Effects Of Khat (Catha edulis) On Some Blood Contents And The Tissues Of The Digestive System Of Rabbits
By Mohammad Abdulwali Saeed Ali Al-Hegami B. Sc.
A THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Zoology
Biology Department Faculty of Science Sana’a University Yemen
February 2001
Effects Of Khat (Catha edulis) On Some Blood Contents And The Tissues Of The Digestive System Of Rabbits
BY Mohammad Abdulwali Saeed Ali Al-Hegami
Approved
A - Supervision Committee Members:
1 - Prof. Dr. Abdul Karim A. Nasher 2 - Dr. Abdulgalil S. Griuaty
B - Examination Committee Members:
1 - Prof. Dr. Abdul Karim A. Nasher 2 - Prof. Dr. Abubakr A. Al-Qirbi 3 - Prof. Dr. Foad Al-Khelli
Date Thesis is presented, February, 2001
Supervisors
Prof. Dr. Abdul Karim A. Nasher
Professor of Zoology
Biology Department - Faculty of Science Sana’a University - Yemen
Dr. Abdulgalil S. Griuaty
Assistant Professor of Zoology
Biology Department - Faculty of Science Sana’a University - Yemen
DEDICATION
With lots of Affection to:
My Dear Parents
My Brothers and My Sisters
My Wife and My Children
The Everlasting Source of Love and Sacrifice.
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﻪﻠﻟ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺻﺪق اﷲ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺒﻘﺮة ﺁیﺔ 32
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, thanks are due to god, the most beneficent and merciful.
I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the sincere supervision of Dr. Abdul Karim A. Nasher, Professor of Zoology, Biology Dept., Faculty of Science, Sana’a University for his guidance, continuous encouragement, helpful comments, valuable advice and support during the course of this study.
I would also like to thank Dr. Abdulgalil S. Griuaty, Assistant Professor of Zoology, Biology Dept., Faculty of Science, Sana’a University for his role in preparing the study plan. Thanks are also extended to Prof. Imad M. Al-Ani, Faculty of Medicine, Sana’a University for his help in the examination and interpretation of digestive system sections.
I would also like to express my deep gratitude to my family for their continuous encouragement and support during my work.
I am indebted to the authorities of Sana’a University and in particular the Deanship of the Faculty of Science, and the staff of the Department of Biology for their help, support and provision of research facilities. Thanks are also extended to the staff of Higher Studies and Scientific Research, Sana’a University for their support.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all my friends, for their helpful assistance during this study.
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SUMMARY
The present study is planned to elucidate the possible effects of Khat on the blood contents and tissues of the digestive system in experimental rabbits.
Thirty-two adult rabbits of both sexes were used in the present study. Rabbits were chosen for this study because they can consume Khat as well as for their availability. The animals were divided into two groups:
1. The experimental group consisted of 24 rabbits (12 males and 12 females). Each animal received daily 600 g fresh alfalfa supplemented by 50 g of commercial concentrated fodder and 40 g fresh leaves of Sawtty Khat per one kg body weight for 4.5 successive months.
2. The control group consisted of 8 rabbits (4 males and 4 females) and each of them received the fresh alfalfa diet and the supplement fodder only.
Venous blood samples were collected from all rabbits every 1.5 months during the study period and analyzed to assess blood parameters (CBC and serum). Determinations of CBC parameters were performed by routine clinical haematology methods. Serum parameters (blood sugar, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides) were also determined by clinical chemistry methods.
For histological part of this study, about 10 cu. mm tissue pieces of the stomach, small intestine, caecum and liver, were taken rapidly from each
ii killed animal, and put immediately in a fixative solution (10% Neutral buffered formaline), and left for 24 hours. The fixed tissues were washed in running tap water and with 70 % ethanol several times. Finally, the paraffin technique was used in preparing microscopical sections. All the data were statistically analyzed by using student t -test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows:
In the hematological part of this study, all the results of complete blood count (CBC) parameters and serum analysis were statistically significant (P < 0. 01). Details of these results are:
1. The total of erythrocyte count (RBCs), haemoglobin (Hb %) and haematocrit (Hct) decreased significantly by an average of (15. 91%, P < 0.01), (14.43%, P < 0.01), and (14.50%, P < 0.01) respectively in Khat fed rabbits as compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
2. The mean of total count of leucocytes (WBCs) decreased significantly by an average of (16.18%, P< 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits as compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment. This decrease of WBCs was observed in the lymphocytes by an average of (30.15%, P < 0.01), while the number of granulocytes and MID increased by an average of (11.16%, P < 0.01) and (13.02%, P < 0.01), respectively in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of experiment.
3. The mean of total count of Platelets significantly increased by an average of (47.07 %, P. < 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
iii 4. Mean blood sugar increased significantly by an average of (13. 29%, P < 0.01) in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
5. The mean of total Serum Proteins decreased significantly by an average of (17. 89 %, P < 0.01) in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
6. Total Cholesterol decreased significantly by an average of (7. 92 %, P < 0.01) in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
7. Triglycerides decreased significantly by an average of (13. 24%, P < 0.01) in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
Results on the effects of Khat on the tissues of the digestive system in rabbits showed that daily Khat administration in experimental rabbits caused very little structural changes. These changes were observed in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and liver tissues. No changes were observed in the ileum and caecum tissues in Khat fed rabbits as compared to these organs in the control animals. These changes are:
A. Stomach: Histological examination of the Sections in the stomach of the Khat fed rabbits showed a slight necrosis of the epithelial cells passing down into the gastric pits while no effect was seen in the control rabbits.
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B. Small Intestine: Histological examination of the Sections in the small intestine of the Khat fed rabbits showed that the affected organs were the duodenum, and jejunum while there was no change in the ileum tissues in Khat fed rabbits as compared to their respective controls.
The effect observed in the duodenum was shown as necrotic villi with degenerative epithelial cells and dilated blood vessels congested with blood. In the jejunum severe necrosis was observed on the lining of this organ. This necrosis severely affected the villi and extended into their lamina propria.
C. Caecum: There was no detectable change in caecum tissues in Khat fed rabbits as compared to their respective controls.
D. Liver: Histological examination of the liver Sections of Khat fed rabbits showed that the central vein was congested with blood. Moreover, there was a proliferation of Kupffer cells in the livers of Khat fed rabbits, which was not observed in the control rabbits.
Results on the effects of Khat on the body weight of rabbits showed that daily Khat administration in experimental rabbits caused significant decrease in the means of body weight by an average of (24. 34 %, P. < 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits as compared to their equivalent controls.
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It was also noticed that Khat had some effect on the behavior of Khat fed rabbits as evidenced by loss of appetite and aggressive fights among three male rabbits, which resulted in severe injuries of these rabbits. Moreover, increased movements was observed in the Khat fed rabbits 2-3 hours after Khat consumption, and returned to normal behavior thereafter.
vi Table of Contents
Contents Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i SUMMARY ii TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x ABBREVIATIONS xii LIST OF APPENDICES xiii
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. General considerations (1) 1.2. Literature review (5) 1.3. Morphology of Khat plant (8) 1.4. Cultivation of Khat plant (9) 1.5. Chemical constituents of Khat (13) 1.5.1. Alkaloids (13) 1.5.2. Amino acids (19) 1.5.3. Tannins (19) 1.5.4. Vitamins, minerals, etc. (19) 1.6. Khat chewing habit in Yemen (21) 1.7. Aim of the work (23)
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CHAPTER 2
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. General Layout of the experiment (24) 2.1.1. Khat leaves (24) 2.1.2. The rabbits (24) 2.2. Methods (25) 2.3. Chemicals and instruments used in this study (32) 2.4. Statistical analysis of the results (35)
CHAPTER 3
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Effects of Khat on blood contents (37) 3.1.1. Complete blood count (37) 3.1.2. Serum contents (41) 3.2. Effects of Khat on the tissues of the digestive system (50) 3.3. Effect of Khat on the body weight (58) 3.4. Effect of Khat on the behavior of rabbits (61) CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS (62) REFERENCES (63) APPENDICES (74) ARABIC SUMMARY (86)
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List of Tables
Table Page No.
Table (1): Minerals, vitamins and other substances in fresh leaves (20) and tender stems of Khat Table (2): Mean ± SE of total count of erythrocytes (T.RBC), (38) haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. Table (3): Mean ± SE of total and differential leucocyte (WBC) (40) count values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. Table (4): Mean ± SE of platelet values for the experimental (Khat (42) fed) and control rabbits. Table (5): Mean ± SE of blood sugar (fasting) and total protein (43) values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. Table (6): Mean ± SE of cholesterol and triglyceride values for the (45) experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. Table (7): Mean ± SE of % Change in body weight for the (59) experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits.
ix List of Figures
Figure Page No.
Figure 1. a. A branch of Khat plant showing leaves and flowers. (10) b. Fresh young leaves of Sawtty Khat. (11) c. Flower of Khat. d. Fruit and seed of Khat (12) Figure 2. Comparison between cathinone and other related (15) compounds Figure 3. The Chemical structure of merucathinone, merucathine (18) and pseudomerucathine Figure 4. a. Photograph of the Cage used. (26) b. Rotary Microtome with Standard Knife carrier. (34) c. Automatic tissue processor. (34) Figure 5. Mean value of blood parameters for Khat fed and (47) control of male rabbits. Figure 6. Mean value of blood parameters for Khat fed and (48) control of female rabbits. Figure 7. Mean value of blood parameters for Khat fed and (49) control of both sexes of rabbits. Figure 8. (a) C. S. in stomach of a control rabbit (H & E). (53) (b) C. S. in stomach of a Khat fed rabbit showing patches of necrotic epithelial tissue (H & E). Figure 9. (a) C. S. in jejunum of a control rabbit (H&E). (54) (b) C. S. in jejunum of a Khat fed rabbit showing necrosis severely affected the villi and extended into their lamina propria (H & E).
