sustainable design principles or political regime can radically influence a once just emulate the admirable design from prac- strong cultural milieu.43 tices. Designed landscapes must follow the Sarajevo has been described as a typical Bal- path from constructed human experiences kan city44; an Ottoman city with an enduringly through ecosystems. Turkish appearance45; as the most Yugoslav However, sustainable landscape practices of Yugoslav cities46; a city of pluralism, reli- and in particular implementation of new and gious tolerance, and mutual understand- innovative technological solutions in land- ing47; and as the popular ‘European Jerusa- 48 scape design is a trend that is unevenly pres- lem’ . Situated in the heart of South-eastern Europe, Sarajevo has for centuries represented a strategic position and symbolic cross- 37 Meyer, 2008:15 roads connecting central Europe, the Adriatic 38 UNESCO, 2008 Sea and the Mediterranean. Although, the 39 Brown et al., 2005 boundaries of Sarajevo territory were highly 40 Meyer, 2008 unstable over the history, today’s city is 41 Török et al., 2012; European Commission & Directo- rate-General for Research and Innovation, 2014 formed longitudinally along the Miljacka Riv- 42 Madelin et al., 2016 er, in the well-concealed valley surrounded by the Dinaric Alps (Fig. 2), which extends 43 Husukić, Zejnilović, 2017 from the Ottoman core that lie side-by side to 44 Todorov, 1983 Austro-Hungarian center, to the socialist and 45 Spangler, 1983 post-socialist extensions. 46 Donia, Fine, Hamer, 1994 47 Mahmutćehajić, 2003 To large extent, Sarajevo landscape’s distinc- 48 Koštović, 2001 tiveness grew out from coexistence of multi- 274 PROSTOR 2[56] 26[2018] 268-281 E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Fig. 3 Panorama of Sarajevo (circa 1875) shows ple histories (Figs. 3-5) that have played a On the other hand, Western influence is pre- widely scattered layout of city and harmonious significant role in shaping spatial morpholo- sented through Austro-Hungarian part (Fig. 1) connection between the nature and the city as an outstanding feature of the Ottoman legacy gy as well as human psychology and behav- of the city and characterized by rigid plan- Sl. 3. Panorama Sarajeva (oko 1875.) pokazuje ior. The enormous variability of Sarajevo ning, regularity and symmetry. Denial of ex- područje prostiranja grada i skladnu povezanost landscapes is significant due to its highly al- isting systems of values and architecture in prirode i grada kao vrijedno obilježje osmanske ternating geomorphological configuration ostavštine human scale is interrupted with the western where the natural features give the space the principles of design in which massive street Fig. 4 Panorama of Sarajevo (circa 1900) shows character of authenticity, diversity, and intri- rows of buildings formed corridor-like streets abrupt change in city scale and the new layers added cate landscape and spatial values. during the Austrian-Hungarian rule and enforced monumentalism. Contrary, in Sl. 4. Panorama Sarajeva (oko 1900.) pokazuje naglu Fertile ground for creation of variable identi- contemporary cultural landscapes the set of promjenu u veličini grada i nove slojeve pridodane ties and thus variable cultural landscapes is values, underlying concepts and schemata za vrijeme austrougarske vladavine the result of grievously shaped city by its his- are additionally branched. 49 tories and fusion as Grabrijan and Neidhardt The overall Sarajevo landscape is the person- noted between the ‘emotional East’ and the ification of diverse, alternative, and coexist- ‘rational West’. Therefore, specificities of Sa- ing vision of ideal landscapes, and the ten- rajevo cultural landscape are not outstanding sions between them lead to complex, con in terms of singular artefacts, neither archi- fusing but a dynamic landscape nature. tectural nor ecological, but in its composite Landscapes like this are not exclusive occur- landscape which portrays struggle of genera- rence of city of Sarajevo but are ever present tions to cultivate environment under the influence of various conquerors. image, a reality of cities across region, Eu- rope and world. As noted earlier, this is not Current condition of cultural landscapes is simply a question of existence of various being built for centuries and evolved from landscape formats, but a matter of aware- both local and external influences. Moreover, ness of a landscape as four-dimensional real- in commenting on Bosnian art, Grabrijan and ity absorbed and molded by Sarajevans from 50 Neidhardt recognized specific values evi- pragmatic endeavors. dent not only in Bosnian art but also in the way how they designed spaces and cities ac- Thus, contemporary Sarajevo cultural land- cording to himself, in human scale ”Bosnian scape (Fig. 7) is more difficult to analyze since man is not a mystic, but a realist and that is it covers a cohabitation, tensions and clash of from where all this realistic and cubic archi- different orders. Fractured and caught up in tecture emerges, which is at the same time the vision of recent economic and political comfortable, humble and democratic.” forces, traditional cultural landscape is in- duced with the new schemata, disparate from Urban fabric of Sarajevo demonstrates visi- traditional unitary model of relationships. At ble traces of once highly consistent and shared set of values in the traditional cultural first glance, unobtrusive and sometimes irri- landscapes. Notwithstanding its size and po- tating, but loud enough to convey a message sition in the city, legacy of Eastern influence, of its trans-formation, that prompt one to try although altered, is still evident (Fig. 6) in the to envision spatial synthesis. form of organic planning, irregularity and fluidity of spaces. Most notable, is the image of 49 Grabrijan, Neidhardt, 1957 the Ottoman core, which was an echo of ho- 50 Grabrijan, Neidhardt, 1957: 13 51 Martín-Díaz et al., 2018 mogeneous and harmonious relationships 52 The Development Strategy of the Sarajevo Canton between man, space and nature. until 2020, 2016: 33 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović 268-281 26[2018] 2[56] PROSTOR 275

In a situation where a dense urban context is mental legislation is in a rather advanced Fig. 5 Panorama of Sarajevo (2015) shows superficially understood, and where the stage and basic strategic documents (Can- Sarajevoscape as a stratification of previous and present-day urban dynamics, with an interplay scope of most spatial interventions is limited tonal and Local Environmental Action Plans) between the natural and built environment by circumstances, it can be argued that to- have been adopted, but there is a lack of co- Sl. 5. Panorama Sarajeva (2015.) pokazuje pejsaž day’s cities are a political ideology reflection. ordination between the bodies for document Sarajeva (Sarajevoscape) kao stratifikaciju In this sense, Sarajevo is not an exception. implementation. However, due to non-en- prethodne i sadašnje urbane dinamike uz međupovezanost prirodnog i izgrađenog okoliša Driven by the profit logic, the overriding ob- forcement of environmental protection regu- jective of the authorities was to get the city to lations, specific topographic features of Sara- Fig. 6 View from mountain Trebević towards old town be visually attractive to the substantial num- jevo caused many problems to contemporary Sl. 6. Pogled s planine Trebević na stari grad ber of foreign investors. The fragile and pre- development, in which air pollution, risks for carious nature of contemporary urban devel- watercourses and security of water supply, opment in Sarajevo offered instant progress land, cultural-historical and natural heritage, but harmed local culture by introducing spa- are increasing. Despite the tendencies to fol- tial dynamics unfamiliar to the local society. low European regulations for sustainable de- The vanishing of traditional landscape val- velopment and a desire to overcome traces of ues, land consumptions that favors densely post-war and post-socialist urban processes, built areas leaving just traces of open public interventions in the built environment of Sa- rajevo lead its development towards unsus- spaces, squares and parks, is the reality of 53 contemporary Sarajevo. Increasing Sarajevo tainable directions. landscape vulnerability is further intensified As noted by Husukić and Zejnilović54 a major by uncontrolled housing constructions, pre- difficulty of urban development of Sarajevo is dominantly on the slopes of the city. Al- the complexity of planning bureaucracy and though, the trend of illegal housing construc- stagnancy of the legal framework, with mech- tions dates back to the seventies, as Sarajevo anisms that are not able to support rational- was a powerful industrial center where many ized strategic decisions. Indeed, such plan- jobs were opened, and more and more peo- ning system turned out to be misleading. It ple moved into the city, situation after the was Beck’s55 conviction that what is essential last war (1995) is even more alarming. Due