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Figure 10. (a) C. S. in duodenum of a control rabbit (H & E). (55) (b) C. S. in duodenum of a Khat fed rabbit showing necrotic villi with degenerative epithelial cells (H&E). Figure 11. C. S. in duodenum of a Khat fed rabbit showing dilated (56) blood vessels congested with blood (H & E). Figure 12. C. S. in liver of a Khat fed rabbit showing the central (56) vein congested with blood (H & E). Figure 13. (a) C. S. in liver of a control rabbit (H & E). (57) (b) C. S. in liver of a Khat fed rabbit proliferation of Kupffer cells (H & E). Figure 14. Mean of change in body weight for Khat fed and (60) control rabbits.
xi Abbreviations
CBC Test Complete Blood Count Test RBCs Red Blood Corpuscles (million per ul) T.RBC Total Red Blood count Hb Hemoglobin (g/dl) Hct (Pcv) % Hematocrit or (Packed cell volume) is a percent of the blood volume that is occupied by RBCs PLTs Platelets (K/ul) T. PLTs Total Platelets WBCs White Blood Corpuscles (K/ul) T.WBC Total White Blood count D.WBC Differential White Blood count: (Percentages of the different types of WBCs that comprise the total WBCs count). LYM. Lymphocytes (K/ul) GRAN. = Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, MID. MID cells may include less frequently occurring and rare cells correlating to monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, blasts and other precursor white cells. EDTA Ethylenediamine Tetra acetic acid (anticoagulant) BSF Blood Sugar (Fasting) (mg/dl) u Micron =10 -6 m. or l um Micrometer = 10-6 m ul Microliter = 10-6 liter dl deciliter = 10-1 liter g/dl gram /deciliter Wt. Weight (g)
xii List of Appendices
Page No. APPENDIX 1. Results on blood analysis after 1.5 months (Test 1) (74) for male rabbits. APPENDIX 2. Results on blood analysis after 1.5 months (Test 1) (75) for female rabbits. APPENDIX 3. Results on blood analysis after 1.5 months (Test 1) (76) for both sexes of rabbits. APPENDIX 4: Results on blood analysis after 3 months (Test 2) for (77) male rabbits. APPENDIX 5. Results on blood analysis after 3 months (Test 2) for (78) female rabbits. APPENDIX 6. Results on blood analysis after 3 months (Test 2) for (79) both sexes of rabbits. APPENDIX 7. Results on blood analysis after 4.5 months (Test 3) (80) for male rabbits. APPENDIX 8. Results on blood analysis after 4.5 months (Test 3) (81) for female rabbits. APPENDIX 9. Results on blood analysis after 4.5 months (Test 3) (82) for both sexes of rabbits. APPENDIX 10. Results on blood analysis (Average for three reading (83) at 1.5 months intervals) for male rabbits. APPENDIX 11. Results on blood analysis (Average for three reading (84) at 1.5 months intervals) for female rabbits. APPENDIX 12. Results on blood analysis (Average for three reading (85) at 1.5 months intervals) for both sexes of rabbits.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General considerations
Khat is a common name given to the plant (Catha edulis Forsk, 1775). It is an evergreen tree or large shrub with glabrous leaves, which belongs to the Family Celastraceae. It is widely cultivated in East Africa and Southern Arabia (Kalix, 1988). It grows wild at altitudes of 1500 - 2000 meters above sea level (Elmi, 1983a).
Khat is a natural stimulant, whose fresh leaves are chewed or, after drying, are infused and drunk like tea. However the most favored part of the Khat are the young leaves and shoots near the tip of the branch (Greenway, 1947).
The use of Khat has long been a tradition in some countries. The first account of the effects of Khat appeared more than seven centuries ago in an Arabic medical textbook (LeBras, 1965), in which the leaves of Khat were recommended for curing depression. Khat was also used by soldiers and messengers for suppressing the feelings of hunger and fatigue.
In areas where Khat is cultivated, there is a high demand on the fresh leaves of Khat; hence, they are highly priced. The habit of Khat chewing was almost unknown in most regions of the world, but has now become common in Europe and North America because of ease of air transportation (Kalix, 1996). According to Goudie (1987) the habit of chewing Khat is on increase in the United Kingdom because it is legally imported and moderately priced. However, attempts are now being made
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to implement some restrictions on its use in the U.K. (Mayberry et al., 1984).
Adem (1994), stated that according to the definition of the World Health Organization, Khat is not classified as an inevitably addictive drug, however recent reports of Khat abuse in U.K. and U.S.A. have raised new alarm in the narcotics commission of the United Nations.
Kalix (1996), stated that the position of the European countries with regard to Khat is not uniform. It is prohibited, for instance, in France, Switzerland and Sweden; while it is tolerated in the U.K. and in the Netherlands. Outside Europe, Khat is legal in the U.S.A. and in Australia (Jager, 1994). Indeed, the case of Khat is an equivocal one and the international law on this issue is currently ambiguous. Its cultivation is banned in several Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, and Morocco (Drake, 1988 and Jager, 1994), while it is widely cultivated in Yemen.
Today, Khat is a recreation plant (drug) (Kalix, 1996), and several million people chew the fresh leaves of Khat daily for their mildly stimulant properties. The habit of chewing Khat is now very common in the countries located around the Southern shores of the Red Sea, mainly in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen. The latter is a particular case, where Khat chewing is widespread as a social phenomenon (Kalix, 1990). Khat is consumed in Yemen among a large scale of population, almost at all levels of the society. About 85% of the population above ten years of age use Khat. At least 30 - 40% of these find it necessary to chew Khat daily, and over 60% of them chew Khat once a week (Dahmash, 1996). Although the habit of chewing Khat has been reported as a male habit, it is increasingly becoming popular among women. According to Kennedy
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et. al. (1980), at least 60% of men and 35% of women chew Khat daily. Ramadan et al. (1979), stated that upto 80% of male Yemeni people above ten years of age consume Khat. Since Khat is not forbidden by religion in Yemen and consequently, there is no moral objection against its use, most consumers believe that it is a stimulant like coffee and tea. It is more than a psychotropic plant, and it is the basis of a life style where it plays a dominant role in celebrations, especially at birth, marriage, funeral services and political meetings (Loqman, 1976).
Dahmash (1996), reported that Khat chewing is a habit like tea but not an addiction like Hashish and Opium or other drugs. In Yemen, Khat chewing habit is a normal practice followed by religious, bureaucrats, laborers, scientists, physicians, teachers, business men, students, farmers, shop keeper, house wives and all other sectors of people including women living in towns and villages. Moreover, it is a local custom used for easing the atmosphere on certain social occasions or to reduce the sensation of fatigue and hunger, especially among farmers and workers. This does not mean that Khat is not harmful but it disapproves the assumption that the people of Yemen are drug (Khat) addicts.
Recently, the chewing of Khat has increased, leading to serious social and economic problems, mainly in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Yemen. However, its use and its cultivation are prohibited in a number of African and Arab countries and imposed penalties for its use. Since 1956 it was recommended to the United Nation commission on Narcotic Drugs, the prohibition of Khat sale and cultivation due to its addictive effect and danger to man's life. Recently, WHO classified Khat as a drug of abuse, which can produce mild to moderate psychic dependence but not physical dependence and tolerances (Al-Meshal et al., 1983; Eddy et al., 1965).
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A long time ago, Khat has been subjected to various studies and investigations, not only on its botanical, ecological, chemical and pharmacological aspects but also on its direct uses and effects.
Several pharmacological and chemical investigations have been carried out on the isolation and identification of the active constituents of the plant. Many authors isolated some alkaloids identified as Cathine, Cathinine and Cathidine A, B, C and D components (Cais et al., 1975). Wolfes (1930) isolated cathine in a crystalline form and identified cathine as being norpseudoephedrine. This alkaloid was considered to be responsible for the effects of Khat (Hoffman, 1955). Further reports showed that the central stimulant activity of Khat can be attributed to its Cathine content (Alles et al., 1961). Latter studies revealed the presence of another alkaloid, cathinone, in the fresh leaves of Khat. Then, it was found that Cathinone is suspected to be a labile precursor of Cathine (d- norpseudoephedrine) (Szendrei, 1980; Schorno et al., 1982), which was converted into cathine during the drying process. The pharmacological aspects of Khat are now well understood. Their effects are mainly due to the cathinone, which is more potent than cathine (Kalix, 1990; 1996). In addition to alkaloids, the leaves of Khat contain a variety of substances, including tannins, inorganic ions (K+, Mg++, Ca++, Na+) and amino acids (Winterfield & Bernsman, 1960; Alles et al., 1961).
Moreover, it has been reported that there are some differences in the constituents and characteristics of Khat grown in different areas; this may be due to the cultivation of the plant under different ecological conditions, and to local traditions of cultivation and harvesting. Ramadan et al. (1981) analyzed forty kinds of Khat shrubs based on geographical origin. All of these kinds are not identical regarding their growth, chemical constituents, ecological requirement and price, although they
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belong to the same species, namely, Catha edulis. However, Hill (1965) and Gatahum &Krikorian (1973) reported that most botanists feel that there are probably no real variety differences in the cultivated Khat in Yemen.
In recent years the consumption of Khat has considerably increased, leading to serious social and economic problems, particularly in Yemen where the demand for Khat is high and its cultivation is highly profitable for farmers. Consequently, the expansion of Khat cultivation has been quite significant, over the last two decades, and it is estimated that cultivated areas have tripled at least to some 80,000 - 126,000 hectare (Dahmash, 1996). Furthermore, Khat is an important high cash income crop and it is deeply embedded in the socioeconomic life.
Yemeni authorities believe that Khat has an increasing socioeconomic problem. Although there are no clear and effective policies towards Khat ban in Yemen, high ranked officials have made attempts to encourage the people of Yemen to give up this habit, and many are responding.
1.2. Literature review
The first scientific notice of Khat was made by the Swedish botanist Peter Forsskal (1736-1763), who died in Arabia in July 1763. He described the plant and named it Catha edulis, family Celastracea, in his “Flora Aegyptiaca - Arabica” which was published in 1775 by his friend C.
Niebuhr (Peters, 1952).
The common synonyms for Catha edulis Forsk are Celastrus edulis Vahl and Catha forskalii A. Richard, (Greenway, 1947).
The plant is now classified as follows:
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Catha edulis Forsk Family: Celastraceae Suborder: Celastrinea Order: Celastrales Class: Dicotyledoneae
The family includes about 40 genera and 400 species, which are generally trees and shrubs, often climbers, and widely distributed all over the world except in arctic region (Bailey, 1961). This family includes medicinal and poisonous plants known to the natives in the southern and eastern Africa. For instance Cassine spp., Celastrus spp., Catha spp., and Lophopetalum toxicum, which contains a poisonous substance “Lophopetalin” (Dahmash, 1996). The genus Catha has two known species namely Catha edulis and Catha spinosa. The former is cultivated in higher altitudes with relatively low temperature of east and South Africa and Yemen. The plant reaches heights from 3 - 7 meter but under favourable circumstances reach a height of 15 - 20 meter, whereas the wild growth of C. spinosa was observed at lower altitudes of relatively high temperature, with 1 - 2 meter tall (Greenway, 1947).
It is believed that Caffa city in the province of Harar in Ethiopia is the initial origin for Khat and from Ethiopia Khat was probably introduced into Yemen, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, South Africa, and some Central Asian countries (El Tahir, 1990). According to Krikorian (1984), Khat plant is indigenous to East Africa, particularly Ethiopia.
The distribution of Khat extends all the way to South Africa (McClintock, 1975). However, the main zones of commercial cultivation of Khat are the province of Harar in Ethiopia, Yemen, and the Nyambene region of Mera district in Kenya (Acland, 1971).
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In more recent times, the Khat plant has also been reported to be growing in the Transvaal, the Cape in South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Natal, Tanganyika, Uganda, Kenya, Turkistan, and Afghanistan (Peters, 1952).