to is not more rules, procedures or technolo- a very complicated and long-term procedure gies, but more attitudes, feelings, images, for obtaining a building permit, which can narratives. This consideration, however, last up to three years, and fact that the legal- does not oppose necessity of planning sys- ization of illegally constructed houses is tem or diminish the role of technology in city much cheaper than the approval of all per- progress, but rather advocate for more flexi- mits before construction itself, Sarajevo is ble planning system able to cope with on-go- now facing with the many negative conse- ing globalization processes. quences, one of them being high risks of potential geomorphological hazards.51 Altered process of experiencing traditional and contemporary cultural landscapes with According to the Development Strategy of 52 pre-created system of values predominantly the Sarajevo Canton until 2020 the environ- imposed via communication media and based upon tourist literature, tv, newspa- 53 Martín-Díaz et al., 2018 pers, neglect cultural diversity and primordial values, reduce clearly distinct cultural land- 54 Husukić, Zejnilović, 2017 scapes. By understanding as first processes 55 Beck, 1995 of traditional cultural landscapes one may 276 PROSTOR 2[56] 26[2018] 268-281 E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

gether. At very least, it seems right to acknowledge that no manmade landscape can be chaotic (i.e. random), any more than the culture can be.56

The Role of Technology in Shaping Cultural Landscapes Uloga tehnologije u oblikovanju kulturnih pejsaža Technology is everywhere. Undoubtedly, con- sciously or unconsciously, technology is imprinted in each sphere of human life. It changes so rapidly that what is current one moment may be obsolete the next. As result, the present available knowledge and tech- nique supported by great technological achievements has enabled the development of hybrid environments that require significant inputs of materials and natural resources. Furthermore, integration of technologies in design, construct dynamic and responsive environments that challenge conventional model of relationships between man and na- Fig. 7 Intimidating masses of contemporary make a shift to a multifaceted cultural land- ture.57 This ability to create new conceptual architecture scape of the 21st century in a way that is anal- Sl. 7. Zastrašujući razmjeri suvremene arhitekture methodology for landscape is based, accord- ogous to inherited environment. This ex- ing to Johnson and Gattegno58 on ”emerging plains rationale for this research and how world of robotic ecologies, where matter at crucial is to establish evidence of variability all scales is programmable, parametric, net- within numerous forms of cultural land- worked, and laden with artificial intelligence.” scapes and broaden research that include 59 moment of time and cross-cultural diversity. Moving forward, Frampton and Cava asserts that ”due to the complexity of technological Typically, various forms of cultural land- systems in the built environment, the archi- scapes are being observed in isolation from tect will have to coordinate these systems one another. Yet neither can be understood with a new cybernetic approach to fully real- fully from one another. To lean on the argu- ize the interrelationships between them”.60 ment above, one cannot understand the Ot- The failure to adequately address technolo- toman part of the city outside of the context gy, Kaufman-Osborn61 advocates, is under- of Austro-Hungarian neither outside of the lined by the fact that technology is seen as a context of socialist city. It is essential to re- thing or object to be installed or manipulat- consider sequences of city that are physically ed. It is not enough to optimize building per- evident in build form but also to analyze pro- formance or emulate spectacular forms by cesses that are result of contrast of space giving techno-character to environment. More juxtaposition. importantly, since humans are embedded in Over the past years in Sarajevo, significant the environment socially, ecologically, and technologically, there is need for apprehen- landscape modification has been evident. Al- sion of technology as an extension of what it though, changes in landscape did not re- means to be human. ceived much attention of authorities it is critical to acknowledge consequent landscape One thing seems certain; cities are not im- transformation as initiators of vehement mune to the technological progress. It