The date of the introduction of Khat into Yemen from Ethiopia was at about 1429 by Sheik Abu Zerbin (Peter, 1952). Another reference to its cultivation and use in 14th century in the region of Aden in Yemen was reported by Abdul kadir, an Arab writer of the 16th century. Its cultivation in that region is thought to be earlier than that of coffee. Dahmash (1996) reported that Khat was brought from Ethiopia into Yemen and cultivated in its high mountains by Ali Ibn-Omar Al-Shazli in 1424. In a report by FAO (1961), Khat was first brought from Ethiopia to Yemen between 1st to 6th centuries. Moreover, Pankhurst (1964) reported that Khat is native to Ethiopia and was later introduced to Yemen during the regime of Al Malik Al Muayad who ruled Yemen from 1296 to 1324. In conclusion, Khat was introduced to the Arabian Peninsula from Ethiopia at the same time as coffee or earlier than that of coffee and both were cultivated in the high mountainous region of Yemen.
However the medicinal virtues of Khat were surprisingly not described by Forsskal's Flora Aegyptiaca- Arabica (1775). The first mention of Khat as a treatment for depression was reported by Abu Alkihan bin Ahmed Albironi (973-1051 A.D.) in his book entitled “Pharmacy and Therapeutic Art” as well as Nageeb El-Din Alsamargandi who died in the year (1230 A.D.) in his book entitled “Pharmacology” (Al-Mahy, 1987). Furthermore, Niebuhr in 1774, who described the tree of Khat in his book “Description of Arab Countries”, mentioned that Khat is chewed by
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Arabs to facilitate food digestion and to strengthen the body. Its major effect is induction of insomnia.
In folk medicine Khat is claimed to suppress cough, asthma, influenza, diarrhea, urinary retention, and malaria (El Tahir, 1990). Khat users in the province of Harar in Ethiopia still believe that Khat affects about 501 different kinds of “ Cures” (Strelcyn, 1973).
1.3 Morphology of Khat plant
The following description of Khat plant Catha edulis Forsk. (Family Celastraceae) is obtained from Greenway (1947).
Khat plant is a glabrous evergreen tree or shrub, ten to twenty feet tall, but in favourable localities it becomes a slender tree up to 80 feet tall with a trunk over two feet in circumference. The bark is thin, smooth, and brown in colour. The crown is pointed, narrowly pyramidal in outline, usually branching along the stem. Figure (1a) shows a small branch of this plant. The fresh young leaves (Fig. 1b) are crimson-brown and glossy, becoming greenish - yellow and leathery when fully grown. They are opposite on compressed twigs, lanceolate or oval in shape, with repand serrate margins, shortly stalked. They vary greatly in size, ranging from 3 to 12.2 cm. in length by 0.5 to 6.7 cm. in breadth.
The flowers (Fig. 1c), are small and white, and are produced in axillary cymes from the leaf-axils toward the ends of the younger branchlets. The calyx is deeply toothed with five equal sepals, and corolla with five oblong white petals. The disc is saucer-shaped with a crinkled margin. The ovary is borne in the center of the disc, but not enveloped by it and is 3-celled, with two erect ovules in each cell. The style is terminal; the stigma is very short - stalked and 3-lobed. The fruit is a dark brown,
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oblong, 3-locular capsule up to 1 cm. long containing one to three seeds (Fig. 1d). The seed has a small brown papery wing at the base and is 7 mm. long over all, the seed itself being 3mm. long, oblong, rich reddish- brown, with fine warts, especially near the apical margin.
1.4 Cultivation of Khat plant
In Yemen, Khat is widely cultivated and is grown in large agricultural areas. It is cultivated from cuttings, which are planted in rows and artificially watered for a period of about 40 days. They are then allowed to grow for three or four years before the first crop is taken. The leaves and twigs can be harvested throughout the year (Peters, 1952). Numerous types of Khat are found in Yemen, e.g. Sawtty, Shami, Dulaee, Balady, Sharw, Taizi, Sabry, Kadasi, Dohla, Yaffee, Matry, Sharaby, Harazy, Hamadany, Radaee, Horry, Nahmy, Saddi, Bokhary, Nagry, Gaeshany, etc. These names are usually related to the names of the regions where the plant is cultivated.
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Figure 1a. A branch of Khat plant showing leaves and flowers
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Fig. 1b. Fresh young leaves of Sawtty Khat.
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Fig. 1c. Flower of Khat (enface view and longitudinal section)
Fig. 1d. Fruit and seed of Khat
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1.5. Chemical Constituents of Khat 1.5.1. Alkaloids The earliest investigations on the chemical constituents of the Khat were made over a century ago. For instance, Fluckiger and Gerock (1887), who confirmed that caffeine is not present in Khat plant, succeeded in isolating an alkaloid “Katin” from its leaves. Later, Mosso (1891) obtained an alkaloid extract from Khat that he called “Celastrine”, and he demonstrated that it had a stimulating effect on the frog’s heart and caused dilation of the frog’s pupil. These findings were also mentioned by latter authors (Halbach, 1972; Kalix, 1990).
The first comprehensive study to extract the active constituents of Khat leaves was carried out by Beitter (1901) who isolated crystallized salts of a substance called “ Cathine ” with the chemical formula (C10H18ON2). He reported that Katin and Celastrine were the same substance, for which the name Cathine was introduced. He described Cathine as needle-like, odourless crystals, bitter in taste, soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, and dilute acids. Wolfes (1930) succeeded in identifying Cathine as (+)- norpseudoephedrine, with the chemical formula (C9H13ON2) that is different from that suggested by Beitter (1901). He showed that it is identical with (d-nor-iso-ephedrine) C6H5CHOH.CH.(NH2)CH3 (Greenway, 1947; Peters, 1952).
This phenylalkylamine derivative had been isolated by Smith (1928) and Nagai & Kanao (1929) from a Chinese Ephedra, the biological effects of which are in many respects similar to those of Khat. Then, the effect of Khat was attributed to its content of cathine (norpseudoephedrine) (Hoffman et al., 1955; Winterfield & Bernsman, 1960; Alles et al., 1961),
13
although it had soon been pointed out that the amount of cathine in the leaves is too low to account for their stimulating effect (Brucke, 1941). It was found that the amount of cathine in the leaf ranges from 0.03 to 0.08 per cent (Greenway, 1947). Subsequent reports indicated the presence of still another alkaloid, Cathinone, in Khat leaves (Paris & Moyse, 1957; Rucker et al., 1971). Experiments with Khat extracts revealed that the fresh leaves are more potent than dried ones (Paris & Moyse, 1957). Paris & Moyse (1958) detected 3-6 alkaloids in Khat, one of which might be ephedrine. Friebel and Brilla (1963) found that the alkaloid mixture obtained from frozen fresh leaves was significantly more potent than that obtained from dried ones, and that it was also more potent than pure cathine. Analyzing the extract from frozen fresh leaves, they found that Khat contained, besides cathine, another alkaloid in a relatively high concentration. However the structure of this alkaloid could not be determined. They hypothesized that the new substance was a labile precursor of cathine, which was converted into cathine during the drying process, providing thus an explanation for the fact that freshness is a critical factor for the potency of Khat (Kalix, 1990).
Due to the problems related to the use of Khat, Particularly the socioeconomic and health problems associated with Khat chewing, the United Nations Narcotics Laboratory reinvestigated the constituents of Khat (Szendrei, 1980). These studies found that the leaves of Khat contained not only cathine and its diastereomer norephedrine [R, S (-) phenylpropanolamine], but also revealed the presence of important amount of a further alkaloid named Cathinone [S (-) ∝-aminopropio- phenone] with a structure closely related to that of Cathine (nor- pseudoephedrine) as well as to that of Amphetamine, (Fig. 2), (Schorno and Steinegger, 1979).
14
S R S H H H H H * * C* C CH3 * H C C CH3 C C C 3
OH NH 2 H NH 2 O NH 2
(-)-Cathinone (+)-Cathine (+)-Amphetamine
[S (-) ∝-aminopropiophenone] (R/S-(-)-norephedrine and S/S-(-)-norpseudoephedrine)
Figure (2) Comparison between Cathinone and other related compound.
15
Several studies have shown that (-)-Cathinone, which is the Khat analog of cathine, is the main active phenylalkylamine of Khat (Brenneisen et al., 1986). By analyzing Khat leaves, it could be established that Cathinone is mainly present with high concentration in young leaves, in which it may account for up to 70% of the phenylalkylamine fraction (Schorno et al., 1982; Guantai and Maitai, 1982). It was then found that Cathinone is also a biosynthetic precursor that accumulates in young leaves, while in adult leaves it undergoes enzymatic reduction to the less active compounds Cathine (norpseudoephedrine) and norephedrine, which are then present at a ratio of about 4:1 (Schorno et al., 1982). Similarly, the conversion of Cathinone occurs when cut leaves wilt and dry.
Geisshusler and Brenneisen (1987) analyzed 22 Samples of Khat plant of various origins. They found that the alkaloid content of the plant varies considerably, where 100 g. of fresh Khat contain about 36 mg of Cathinone, 120 mg. of Cathine and 8 mg of norephedrine.
Recently important progress has been made in understanding the pharmacology of Khat. According to current literature, the main active agents in the leaves and twigs are Cathinone or (∝-aminopropiophenone), Cathine or (delta-norpseudoephedrine), and Cathedulin. The main effect of Khat is due to the alkaloid Cathinone, a substance that is structurally similar to amphetamine and its effects are amphetamine-like with mild stimulation and euphoria, which may lead to restlessness, insomnia, anorexia, hyperthermia, and elevated blood pressure (Halbach, 1972). Cathinone is 7-10 times potent than Cathine (Omolo, 1987). The sympathomimetic action of Cathinone in Khat may cause delay in gastric emptying (Heymann et al., 1995), and it is also thought to be responsible for the pleasurable, psychic stimulation and the rise in pulse and blood
16
pressure, which accompany Khat chewing. In addition, the common side effects, which may be due to the sympathomimetic action of Cathinone in smooth muscle, include urinary hesitancy, anorexia and constipation (Heymann et al., 1995). Besides, Khat contains a group of alkaloids called Cathedulins. These have a hydroxylated sesquiterpene core that is esterified with various acids, and so far eleven alkaloids of this type have been isolated and characterized (Baxter et al., 1979).
Karawya et al. (1968) reported three alkaloids in addition to ephedrine, namely, Cathinine, Cathidine, and eduline. Cathidine D is another Khat alkaloid that has a sesquiterpene structure closely related to that of the Catheduline core (Luftmann and Spittelar, 1974; Cais et al., 1975).
Further investigation of the constituents of Khat revealed the presence of a group of phenylpentenylamines, i.e. analogs of the phenylpropylamines cathinone, cathine and norephedrine with a side chain containing additional two carbon atoms, i.e. unsaturated (Brenneisen et al., 1984; Brenneisen & Geisshuslar, 1987).
Since these substances were discovered in Khat from the Meru district in Kenya, the names merucathinone, merucathine, and pseudomerucathine (Fig. 3) were suggested. The concentration of these compounds in the plant is, however, substantially below that of the three main alkaloids (Geisshusler and Brenneisen, 1987).
17
H H H H H * CH C C C C 3 C C C* C* CH3
H O NH 2 H OH NH 2
Merucathinone Merucathine Figure (3) The chemical structure of Merucathinone and Merucathine or (pseudomerucathine).
18
1.5.2 Amino acids
In addition to alkaloids, the extract of fresh leaves of Khat contains the following amino acids (Winterfield & Bernsmann, 1960):
Arginine Ornithine Alanine Phenylalanine µ-aminobutyric acid Proline Asparaginic acid Serine Glutaminic acid Threonine Glycine Tryptophan Histidine Tyrosine Isolucine Valine Leucine
Halbach (1972) reported that Alles et al. (1961) found Choline in dried Khat to the extent of about 0.05%.
1.5.3.Tannins
Khat contains a considerable amount of tannins. A dry sample of Khat leaves from Yemen contained about 14%, while similar samples from Ethiopia offered only about 7 % (Halbach, 1972).
1.5.4. Vitamins, Minerals, etc.
Halbach (1972) reported that the ascorbic acid content of Khat is high. According to Nutrition Survey, Ethiopia (1959) it was found that 100g.of
19
fresh leaves of Khat contained 130-160 mg of ascorbic acid. Moreover, Table (1) shows the contents of minerals, vitamins and other substances in 100 g. of a mixture of fresh leaves and a small amount of tender stems:
Table (1). Minerals, vitamins and other substances in fresh leaves and tender stems of Khat (Nutrition Survey, Ethiopia, 1959).
Substance Quantity Ash 1.6 g. Fiber 2.7 g. Protein 5.2 g. Niacin 14.8 mg. Thiamine <0.05 mg. Riboflavin <0.05 mg. B-Carotene 1.8 mg. Calcium 290 mg. Iron 18.5 mg.
Alles et al. (1961) showed that Khat also contains a significant amount of Magnesium and they found reducing sugar (probably galactose) 14 %. Dulcitol was isolated from dry leaves (Ploccvier, 1949). El Sissi and Abdalla (1966) isolated the flavonols: keampferol, quercitin and myricetine from dry leaves.
20
1.6. Khat chewing habit in Yemen
The Khat chewing habit is particularly prevalent in Yemen where Khat is more than a psychotropic plant. Its use has a deep-rooted cultural tradition and it is practiced in a somewhat ceremonial fashion (Kalix, 1996). Luqman and Danowski (1976) reported that it is the basis of life style and plays a dominant role in celebrations, marriages, and political meetings, and withdrawal from Khat gatherings may result in social isolation.
The demand for and the price of Khat vary with the soil type, rainfall, and the highlands where they are raised (Luqman & Danowski, 1976).
Kalix (1996) pointed that there is some correlation between the market value of the leaves of Khat and their Cathinone content, which is the main active agent. Despite its high price the consumption of Khat has recently increased. Thus, Khat chewing today is an expensive habit.
Khat sessions usually begin after lunch. The chewers prefer fresh leaves of Khat, which are therefore purchased just before or after lunch from the local markets. The Expert Khat buyer chooses his Khat carefully as fresh as possible from various types of Khat. For Khat chewing, Yemeni houses are constructed to provide a warm reception room. In keeping with the total separation of the two sexes at social functions, women now have their own Khat sessions, but they are much less frequent and less formal than those of men. The guests are seated in accord with their familial, social or political position and prestige. The chewers lean against three or four specially made large and hard pillows. Each side of the room accommodates 6 -20 persons (weir, 1985).
21
The chewing session usually starts with slightly euphoric behavior and a friendly sense of humor. The leaves of Khat are plucked off the twigs, chewed one by one; their juice is swallowed while the residue is stored inside the cheek, which is bulged out during the session. The residue is ejected at the end of the chewing session (Kalix, 1996). During such Khat sessions, the chewers consume plenty of liquids such as Cola, weak black tea, coffee or just cold water. Tobacco pipes and cigarettes are also smoked by smoking chewer.
In one session, the chewer consumes between 100 and 300 gram of fresh leaves and tender young shoots of Khat. The young leaves at the tips of the branches are preferred because they are more tender and more potent. The effect of Khat usually appears shortly after the chewing session begins, suggesting absorption through the oral mucosa. The period of session and friendly atmosphere last about 2 - 3 hours and during this period the current subjects and problems are discussed (Luqman & Danowski, 1976). Kalix (1996) reported that the traditional Khat session could be seen as playing an important role for social interaction and integration since the discussion among the participants often focuses on matters of general interest.
1.7. Aim of the work
Several studies were published on the pharmacological and biological effects of Khat on experimental animals, with emphasis on its actions on the nervous system.
22 The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Khat on the blood contents (CBC parameters & serum contents) and tissues of the digestive system of experimental animals, in an attempt to find out the possible changes in the levels of this blood contents and tissues of the digestive system. Understanding the effects of Khat on the contents of blood and tissues of digestive system of rabbits could help to explain some effects of Khat on man, the main consumer of Khat.
23
CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. General layout of the experiment
Adult rabbits of both sexes were used to study the effects of Khat on the blood contents and digestive system histology. Fresh leaves of Khat were offered to the experimental rabbits during the study. Animals were weighed three times, at one and a half month intervals during the course of the experiment. Blood samples and tissue samples from the digestive system, (liver, stomach, small intestine and caecum) were taken from these rabbits for further investigation. The materials used in the experiment are described below:
2.1.1. Khat leaves
Fresh leaves of Sawtty Khat, (see page 12) were bought daily from Al- Hasaba market in Sana’a city. The Khat was cut into small pieces and offered to experimental rabbits at doses of 40 g/ kg body weight once a day, at 10 AM.
2.1.2. The rabbits
Thirty two domestic adult rabbits of both sexes (16 males and 16 females), having the same age were used in the study. The animals weighing 1250-1300 grams each, at the time of purchase, were housed in eight metallic cages (45 cm. x 45 cm. x 35 cm.), figure (4a), four rabbits of the same sex in each cage. The cages were labeled [A, B, C, D] for the male rabbits and [E, F, G, H] for the females. The cages were kept at room temperature in the animal house of the Biology Department, Faculty
24 of Science. All rabbits were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for one month before starting the experiment. They were fed fresh alfalfa (600 g/ Rabbit/ day) and offered water ad libitum, throughout the study period. This diet was supplemented with 50 g/ Rabbit/ Day of commercial concentrated fodder, Crude Protein (C.P.) 22% & Energy Mean 3000 Kcal, composed of a mixture of Handrex / Codais Concentrations (C. P. 10% - 50%), Soy bean (C. P. 25% - 48%) and Maize cereals (C. P. 8.8% - 65%), (Al Sanabany company, Cairo St., Sana’a, Yemen). Rabbits were chosen for the present study because they are herbivores that can consume Khat as well as for their availability.
2.2. Methods
The animals were divided into tow groups, experimental and control. The experimental group consisted of 24 rabbits (12 males and 12 females) and received, in addition to the above mentioned diet, fresh leaves of Sawtty Khat once a day at doses of 40 g/ kg body weight for 4.5 successive months. This amount of Khat was estimated to contain about 129.42 mg of total Cathine and Cathinone, and about 3.74 mg of Tannic acid (Al- Qirbi, 1997).
The control group consisted of 8 rabbits (4 males and 4 females) and received the fresh alfalfa and the supplement diet only, throughout the period of the study.
25
Figure (4a): Photograph of one of the cages used in this study.
26
For the haematological part of the study, venous blood samples were collected and analyzed every 1.5 months during the study period.
After 4.5 months, the animals were left to fast overnight before they were killed by decapitation. Two blood samples were collected from each rabbit, one anticoagulated blood sample for CBC test and the other, without anticoagulant, for serum test. The collected blood for serum analysis was left to clot at room temperature (25 oC) and serum separated by centrifugation. The collected blood was used to estimate the following blood parameters.
♦ Complete blood count test (CBC): This test included determination of the following : • Total count of Erythrocyte (RBCs) • Haemoglobin (Hb) • Haematocrit ( Hct) or Packed cell volume (Pcv) • Total and deferential count of Leucocyte (WBCs.) • Total count of Platelets (Thrombocytes)
♦ Serum test: This included • Blood sugar level (Fasting) • Total serum protein • Cholesterol • Triglycerides.
27 Determination of CBC and serum parameters were performed by routine clinical haematology and chemistry methods respectively: A. Clinical haematology methods: Clinical haematology methods were used for determination of CBC parameters (Sood, 1990).
1. Haemoglobin (Hb %) was estimated by using Drabkin solution by preparing test and blank. 2. Haematocrit (Hct) was estimated by using Wintrobe's tube. 3. Erythrocytes (RBCs) were counted by using sodium citrate solution sodium citrate 3 g + formaline 1 ml + distilled water to 100 ml) + 0.5 ml blood and counting chamber. 4. Leucocytes (WBCs) were counted by using 0.38 ml Turk solution ( 3 ml acetic acid + 97 ml distilled water ) + 0.02 ml blood and counting chamber. 5. Differentiation leucocytes count was performed by using Giemsa stain. B. Clinical chemistry methods: Clinical chemistry methods were used for determination of serum parameters (Sood, 1990), by using the kit from Labkit-Spain, as follows:
1. Blood sugar (fasting): Methods: The level of fasting blood sugar was determined by glucose oxidase method (Trinder, 1969). Principle: Glucose is oxidized by glucose-oxidase to gluconate and
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the presence of peroxidase enzyme, oxygen from peroxide can be transferred to a suitable acceptor to give a red colored end product.
28
2. Total Protein: Methods: Determination of total serum protein was performed by colorimetric method (Peters, 1968). Principle: Proteins together with a basic copper sulphate solution containing tartrate form a violet blue color complex.
3. Cholesterol: Methods: Cholesterol was determined by enzymatic colorimetric method (Trinder, 1969). Principle: Cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed to give free cholesterol using cholesterol esterase enzyme. Cholesterol oxidase then oxidizes all free cholesterol to cholesterol -4-ene-3-one and hydrogen peroxide and the latter is estimated using peroxidase and an oxygen acceptor compound to yield a colored product (red dye). 4. Triglycerides: Methods: Triglycerides were determined by enzymatic colorimetric method (Young & Pestaner, 1975). Principle: Triglycerides are hydrolyzed to give glycerol that reacts subsequently with glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO) and
glycerol-Kinase (GK enzymes) yielding H2O2 , which is determined by Trinder reaction. Moreover, the results of blood parameters were confirmed by automated methods (Cell -DYN 1700).
29
For the histological part of this study, the liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum were dissected out and 10 tissue pieces of each organ, each measuring about 5 cu. mm., were taken rapidly from the killed animals. The tissue samples were put immediately in 10% neutral buffered formaline, (a fixative solution) consisting of:
Formaldehyde 40 % 100 ml
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH2PO4 (anhydrous) 3.5 g
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Na2HPO4 (anhydrous) 6.5 g Distilled water 900 ml
and left for 48 hours. The fixed tissues were washed in running tap water for 24 hours to remove excessive fixative and washed with several changes of 70% ethanol for about 10 minutes. The tissue specimens were then kept in tubes containing 70% ethanol.