will be changes of environment-behavior relation- increasingly hard to control overriding tech- ships. What concerned us here is the way in nological character of built environment. which the traditional landscapes are neglect- Through such endeavors there are only spo- ed but also the ways how contemporary cul- radic intentions to foresee the cultural poten- tural landscapes are perceived. It seems that, in that context, the idea of the future land- 56 Rapaport, 1992: 39 scapes and its underlying schemata will fol- 57 Cantrell, Holzman, 2016 low path lead by powerful set of spatial rela- 58 Johnson, Gattegno, 2016: xvii tions based on massive culture and consum- 59 Frampton, Cava: 1995 erism culture. However, there is a need to 60 Allen, 2007: 31 study together apparently irreconcilable en- 61 Kaufman-Osborn, 1997 vironments as one system that co-exist to- 62 Rice, 1992 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović 268-281 26[2018] 2[56] PROSTOR 277

tial of this cybernetic approach. Decidedly, as hind the Euro-identity, it is uncertain what argued by engineer Peter Rice62 there is myth European culture promotes. about technology, ”The feeling that techno- Research on cyborg landscapes in which re- logical choice is always the result of a prede- sponsive technologies play a key role, ”the termined logic. The feeling that there is a cor- cyborg speaks to a smartness that goes be- rect solution to a technical question is very yond an environment laden with ubiquitous common. But a technical solution like any computing devices”69, goes hand in hand other decision is a moment in time. It is not 63 64 with technological progress. New modalities definitive.” Frampton and Cava , accord- represented through high-tech, designed ingly, argue that implicit in Peter Rice’s writ- landscapes, are embodied in the existing ing on technological systems is ”that a tech- framework of city interrelationships and very nological device is a cultural choice and not often are contrasting them. It can be said that simply a matter of reductive logic”. newly formed sequences of cities are created Discussing on inflexion of global culture, predominantly to function as closed systems. transformative nature and emerging land- One thing, however, remains unclear. If tech- scapes that favors diversity there is a need to nology is becoming driving force in landscape recognize the importance of the spaces of research and practice how this will affect transmissions and permeable boundaries of countries across Europe? How many coun- our age. An additional key issue concerning tries, cities, in Europe or the world, in the fu- globalization and communication flows is ture will have chance to taste the beauty of creation of a hyperspace that according to innovative technologies applied to environ- Castells65 is a major reason of ”the destruc- mental design? For sure, not many of them. It tion of human experience, therefore of com- is argued that high-tech landscapes are ex- munication, and therefore of society” on a clusive right and privilege of developed coun- global scale. As such, technocratic society tries. The city of Sarajevo is just one example lead to human bewilderment that eventually of city in which variability of cultural landscapes is purely existential in nature. As al- come up with distorted image of belonging. ready pointed out, there is huge discrepancy In contrary, to Castella’s concern for es- between developed and developing coun- trangement of society, Baudrillard66 sees tries in terms of usage of innovative technol- enormous possibilities ”a state of fascination ogy and its application in landscape design. and vertigo linked to this obscene delirium of Thus, it seems reasonable to broaden partial communication”. studies on specific cultural landscapes by In this regard, questioning range of possible synthetizing and providing general state- identities within the European ‘cultural space’ ments of landscape evolution threatening and cultural landscapes, Morley and Robins67 whole landscape. At the same time, studies acknowledge co-existence of local and cos- on isolated bits of cultural landscapes very mopolitan culture. Moreover, they express often becomes irrelevant when placed in wid- skepticism about idea of ‘Europe without er context. Consistency of research with the frontiers’ concerning the actual reflections of support of adequate data is essential no mat- new technological forms on the information ter are we talking about traditional or con- and communication media. Borderless