I. Processing of tissues:
The paraffin technique was used in preparing microscopical sections from the fixed tissues, according to standard histological methods as described by Swarup et al., (1981).
The steps of paraffin technique are described briefly below: a. Dehydration
The fixed tissues were dehydrated in ethanol. To prevent shrinkage of tissues, dehydration was done gradually in ascending grades of ethanol (70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%) for 3 minutes in each concentration.
30
b. Clearing
Xylene (clearing agent) was used to remove the ethanol and to allow the tissues to become miscible with paraffin wax. The tissues were placed in a mixture of absolute ethanol and xylene (1:1) for 10 minutes and then transferred to pure xylene for 10 -15 min. c. Embedding
The tissues were transferred to melted paraffin wax in an oven at 60 oC for 60 - 90 minutes after passing through a mixture of both xylene and paraffin wax. Blocks of paraffin wax containing each piece of tissue were prepared for sectioning
II. Preparation of sections
Rotary microtome was used to cut the blocks into thin sections (7-10 um). The sections were mounted on slides smeared with Mayor's albumen, (affixing solution consisting of 25 cc albumen, 25 cc glycerin, and 0.5 g sodium salicylate), and left to dry in a drying cabinet at 30 oC.
III. Staining
Before staining the sections, the paraffin wax was removed from the slides by immersing them into xylene for 5 minutes. The slides were then passed through descending series of ethanol starting with absolute alcohol and ending with 70% for 3 minutes in each concentration. The sections were stained in hematoxyline and eosin.
31 IV. Dehydration, clearing and mounting
After staining, the slides were passed gradually through ascending strengths of ethanol starting with 70% and ending with absolute alcohol. Xylene was used to remove all traces of ethanol and to clear the sections, and either DPX (synthetic mountant) or Canada balsam (natural mountant) was used as a mounting medium. Finally, the slides were left to dry at a suitable temperature (37- 40 oC) before examining them.
2.3. Chemicals and Instruments used in the study:
A. Chemicals:
1. Ethanol (Absolute), puriss, p. a.; Fluka, Germany.
2. Formaldehyde (Formalin), (40%) Fluka, Germany.
3. Sodium Phosphate, dibasic, 12 hydrate, Hanawa Extra Pure reagent, Japan.
4. Sodium Phosphate, monobasic, Hanawa Extra Pure reagent, Japan.
5. Sodium chloride, puriss, p. a.; Fluka, Germany.
6. Xylene (Xylol) (99.5 %), Analar, BDH, UK.
7. Paraffin wax, melting point 60 oC, BDH, UK.
8. Hematoxyline, C.I 75290, BDH, UK.
9. Eosin, sprit soluble, C.I. 45386, BDH, UK.
10.D.P.X. mountant, BDH, UK.
11. Canada balsam, natural filtered. Koch-Light, UK.
32 B. Instruments:
1. Rotary Microtome, MH 315, No. 81901050; with Standard Knife carrier No. 81705010, (figure 4b).
2. Automatic tissue processor No.205022, Germany, (figure 4c).
3. Hot Plate Nuova, 40 oC thermostatically controlled.
4. Oven, 56-60 oC, Boekel Scientific, Model 133000, USA.
5. Water bath, Memmert 30-40 oC, thermostatically controlled, Germany.
6. Drying Cabinet, Memmert 40 oC, Germany.
7. Leica ATC 2000 Phase Contrast microscope with Pentax ZX-10 Camera.
33
Figure (4b): Rotary Microtome, MH 315; with Standard Knife carrier.
Figure (4c): Automatic tissue processor No.205022, Germany.
34 2.4. Statistical analysis of the result
The following statistical methods were used in the analysis of the results obtained during the present study.
1. Arithmetic mean ( X ) was used as a measure of central tendency and was obtained by the following equation:
Σ X X = n
Where: ΣX: Summation of values recorded. n: Number of cases.
2. Standard deviation (S.D.) was used as a measure of dispersion and was obtained by the following equation.
2 2 (∑ x) − S. D. = ∑ x n n − 1
Where: n: Number of cases. X: Individual value of each case. Summation of values record. ΣX:
3. Standard error of the mean (S.E.): It was used to measure the limits of error of mean and was calculated according to the following formula.
35
S..D S.E.= n
Where: S.D.: Standard deviation. n : Number of cases.
4. t -test was used to compare the means of the different groups and was obtained by the following formula.
t = The difference between both meanns 2 2
(.SD.1) (.S. D2 ) + n1 n2
Where S.D1 Standard deviation of group 1.
S.D2 Standard deviation of group 2.
n1 Number of cases of group 1.
n2 Number of cases of group 2.
The Degree of freedom (df) was obtained by the following formula.
df = n1 + n2 - 2
Where: df Degree of freedom
n1 Number of cases of group 1.
n2 Number of cases of group 2.
The P-value was obtained from statical tables corresponding to the t-test obtained at the degree of freedom (df) of data used. The smaller P-value the more significant (Duncan et al., 1988).
36
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DESCUSSION
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Effects of Khat on blood contents
3.1.1. Complete blood count (CBC)
The results in Table (2) show significant decrease in blood parameters in Khat fed rabbits compared to control rabbits (P < 0.01). Total erythrocyte count (RBCs) decreased by an average of 15.91 % (15.95 % in males and 15.87 % in females), (P < 0.01). The average decrease in haemoglobin (Hb %) was 14.43 % (13.30 % in males and 15.53 % in females), (P < 0.01), and that for haematocrit (Hct) was 14.50 % (13.43 % in males and 15.57 % in females), (P < 0.01).
The significant decrease of RBCs count in Khat fed rabbits may be attributed to nutrition deficiency anemia, which may had resulted by less consumption of diet due to loss of appetite.
The significant decrease in haemoglobin content in Khat fed rabbits is in agreement with the finding of Al-ahdal, et al. (1988), who attributed this decrease to the inhibition of denovo RNA synthesis, where RNA is required for the synthesis of globin, a major protein component of haemoglobin.
37
Table (2): The Mean ± SE of Total count of erythrocytes (T. RBC), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Haematocrit (Hct) values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. All values of calculated " t " fall at probability of P < 0.01, which indicate high significance.
I-CBC TEST Groups of Control samples Experimental Change t-test Significance 1-RBCs rabbits samples (n =4)* (n =12)* Blood Parameters Sex No. MEAN ± SE MEAN ± SE % t-value P < 0.01 M 16 6.42 ±0.05 5.40 ± 0.09 -15.95 -10.00 H. S. T.RBCs (M/ul) F 16 6.40 ± 0.08 5.39 ± 0.10 -15.87 -8.02 H. S. M + F 32 6.41 ± 0.03 5.39 ± 0.06 -15.91 -14.08 H. S. M 16 13.66 ±0.12 11.85 ± 0.13 -13.30 -10.14 H. S. Hb (g/dl) F 16 13.89 ± 0.19 11.74 ± 0.21 -15.53 -7.72 H. S. M + F 32 13.78 ± 0.07 11.79 ± 0.12 -14.43 -14.47 H. S. M 16 40.72 ± 0.53 35.25 ± 0.49 -13.43 -7.57 H. S. HCT (g/dl) F 16 40.54 ± 0.48 34.23 ± 0.58 -15.57 -8.37 H. S. M + F 32 40.63 ± 0.37 34.74 ± 0.36 -14.50 -11.31 H. S.
M = Male, F = Female, M + F = Male & Female, H. S.= Highly significant,
38
The results in Table (3) show that the mean of total count of leucocytes (WBCs) decreased significantly by an average of 16.18 % (16.40 % in males and 15.97% in females), (P < 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of experiment. The decrease of the WBCs was observed in the lymphocytes by an average of 30.15% (30.10% in males and 30.21% in females), (P < 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of experiment, while the number of granulocytes and MID increased by an average of 11.16% (10.71% in males and 11.63% in females) and 13.02% (11.82% in males and 14.21% in females), (P < 0.01), respectively in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of experiment.
These results can be explained by the fact that Khat may have stimulating effects on the adrenocortical function in animals (Ahmed and Al-Qirbi, 1993). Glucocorticoids increase the concentration of neutrophils, while decrease the concentration of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. The decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is possibly due to the fact that these cells migrate to the affected tissues of the digestive system (see page 50). Katzung (1998) reported that reduction in circulating lymphocytes is the result of their movements from the vascular bed to lymphoid tissue. The increase in neutrophils (granulocytes) is due to the increase in flow into the blood from the bone marrow and decreased migration from the blood vessels. Therefore, the slight increase of granulocytes (GRAN.) and MID. in general could be attributed to the increase in the neutrophils.
39
Table (3): The Mean ± SE of Total and differential count of leucocyte (WBC) values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. All values of calculated " t " fall at probability of P < 0.01, which indicate high significance.
I-CBC TEST Groups of Control samples Experimental Change t-test Significance 2- WBCs rabbits samples (n =4)* (n =12)* Blood Parameters Sex No. MEAN ± SE MEAN ± SE % t-value P < 0.01 M 16 7.60 ± 0.08 6.36 ± 0.05 -16.40 -12.78 H. S. T.WBCs (k/ul) F 16 7.59 ± 0.08 6.38 ± 0.06 -15.97 -12.25 H. S. M + F 32 7.60 ± 0.07 6.37 ± 0.05 -16.18 -14.30 H. S. M 16 5.08 ± 0.08 3.55 ± 0.02 -30.10 -17.88 H. S. LYM (k/ul) F 16 5.06 ± 0.10 3.53 ± 0.02 -30.21 -14.88 H. S. M + F 32 5.07 ± 0.09 3.54 ± 0.02 -30.15 -16.65 H. S. M 16 1.29 ± 0.01 1.43 ± 0.03 10.71 4.35 H. S. GRAN (k/ul) F 16 1.26 ± 0.02 1.41 ± 0.03 11.63 3.55 H. S. M + F 32 1.28 ± 0.00 1.42 ± 0.03 11.16 5.21 H. S. M 16 1.23 ± 0.03 1.37 ± 0.04 11.82 2.93 H. S. MID (k/ul) F 16 1.23 ± 0.02 1.41 ± 0.04 14.21 4.34 H. S. M + F 32 1.23 ± 0.02 1.39 ± 0.03 13.02 3.94 H. S.
M = Male, F = Female, M + F = Male & Female, H. S.= Highly significant,
40
The results in Table (4) revealed that the mean total count of platelets significantly increased by an average of 47.07% (45.47% in males and 48.69% in females), (P < 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits as compared to their equivalent controls at the end of experiment.
The increase in the mean total count of platelets was not possible to explain in this study.
3.1.2. Serum contents The results of blood serum analysis (Table 5) show that the mean of fasting blood sugar level increased significantly by an average of 13.29% (11.20% in males and 15.42% in females), (P < 0.01), while the mean of total serum proteins decreased significantly by an average of 17.89% (17.75% in males and 18.03% in females), (P < 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
The increase of fasting blood sugar level in Khat fed rabbits may be attributed to sympathomimetic effect of Khat, which favors hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver (Luqman & Danowski, 1976). This effect is mediated through β2 and α receptors (Katzung, 1998).
Al-Safadi and Al-Qirbi (1988a) found that the highly significant increase in fasting level of blood sugar may be attributed to the low rate of glucose utilization by tissue cells, reduced rate of glycogenesis and enhanced rate of glycogenolysis. On the other hand, in previous studies some authors reported that Khat has no effect on blood sugar (Elmi, 1983b; Bajubair, 1997), This conclusion was made upon results obtained from low doses of Khat (about 2.5 g/ kg of body weight) used for a short period of time in that study. Therefore, this small amount may have no effect compared to
41
Table (4): The Mean ± SE of Platelets values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. All values of calculated " t " fall at probability of P < 0.01, which indicate high significance.
I-CBC TEST Groups of Control samples Experimental Change t-test Significance 3-PLATELETS rabbits samples (n =4)* (n =12)* Blood Parameters Sex No. MEAN ± SE MEAN ± SE % t-value P < 0.01 M 16 245.33 ± 3.47 356.88 ± 2.15 45.47 27.34 H. S. Platelets (K/ul) F 16 241.58 ± 0.96 359.22 ± 3.48 48.69 32.64 H. S. M + F 32 243.46 ± 2.20 358.05 ± 1.91 47.07 39.32 H. S.
M = Male, F = Female, M + F = Male & Female, H. S.= Highly significant,
42
Table (5): The Mean ± SE of Blood Sugar (fasting) and Total proteins values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. All values of calculated " t " fall at probability of P < 0.01, which indicate high significance.
II-Serum Test Groups of Control samples Experimental Change t-test Significance rabbits samples (n =4)* (n =12)* Blood Parameters Sex No. MEAN ± SE MEAN ± SE % t-value P < 0.01 M 16 120.58 ± 0.42 134.08 ± 0.38 11.20 23.92 H. S. Blood Sugar (mg/dl) F 16 119.08 ± 0.37 137.44 ± 0.35 15.42 36.01 H. S. (Fasting) M + F 32 119.83 ± 0.25 135.76 ± 0.25 13.29 45.41 H. S. M 16 6.82 ± 0.04 5.61 ± 0.05 -17.75 -19.46 H. S. T. Proteins (g/dl) F 16 6.78 ± 0.06 5.56 ± 0.06 -18.03 -14.38 H. S. M + F 32 6.80 ± 0.04 5.58 ± 0.05 -17.89 -19.88 H. S.
M = Male, F = Female, M + F = Male & Female, H. S.= Highly significant,
43
40 g/ kg of body weight given to rabbits for long period of time in the present study.
The decrease in the levels of total serum proteins in Khat fed rabbits was also observed by Al-Safadi and Al-Qirbi (1988b). They attributed this decrease to an inhibition of its synthesis in the hepatocytes due to Khat consumption, a conclusion that is also adopted in this study.
The results in Table (6) show a significant decrease in the mean of total cholesterol by 7.92% (8.22% in males and 7.61% in females), (P < 0.01) in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of the experiment.
The decrease in total cholesterol in Khat fed rabbits may be due to a stimulating effect of Khat on adrenocortical function (Nencini et al., 1982, 1984). These authors found that consumption of Khat and cathinone increases the levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in human plasma. The stimulatory effects of ACTH are believed to be mediated by the activation of adenyl cyclase through a membrane-bound receptor, with a subsequent increase in cyclic AMP concentrations. The latter may then stimulate the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol by activating various enzyme system involved (John and Peter, 1983), and this explains the observed reduction in the cholesterol level produced by Khat consumption.
Results of this study (in Table 6) also show a significant decrease in the level of triglycerides by an average of 13.24% (12.65% in males and 13.83% in females), (P <0.01), in Khat fed rabbits compared to their equivalent controls at the end of experiment.
44
Table (6): The Mean ± SE of Cholesterol and Triglycerides values for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. All values of calculated " t " fall at probability of P < 0.01, which indicate high significance.
II-Serum Test Groups of Control samples Experimental Change t-test Significance rabbits samples (n =4)* (n =12)* Blood Parameters Sex No. MEAN ± SE MEAN ± SE % t-value P < 0.01 M 16 31.08 ± 0.34 28.53 ± 0.19 -8.22 -6.54 H. S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) F 16 31.21 ± 0.23 28.83 ± 0.26 -7.61 -6.88 H. S. M + F 32 31.15 ± 0.28 28.68 ± 0.13 -7.92 -8.03 H. S. M 16 77.08 ± 0.21 67.33 ± 0.37 -12.65 -23.04 H. S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) F 16 77.75 ± 0.25 67.00 ± 0.28 -13.83 -28.57 H. S. M + F 32 77.42 ± 0.17 67.17 ± 0.28 -13.24 -31.15 H. S.
M = Male, F = Female, M + F = Male & Female, H. S.= Highly significant,
45
The observed reduction in the level of triglycerides in Khat fed rabbits could also be explained by sympathomimetic action of Khat, which favors lipolysis, and its action is mediated through stimulation of β3- receptors. The stimulation of β3- receptors, as other β- receptors results in activation of adenyl cyclase, and increase conversion of ATP to cyclic- AMP (Katzung, 1998). The adrenocortical action of Khat also contributes to the dose-dependent decrease in the blood triglyceride level observed in the experimental animals (Ahmed & Al-Qirbi, 1993).
In this study, all the results of complete blood count (CBC) parameters (as shown in (Tables 2 - 4) and serum analysis (Table 5 and 6) were statistically significant (P < 0. 01). Figures (5 - 7) summarize the results presented and discussed above.
46
ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) LEUCOCYTES (WBCs) 45 8 40 7 35 6 30 5 25 4 20
MEANS 3 15 MEANS (K/ul) 2 10 1 5 0 0 T.RBCs Hb Hct T.WBCs LYM GRAN MID CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL ( a ) ( b )
SERUM CONTENTES PLATELETS 140
400 120 350 100 300 80 250 200 60 MEANS 150 40 MEANS (k/ul) 100 20 50 0 0 Blood Sugar T.Proteins Cholesterol Triglycerides CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL
( c ) ( d ) Figure (5): Mean values of Blood Parameters for Khat fed and control of male rabbits. (a): Total RBCs, Haemoglobine and Haematocrit. (b): Total WBCs, Lymphocytes, Granulocytes and Mid. (c): Total Platelets. (d): Blood Sugar (Fasting), Total Proteins, Cholesterol and Triglycerides.
47
ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) LEUCOCYTES (WBCs) 45 8 40 7 35 6 30 5 25 4 20
MEANS 3 15 MEANS (K/ul) 2 10 1 5 0 0 T.RBCs Hb Hct T.WBCs LYM GRAN MID CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL ( a ) ( b )
PLATELETS SERUM CONTENTES 140
400 120 350 100 300 80 250 200 60 MEANS 150 40 MEANS (k/ul) 100 20 50 0 0 Blood Sugar T.Proteins Cholesterol Triglycerides CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL ( c ) ( d ) Figure (6): Mean values of Blood Parameters for Khat fed and control of female rabbits. (a): Total RBCs, Haemoglobine and Haematocrit. (b): Total WBCs, Lymphocytes, Granulocytes and Mid. (c): Total Platelets. (d): Blood Sugar (Fasting), Total Proteins, Cholesterol and Triglycerides.
48
ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) LEUCOCYTES (WBCs) 45 8 40 7 35 6 30 5 25 4 20 MEANS 15 3 10 MEANS (K/ul) 2 5 1 0 0 T.RBCs Hb Hct T.WBCs LYM GRAN MID CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL ( a ) ( b )
SERUM CONTENTES PLATELETS 140 120 400 350 100 300 80 250 60
200 MEANS 150 40 MEANS (k/ul) 100 20 50 0 0 Blood Sugar T.Proteins Cholesterol Triglycerides CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL ( c ) ( d ) Figure (7): Mean values of Blood Parameters for Khat fed and control samples of both sexes of rabbits. (a): Total RBCs, Haemoglobine and Haematocrit. (b): Total WBCs, Lymphocytes, Granulocytes and Mid. (c): Total Platelets. (d): Blood Sugar (Fasting), Total Proteins, Cholesterol and Triglycerides.
49
3.2. Effects of Khat on the tissues of the digestive System In this study, histological examination of the Khat fed rabbits showed very little effect of Khat on the tissues of the alimentary canal. The most affected organs were the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. Moreover, the liver showed some effect as indicated by necrotic hepatocytes and a slight increase in Kupffer cells.
The effect observed in the stomach was a slight necrosis of the epithelial cells passing down into the gastric pits. However, this was observed only in 3 males and 4 females. The affected parts were small patches of the epithelial layer, which did not exceed 5% of the entire section examined. Figs 8a and 8b show cross sections in the stomach of a control and Khat fed rabbit, respectively. In the small intestine, the most affected organ was the jejunum where severe necrosis was observed on the lining of this organ in 3 males and 2 females. This necrosis severely affected the villi and extended into their lamina propria (Fig. 9a). None of the control animals showed any abnormality in the lining of jejunum (Fig. 9b). The duodenum was also affected by Khat. This was shown as necrotic villi with degenerative epithelial cells (Fig. 10a) in 2 males and 2 females, while no effect was seen in the control rabbits (Fig. 10b). Sections from 1 male and 1 female Khat fed rabbits showed dilated blood vessels, which were congested with blood (Fig. 11). On the other hand, no effects were observed on the ileum and caecum of Khat fed rabbits. The most striking observation was seen in the liver. Sections in this organ showed that the central vein was congested with blood (Fig. 12). Moreover, there was a proliferation of Kupffer cells in Khat fed rabbits associated with degenerated hepatocytes (Fig. 13a), which was not observed in the control rabbits (Fig. 13b).
50
The effects of Khat on the stomach, duodenum and jejunum could be mechanical as the swallowed leaves may scratch the lining of these organs. Moreover, the stomach, duodenum and jejunum are the first organs to be confronted with the active constituents of Khat. Therefore, the slight effect on the surfaces of these organs could also be attributed to this fact. As for the liver, its role in detoxification is well known. Therefore, the effect of the chemical substances of Khat on the cells of this organ is expected. It has been shown earlier (page 37) that erythrocytes decreased significantly in Khat fed rabbits. It is, therefore, anticipated that the increase in the number of Kupffer cells in the liver is associated with the decrease of the RBCs in the peripheral blood, which are usually destroyed in the liver and spleen. Al-Safadi and Al-Qirbi (1986 a-d) studied the effect of Khat on the tissues of the digestive system of rabbits. Based on electron micrographs, they showed certain ultrastructural changes in the organs studied.
In the stomach, for instance, they observed changes in the chief cells, which included decrease in the secretory granules, mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum and apical microvilli; and an increase in the lysosomes of these cells. They also reported changes in the parietal cells which included decrease of the intracellular canaliculi and their microvilli; and increase in the tubulovesicles and lysosomes. Other changes were decrease in the secretory granules and decrease of the mucous neck droplets of the enteroendocrine cells and mucous neck cells, respectively (Al-Safadi and Al-Qirbi, 1986a).