flow temporary cultural landscapes. Moreover, of information, people and goods besides identification of commonalities of various countless benefits irretrievably are creating landscapes and detecting specific schemata tensions between global and local leaving will lead to precious body of evidence and concept of Euro identity as a vulnerable and good entry point for landscape research. anxious phenomenon.68 If we are to under- Having said that, it must be highlighted that stand the current possibilities of technology major concern of this work is not to deprive and its role in re-formation of cultural land- landscape of technocratic society or to ex- scapes, we must understand the context in clude various possibilities driven by technol- which there are planning to be developed. ogy, but rather to reinvest a design with now For instance, the European Union has sought largely understand layer of meaning, one per- to harness communication technologies in haps more primordial in its sensory appre- order to promote stable ground for creation hension. In such a view, this work embraces of European identity. In addition to many notions of multifunctional landscapes as re- questions raised around crucial meaning be- action to an existing socioecological and cultural network that do not exclusively operate 63 Frampton, Cava, 1995: 387 in present but instead create fertile ground 64 Frampton, Cava, 1995: 387 for future changes. This article, with its focus 65 Castells, 1983: 4 analysis on cultural landscape, may not put 66 Baudrillard, 1985: 132 an end to the affected disenchantment that 67 Morley, Robins, 1995 so often indicates itself into our contempo- 68 Morley, Robins, 1995 rary discourse, but it will give a traceable 69 Cantrell, Holzman, 2016: 47 start to further elaboration. 278 PROSTOR 2[56] 26[2018] 268-281 E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Conclusion Without exception, all landscapes are bear- ers of culture, and thus historical and cultural Zaključak values are strongly intervened in each sphere of landscape existence. It is, however, impor- The last decades of the twentieth century shaped a vigorous debate in contemporary tant to realize that landscape and identity landscape thinking that is further stretched as creation are a dialogue repetitively in pro- noted by Girot and Imhof70 by the juxtaposi- cess. Therefore, attention should be given to tion of science and memory, of exponential consequences of continuing globalization growth and history. Consequently, it is argued and increasing pressure on cities to keep that a multitude of heterogenous ideologies abreast of emerging technologies. Not sur- that attempt to define a world, created a prisingly, in thinking how cities might resist schism between the way a landscape is com- contemporary challenges, authorities often, prehended scientifically and the way it occurs as it is presented through Sarajevo case cognitively, mnemonically, and emotionally. study, prioritize attractiveness of city over Indeed, scientific literature in stark contrast adaptability and fluidity. Yet logically, such with a romanticized landscape vision has nev- practice has been deprived of responsibility er been so inextricable as it is now. for society. The seductive nature of technology produced a change of paradigm between From a research perspective, underlining society and space but also between image content of contemporary landscape narrative and the object. Depiction of technology as a does not have an easy formula. Practitioners tool to manipulate with environment exclu- need to penetrate the unique anatomy of cul- sively to be visually appealing produces not tural landscapes by understanding the set of image of reality but an illusion. rules by which diverse information are en- coded in the city DNA and translated into This work is seen as a productive moment of space. Ultimately, the genetic code imprinted putting forward visionary clues for cultural in cultural landscape is far from being simply landscapes under the influence of technolo- descriptive but conjure invisible presences. gy and thus aims to provide a platform for As such, the various landscape repertoire future contemplation on interconnectedness found cross-culturally as unique system of of culture, technology and landscape. Ac- meanings, attitudes, norms, and beliefs, un- cordingly, it does not refute the enormous der the influence of global culture becomes possibilities of innovative technologies that increasingly complex and unpredictable. Cul- resulted in