Changes in the ileum were observed in the absorptive cells, goblet cells enteroendocrine cells (Al-Safadi and Al-Qirbi, 1986b). The absorptive cells showed increase in some organelles, which included the smooth
51 endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. There were more tubulovesicles, membrane bound droplets, and phagocytes in the Khat fed rabbits than in the controls. The goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells in Khat fed rabbits exhibited a decrease in the secretory granules.
There were also some changes in the caecum of Khat fed rabbits (Al- Safadi and Al-Qirbi, 1986c). There were cytoplasmic protrusions, numerous pinocytotic vesicles and large amounts of filaments in the absorptive cells of the caecum. Accumulations of cytoplasmic organelles were also reported to occur around the basal portion of the nuclei of the absorptive cells. There was a decrease in the mucous droplets of goblet cells, and a decrease in the secretory granules of the enteroendocrine cells. Changes in the liver cells of Khat fed rabbits were also observed by Al-Safadi and Al-Qirbi (1986d). There was a considerable increase in the glycogen granules, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes and lysosomes of these cells.
All of the above changes were reported after studying electron micrographs of the organs mentioned. However, since the present study on the effects of Khat on the tissues of the digestive system was based on sections examined under a light microscope, none of the changes reported by the above authors are expected to be seen during this study.
52
Fig 8a. C. S. in stomach of a control rabbit (H & E).
Fig 8b. C. S. in stomach of a Khat fed rabbit showing patches of necrotic epithelial tissue (arrow) (H & E).
53
Fig 9a. C. S. in jejunum of a control rabbit (H & E).
Fig 9b. C. S. in jejunum of a Khat fed rabbit showing necrosis, which has severely affected the villi and extended into their lamina propria (arrow) (H & E).
54
Fig 10a. C. S. in duodenum of a control rabbit (H & E).
Fig 10b. C. S. in duodenum of a Khat fed rabbit showing necrotic villi with degenerative epithelial cells (arrow) (H & E).
55
Fig 11. C. S. in duodenum of a Khat fed rabbit showing dilated blood vessels congested with blood (arrow) (H & E).
Fig 12. C. S. in liver of a Khat fed rabbit showing the central vein congested with blood (arrow) (H & E).
56
Fig 13a. C. S. in Liver of a control rabbit (H & E).
Fig 13b. C. S. in a liver of a Khat fed rabbit showing necrotic hepatocytes associated with proliferation of Kupffer cells (arrow) (H & E).
57
3.3. Effect of Khat on body weight At the end of this study, it was observed that change in body weight means (as shown in Table 7) and (Fig 14.) decreased significantly by an average of 24.34% (25.62% in males and 23.20% in females), (P < 0.01), in Khat fed rabbits as compared to their equivalent controls.
This decrease in body weight of Khat fed rabbits may be attributed to anorexia (loss of appetite), which was observed during the second month of the study. This was evidenced by the fact that 50-100 g of alfalfa was left uneaten by Khat fed rabbits every day during the last 2.5 months of the study.
Hence, this daily reduction in food intake should affect the body weight as shown above. Moreover, the reduction of protein content of the blood in Khat feed rabbits is a reflection of the reduced daily food intake.
Al-Safadi & Al-Qirbi (1988b) attributed the reduced rate of growth in Khat fed rabbits to the reduction in the protein content of the blood, which is the major source for muscle protein for growth.
Other studies on animals showed a dose-dependent decrease in body weight with prolonged administration of Khat in dose ranges of 50 -200 mg Khatamines / Kg body weight (Zelger & Carlini, 1980).
58
Table (7): The Mean ± SE of % Change in body weight for the experimental (Khat fed) and control rabbits. All values of calculated " t " fall at probability of P < 0.01, which indicate high significance.
III-Body weight Groups of Control samples Experimental Change t-test Significance rabbits samples (n =4)* (n =12)* Parameters Sex No. MEAN ± SE MEAN ± SE % t-value P < 0.01 M 16 40.29 ± 0.19 29.97 ± 0.43 -25.62 -22.14 H. S. Change in body F 16 45.75 ± 0.60 35.14 ± 0.23 -23.20 -16.61 H. S. Weight (%) M + F 32 43.02 ± 0.27 32.55 ± 0.29 -24.34 -26.39 H. S.
M = Male, F = Female, M + F = Male & Female, H. S.= Highly significant,
59
BODY WEIGHT BODY WEIGHT BODY WEIGHT
45 50 45
40 45 40
40 35 35 35 30 30 30 25 25 25 20 20 MEAN (%) MEAN (%) MEAN (%) 20 15 15 15 10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
( a ) ( b ). ( c ).
Figure (14): Mean of Change in body weight for Khat fed and control rabbits. (a): Male, (b): Female and (c): Both sexes.
60
3.4. Effect of Khat on the behavior of rabbits Some changes in the behavior of Khat fed rabbits were observed during this study. These were increased movements of the Khat fed rabbits 2-3 hours after Khat consumption, and returned to normal behavior thereafter. On one occasion, three male rabbits in the same cage were found with severe injuries on the ears and eyes. These injuries apparently resulted from aggressive fights among these rabbits during the previous day after consuming Khat. The possible explanation for this incidence may be due to the effect of Khat !!.
Moreover, anorexia (loss of appetite) was observed in the Khat fed rabbits, which started two months of Khat consumption as shown earlier.
A previous study on the effect of Khat on some enzymatic levels in the liver and brain of rabbits carried out by Farag and Al-Qirbi, (1991) showed that the increased activity of glutamic dehydrogenase and histidine decarboxylase would result in depletion of glutamic acid and histidine respectively. It is well Known that 75 % of the free amino acids in the brain is accounted for glutamic acid and its derivatives (glutamine and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). On the other hand glutamic acid is an excitatory neurotransmitter, so its decarboxylation leads to the formation of its derivative, GABA, which is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter. This could explain some mental manifestations observed in daily Khat chewers and reported by Kennedy et al., (1983) such as: aggression, hyperesthesia, depression, etc.
61
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion and Recommendations
The present study has demonstrated that Khat has significantly affected the blood contents of experimental rabbits. No pronounced effects of Khat, however, were observed on the tissues of the digestive system of Khat fed rabbits. Nevertheless, these findings do not deny that Khat has an adverse effect on the health of these animals.
It is not clear whether or not Khat affects human beings in the same manner as it did with rabbits. It is, therefore recommended that a thorough investigation should be carried out directly on humans; which can be achieved by finding suitable human volunteers.
62
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APPENDICES
Appendix (1): Results on blood analysis after 1.5 months (Test 1) for male rabbits.
MALE (Test 1) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 4.72 5.46 4.97 5.70 5.82 5.86 5.54 5.04 4.30 5.46 5.54 5.71 0.48 0.14 5.34 -13.33 -5.34 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 10.10 11.40 11.00 11.70 12.00 12.40 11.20 10.70 10.30 11.40 11.20 12.00 0.69 0.20 11.28 -13.21 -7.11 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 31.20 36.80 33.30 35.80 35.90 36.30 34.50 31.30 31.60 36.80 34.50 37.50 2.28 0.66 34.63 -12.73 -6.13 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 320.0 327.0 360.0 316.0 374.0 394.0 314.0 307.0 371.0 337.0 362.0 372.0 29.24 8.44 346.17 36.42 9.75 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.25 6.45 6.40 6.30 6.40 6.30 6.55 6.45 6.70 6.60 6.65 7.05 0.22 0.06 6.51 -14.99 -5.61 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.60 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.40 3.40 3.55 3.40 3.70 3.60 3.80 3.75 0.16 0.05 3.53 -30.03 -7.96 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.60 1.55 1.70 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.70 1.65 1.25 1.60 1.35 1.60 0.16 0.05 1.53 12.44 3.23 H.S. MID (k/ul) 1.05 1.40 1.30 1.60 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.40 1.75 1.40 1.50 1.70 0.19 0.06 1.45 16.00 2.34 0.02 II-SERUM Blood Sugar 127.0 122.0 130.0 124.0 130.0 125.0 127.0 126.0 123.0 124.0 128.0 126.0 2.56 0.74 126.00 5.66 7.67 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.00 5.70 6.20 6.30 6.00 6.50 6.20 6.50 5.70 5.80 6.20 6.35 0.28 0.08 6.12 -9.32 -7.08 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 27.00 28.00 28.00 29.00 27.00 30.00 29.00 31.00 28.00 27.00 29.00 30.00 1.31 0.38 28.58 -7.05 -3.55 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 68.00 67.00 72.00 73.00 68.00 70.00 74.00 70.00 65.00 71.00 73.00 72.00 2.77 0.80 70.25 -9.35 -7.06 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 17.74 13.14 15.14 16.87 13.19 14.76 17.19 13.93 16.18 16.48 13.93 15.14 1.58 0.46 15.31 -25.68 -10.61 H.S. * H. S.= Highly significant MALE (Test 1) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.25 6.30 6.03 6.08 0.13 0.07 6.17 Hb (g /dl) 12.60 13.10 13.20 13.10 0.27 0.14 13.00 HCT (g/dl) 40.40 39.60 38.30 40.40 0.99 0.50 39.68 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 253.0 243.0 264.0 255.0 8.62 4.31 253.8 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.80 7.73 7.10 8.00 0.39 0.19 7.66 LYM (k/ul) 5.10 5.00 4.60 5.50 0.37 0.18 5.05 GRAN (k/ul) 1.40 1.33 1.30 1.40 0.05 0.03 1.36 MID (k/ul) 1.30 1.40 1.20 1.10 0.13 0.06 1.25 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 118.0 120.0 119.0 120.0 0.96 0.48 119.3 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.80 6.65 6.75 6.80 0.07 0.04 6.75 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.00 30.00 32.00 30.00 0.96 0.48 30.75 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 77.00 79.00 78.00 76.00 1.29 0.65 77.50 % Change In Body Weight 21.09 20.14 20.71 20.43 0.40 0.20 20.59
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Appendix (2): Results on blood analysis after 1.5 months (Test 1) for female rabbits.