worldwide interconnectedness, tural landscape mutations brought highly transportation, expansion of media commu- variable and heterogeneous character of nication, etc. Indeed, a central assertion is landscapes in which global and local end- that, after all, innovation is a social responsi- lessly interpenetrate creating blurred cultural bility. This entails to study landscapes, offer- boundaries. ing directions for innovative future research that sees technology as an extended network It is apparent that restructuring cities and of various materials, social, cultural and envi- landscapes may have resulted in highly frag- ronmental relations. What follows is an at- mented environments. As it is the case in Sa- tempt to observe the relation of technology rajevo, landscape fragmentation is further and culture as a crucial initiator of sustain- intensified when ”laws, regulations, planning able global and local changes, that moves far and administration for landscape are formu- beyond elite circles of techno science. late in separate division, where values related to nature and culture are separated from Decidedly, this work addresses the need for experimental and social values”.71 To move careful consideration of technological choice forward, it is essential to find the way how to responsive to environmental realities and ev- accommodate changing realities and unfore- eryday life. Rather than superficially propa- seen circumstances within enough flexible gating postulates of sustainability, the redi- system of landscape relations. rection of landscape development is seen as an expansion of concept of sustainability be- Regardless of variety of concerns presented yond ecological health realm into social prac- above, this is not a discipline specific prob- tice and the cultural sphere. Moreover, it is lem, but it extends beyond professions, call- redirecting landscape development from an ing for a multidisciplinary and comprehen- ego-centric to a more eco-centric practice. sive approach. As Appadurai72 argues, the landscape itself may perhaps be best under- [Proof-read by Elvira Čolo, MA engleskog stood as a subject of ”various constraints jezika i književnosti] and incentives (some political, some informa- tional, and some technoenvironmental) at 70 Girot and Imhof, 2016 the same time as each act as a constraint and 71 Herlin, 2004: 401 a parameter for movements in the others”. 72 Appadurai, 1996: 35 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović 268-281 26[2018] 2[56] PROSTOR 279

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(2018), The urbanisa- dscapes, ”Landscape and Urban Planning”, 84 Fig. 7 Photo: Authors Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Re-conceptualizing Common Ground… E. Husukić, E. Zejnilović 268-281 26[2018] 2[56] PROSTOR 281 Sažetak Summary

Preispitivanje zajedničkog jezika kulturnih pejsaža Analiziranje stanja sarajevskog pejsaža

U radu se raspravlja o složenim procesima i prak- va diljem regije, Europe i svijeta. Međutim, to nije različitih materijalnih, društvenih, kulturnih i oko- sama globalnih tokova u dinamičnoj prirodi europ- samo pitanje postojanja raznih krajobraznih forma- lišnih odnosa. Iz toga slijedi pokušaj promatranja skih kulturnih pejsaža u suvremenom kontekstu. ta nego i pitanje svijesti o krajoliku kao četverodi- odnosa tehnologije i kulture kao ključnog pokreta- Istražuje se uloga novih tehnologija, recentna de- menzionalnoj stvarnosti koju apsorbiraju i oblikuju ča održivih globalnih i lokalnih promjena koje dale- mografska fluktuacija i povećana međupovezanost sami stanovnici Sarajeva iz pragmatičnih razloga. ko nadilaze elitne krugove tehnoznanosti. u ponovnom oblikovanju kulturnog pejsaža. Taj Stoga je suvremeni sarajevski kulturni pejsaž teže Grad Sarajevo samo je jedan primjer grada u kojem proces uključuje razmatranje fragmentacije posto- analizirati jer pokriva suživot, napetosti i sukob je varijabilnost kulturnih pejsaža osnova njegove jećih pejsaža kao odraz procesa fragmentacije u različitih elemenata. Razbijen i zarobljen u viziji ne- egzistencije. Kao što je već istaknuto, postoje velike širemu prostornom kontekstu. Nadalje, postavlja davnih gospodarskih i političkih snaga, tradicional- razlike između razvijenih i zemalja u razvoju glede se pitanje promjenjivosti krajobraza unutar različi- ni kulturni krajolik potaknut je novom shemom, korištenja inovativne tehnologije i njezine primjene tih kultura koji se odvijaju u kontinuiranom pro različitom od tradicionalnoga unitarnog modela u projektiranju pejsaža. Stoga se čini razumnim pro- cesu nastajanja novih prostora. Ovaj rad nastoji odnosa. Na prvi pogled nenametljiv i katkad iritan- širiti parcijalne studije o specifičnim kulturnim kra- potaknuti promjene u razmišljanjima o postojećim tan, ali dovoljno glasan da prenese poruku svoje jolicima sintetiziranjem i pružanjem općih informa ekološkim resursima i održivim praksama u uprav- preobrazbe koja potiče predviđanje prostorne sin- cija o evoluciji krajolika koja prijeti cijelom krajoliku. ljanju pejsažem, ali i preispitati drukčije pristupe teze. Upravo u tom kontekstu ovaj članak istražuje Istodobno, studije o izoliranim dijelovima kulturno- koji su osjetljivi na proces kulturne razmjene. Svi potrebu obnove kulturnih krajobraza u Sarajevu ga krajobraza vrlo često postaju irelevantne kada se su pejsaži bez iznimke nositelji određene kulture kao izazov putem kojeg bi autentična kultura mogla postave u širi kontekst. Konzistentnost istraživanja pa stoga povijesne i kulturne vrijednosti snažno ponovno zaživjeti kao reakcija na sve ono što se uz potporu adekvatnih podataka od temeljne je važ- utječu na svaki njegov segment. percipira kao prijeteći oblik kulturne hibridnosti. nosti bez obzira radi li se o tradicionalnim ili suvre- Složena i kontradiktorna priroda suvremenih kul- Ovaj rad na produktivan način predstavlja vizionar- menim kulturnim krajobrazima. Štoviše, prepozna- turnih identiteta razmatra se na primjeru Sarajeva, sku predodžbu kulturnih pejsaža pod utjecajem vanje sličnosti različitih krajobraza i otkrivanje spe- glavnoga i najvećega grada Bosne i Hercegovine. tehnologije te ima za cilj postaviti temelje buduće- cifičnih shema dovest će do dragocjenog dokaza i Smješten u srcu jugoistočne Europe, grad Sarajevo ga razmišljanja o međupovezanosti kulture, tehno- adekvatnog ishodišta za istraživanje krajobraza. stoljećima je imao važnu stratešku poziciju i sim- logije i pejsaža. U skladu s time, on ne odbacuje Ovaj se rad bavi potrebom pomnjivog razmatranja bolički predstavljao raskrižje koje povezuje sred- goleme mogućnosti inovativnih tehnologija koje su tehnološkog izbora koji odgovara stvarnosti okoli- nju Europu, Jadransko more i Mediteran. dovele do globalne svjetske međupovezanosti, ša i svakodnevnog života. Umjesto površnog pro- Cjelokupni sarajevski pejsaž personifikacija je vizi- transporta, ekspanzije komunikacijskih mogućno- pagiranja postulata održivosti, preusmjeravanje je raznolikih, drukčijih i supostojećih idealnih kra- sti putem medija itd. Doista, središnja je tvrdnja da razvoja krajolika smatra se proširenjem koncepta jolika, a napetosti između njih dovode do njegove je, napokon, inovacija društvena odgovornost. To održivosti izvan područja ekološkog zdravlja u složene i zbunjujuće, ali dinamične prirode. Ovakvi podrazumijeva potrebu proučavanja pejsaža, kao i društvenu praksu i kulturnu sferu. Usto, razvoj kra- pejsaži nisu karakteristični samo za grad Sarajevo, ponudu smjernica za buduća inovativna istraživa- jolika preusmjerava se od egocentrične u ekocen- već su oduvijek prisutni kao slika stvarnosti grado- nja koja tehnologiju smatraju proširenom mrežom tričnu praksu.

Biographies Biografije

Erna Husukić - PhD Degree obtained at Interna- Dr.sc. Erna Husukić, doktorirala je na Internacio- tional Burch University, Sarajevo, BiH, Department nalnom Burč Univerzitetu (Odsjek za arhitekturu) u of Architecture. Her research interests revolved Sarajevu, BiH. Njezini istraživački interesi usmje around contemporary urban milieu and urban stud- reni su prema suvremenom urbanom okolišu i ur- ies with a particular interest on urban transforma- banističkim studijama s osobitim naglaskom na tions, city regeneration and urban memory. Her urbane transformacije, obnovu grada i urbanu me- current research work is focused on marginal moriju. Trenutno se bavi istraživanjem marginalnih spaces, urban ruins and cultural dimensions of prostora, urbanim ruševinama i kulturnim dimenzi- globalization. jama globalizacije. Emina Zejnilović - PhD Degree obtained at Inter- Dr.sc. Emina Zejnilović, doktorirala je na Interna national Burch University, Sarajevo, BiH, Depart- cionalnom Burč Univerzitetu (Odsjek za arhitektu- ment of Architecture. She researches architecture ru) u Sarajevu, BiH. Istražuje arhitekturu kao dru as a social product, exploring topics of impact of štveni proizvod, kao i teme utjecaja kulture na culture on architectural design in broadest sense, arhitektonsko projektiranje u najširem smislu, s with particular focus on the Balkan region. osobitim naglaskom na regiju Balkana.