FEMALE (Test 1) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.86 4.71 5.78 5.90 5.04 5.38 5.33 4.85 5.54 5.15 4.56 5.56 0.45 0.13 5.31 -14.68 -5.75 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 12.50 9.80 12.90 13.10 10.70 11.40 11.80 10.80 11.10 11.40 10.10 11.50 1.03 0.30 11.43 -13.53 -3.80 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 36.90 32.80 37.90 38.90 31.30 33.90 35.40 31.80 32.40 34.50 29.10 35.90 2.91 0.84 34.23 -12.22 -3.86 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 353.0 359.0 356.0 379.0 319.0 352.0 368.0 348.0 338.0 319.0 357.0 376.0 19.17 5.53 352.00 38.99 17.01 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.15 6.55 6.40 6.30 6.40 6.30 6.55 6.45 6.70 6.60 6.65 7.05 0.23 0.07 6.51 -13.13 -8.28 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.50 3.60 3.40 3.30 3.40 3.40 3.55 3.40 3.70 3.60 3.80 3.75 0.16 0.05 3.53 -28.62 -10.11 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.60 1.55 1.70 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.70 1.65 1.25 1.60 1.35 1.60 0.16 0.05 1.53 18.06 3.78 H.S. MID (k/ul) 1.05 1.40 1.30 1.60 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.40 1.75 1.40 1.50 1.70 0.19 0.06 1.45 16.00 3.33 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 130.0 129.0 131.0 130.0 128.0 134.0 130.0 131.0 132.0 129.0 130.0 133.0 1.73 0.50 130.58 9.73 13.38 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.00 5.70 6.40 6.20 6.40 5.90 6.20 6.00 5.75 5.70 6.20 6.35 0.26 0.08 6.07 -9.11 -6.17 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.00 30.00 29.00 29.00 26.00 28.00 29.00 31.00 30.00 28.00 31.00 27.00 1.62 0.47 29.08 -6.18 -3.09 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 68.00 69.00 70.00 67.00 70.00 67.00 69.00 71.00 68.00 66.00 69.00 68.00 1.45 0.42 68.50 -11.61 -11.71 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 19.23 16.30 16.18 18.84 18.78 19.41 20.54 19.49 17.73 19.23 19.12 16.65 1.41 0.41 18.46 -21.35 -9.74 H.S. * H. S. = Highly significant FEMALE (Test 1) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.43 6.01 6.29 6.14 0.18 0.09 6.22 Hb (g /dl) 14.15 13.30 13.00 12.40 0.73 0.36 13.21 HCT (g/dl) 41.00 39.80 38.40 36.80 1.81 0.91 39.00 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 249.0 257.0 252.0 255.0 3.50 1.75 253.3 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.60 7.57 7.20 7.60 0.20 0.10 7.49 LYM (k/ul) 5.10 4.90 4.60 5.20 0.26 0.13 4.95 GRAN (k/ul) 1.27 1.40 1.30 1.20 0.08 0.04 1.29 MID (k/ul) 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.20 0.04 0.02 1.25 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 120.0 119.0 117.0 120.0 1.41 0.71 119.0 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.50 6.70 6.70 6.80 0.13 0.06 6.68 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.00 31.00 32.00 30.00 0.82 0.41 31.00 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 79.00 76.00 77.00 78.00 1.29 0.65 77.50 % Change In Body Weight 24.09 23.08 23.91 22.79 0.63 0.31 23.47
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Appendix (3): Results on blood analysis after 1.5 months (Test 1) for both sexes of rabbits.
MALE & FEMALE (Test 1) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.29 5.09 5.38 5.80 5.43 5.62 5.44 4.95 4.92 5.31 5.05 5.64 0.28 0.08 5.32 -14.00 -9.02 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 11.30 10.60 11.95 12.40 11.35 11.90 11.50 10.75 10.70 11.40 10.65 11.75 0.59 0.17 11.35 -13.37 -8.17 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 34.05 34.80 35.60 37.35 33.60 35.10 34.95 31.55 32.00 35.65 31.80 36.70 1.89 0.55 34.43 -12.48 -6.39 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 336.5 343.0 358.0 347.5 346.5 373.0 341.0 327.5 354.5 328.0 359.5 374.0 15.35 4.43 349.08 37.71 19.9 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.20 6.50 6.40 6.30 6.40 6.30 6.55 6.45 6.70 6.60 6.65 7.05 0.23 0.07 6.51 -14.07 -6.70 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.55 3.55 3.40 3.30 3.40 3.40 3.55 3.40 3.70 3.60 3.80 3.75 0.16 0.05 3.53 -29.33 -8.98 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.60 1.55 1.70 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.70 1.65 1.25 1.60 1.35 1.60 0.16 0.05 1.53 15.18 4.20 H.S. MID (k/ul) 1.05 1.40 1.30 1.60 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.40 1.75 1.40 1.50 1.70 0.19 0.06 1.45 16.00 2.96 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 128.5 125.5 130.5 127.0 129.0 129.5 128.5 128.5 127.5 126.5 129.0 129.5 1.42 0.41 128.29 7.69 15.48 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.00 5.70 6.30 6.25 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.25 5.73 5.75 6.20 6.35 0.24 0.07 6.09 -9.22 -8.13 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 29.00 29.00 28.50 29.00 26.50 29.00 29.00 31.00 29.00 27.50 30.00 28.50 1.11 0.32 28.83 -6.61 -3.82 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 68.00 68.00 71.00 70.00 69.00 68.50 71.50 70.50 66.50 68.50 71.00 70.00 1.52 0.44 69.38 -10.48 -16.75 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 18.48 14.72 15.66 17.85 15.99 17.08 18.86 16.71 16.96 17.86 16.52 15.90 1.23 0.35 16.88 -23.37 -11.90 H.S. * H. S. = Highly significant MALE & FEMALE (Test 1) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.34 6.16 6.16 6.11 0.10 0.05 6.19 Hb (g /dl) 13.38 13.20 13.10 12.75 0.26 0.13 13.11 HCT (g/dl) 40.70 39.70 38.35 38.60 1.08 0.54 39.34 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 251.0 250.0 258.0 255.0 3.70 1.85 253.5 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.70 7.65 7.15 7.80 0.29 0.14 7.57 LYM (k/ul) 5.10 4.95 4.60 5.35 0.31 0.16 5.00 GRAN (k/ul) 1.33 1.36 1.30 1.30 0.03 0.02 1.32 MID (k/ul) 1.27 1.33 1.25 1.15 0.08 0.04 1.25 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 119.0 119.5 118.0 120.0 0.85 0.43 119.1 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.65 6.68 6.73 6.80 0.07 0.03 6.71 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.00 30.50 32.00 30.00 0.85 0.43 30.88 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 78.00 77.50 77.50 77.00 0.41 0.20 77.50 % Change In Body Weight 22.59 21.61 22.31 21.61 0.50 0.25 22.03
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Appendix (4): Results on blood analysis after 3 months (Test 2) for male rabbits.
MALE (Test 2) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.00 5.73 5.36 5.67 5.27 5.41 5.73 5.00 4.96 5.42 5.65 5.60 0.29 0.08 5.40 -16.05 -10.42 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 11.40 12.25 11.95 12.28 11.05 12.20 11.75 11.35 12.00 11.60 12.10 12.45 0.43 0.13 11.86 -13.16 -10.37 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 32.70 37.10 35.55 36.53 33.55 35.15 35.15 32.65 34.00 36.65 36.45 37.60 1.70 0.49 35.26 -13.46 -7.58 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 351.0 357.0 334.0 327.0 350.0 330.0 373.0 355.0 345.5 340.0 344.0 347.0 12.70 3.67 346.13 47.60 18.14 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.18 6.06 6.43 6.40 6.19 6.21 6.64 6.68 6.13 6.20 6.10 6.68 0.23 0.07 6.32 -14.41 -8.41 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.55 3.45 3.80 3.70 3.60 3.45 3.98 3.78 3.30 3.50 3.30 3.80 0.21 0.06 3.60 -25.96 -9.73 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.55 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.31 1.30 1.36 1.46 1.30 1.33 1.43 1.30 0.09 0.03 1.35 4.09 1.96 0.04 MID (k/ul) 1.08 1.39 1.33 1.33 1.28 1.46 1.30 1.44 1.53 1.38 1.38 1.58 0.13 0.04 1.37 11.82 2.93 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 133.0 135.0 134.0 137.0 136.0 137.0 134.0 132.0 133.0 137.0 132.0 131.0 2.14 0.62 134.25 11.18 17.29 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.60 5.50 5.20 5.15 5.75 5.80 5.35 5.60 5.45 5.60 5.50 5.70 0.20 0.06 5.52 -19.17 -19.50 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 28.00 29.00 28.00 29.00 31.00 29.00 28.00 30.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 28.00 1.00 0.29 28.92 -8.20 -6.34 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 72.00 66.00 62.50 70.00 64.50 71.00 63.00 68.00 67.00 65.00 68.00 67.00 3.01 0.87 67.00 -13.55 -9.71 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 33.13 27.74 30.91 30.10 29.73 28.73 31.65 31.57 30.51 30.40 27.89 24.68 2.24 0.65 29.75 -21.79 -11.69 H.S. * H. S. = Highly significant MALE (Test 2) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.40 6.53 6.30 6.50 0.11 0.05 6.43 Hb (g /dl) 13.45 14.00 13.55 13.65 0.24 0.12 13.66 HCT (g/dl) 40.80 41.85 39.30 41.00 1.06 0.53 40.74 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 223.0 230.0 245.0 240.0 9.88 4.94 234.50 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.65 7.19 7.24 7.48 0.22 0.11 7.39 LYM (k/ul) 5.10 4.60 4.75 5.00 0.23 0.11 4.86 GRAN (k/ul) 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.33 0.02 0.00 1.30 MID (k/ul) 1.25 1.30 1.20 1.15 0.06 0.03 1.23 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 122.0 121.0 120.0 120.0 0.96 0.48 120.75 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.85 6.75 6.80 6.90 0.06 0.03 6.83 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 32.00 31.00 32.00 31.00 0.58 0.29 31.50 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 77.00 78.00 76.00 79.00 1.29 0.65 77.50 % Change In Body Weight 38.91 37.77 37.86 37.63 0.58 0.29 38.04
77
Appendix (5): Results on blood analysis after 3 months (Test 2) for female rabbits.
FEMALE (Test 2) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.94 4.96 5.32 5.75 5.50 5.00 5.83 5.43 5.00 4.94 5.00 5.58 0.37 0.11 5.35 -14.97 -7.01 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 12.90 10.55 11.70 12.65 12.10 11.05 13.20 12.15 11.05 11.15 11.05 11.85 0.84 0.24 11.78 -13.87 -4.92 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 37.25 32.15 33.70 36.70 35.00 31.95 38.25 35.30 31.95 32.45 31.95 35.40 2.29 0.66 34.34 -14.25 -5.33 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 335.0 389.0 370.0 351.0 375.0 332.0 311.0 348.0 319.0 373.0 371.0 354.0 24.31 7.02 352.33 51.70 15.31 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.25 6.35 6.15 6.14 6.03 6.33 6.07 6.45 6.13 6.57 7.60 6.47 0.42 0.12 6.38 -14.65 -7.12 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.67 3.68 3.37 3.45 3.67 3.68 3.63 3.50 3.57 3.57 3.78 3.67 0.12 0.03 3.60 -28.42 -13.02 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.53 1.32 1.30 1.47 1.20 1.13 1.30 1.43 1.12 1.33 1.28 1.27 0.13 0.04 1.31 6.15 1.95 0.04 MID (k/ul) 1.05 1.35 1.48 1.23 1.17 1.52 1.13 1.52 1.45 1.67 1.33 1.53 0.19 0.06 1.37 13.28 2.59 0.01 II-SERUM Blood Sugar 136.0 140.0 139.0 138.0 137.0 139.0 138.0 137.0 138.0 137.0 136.0 139.0 1.27 0.37 137.83 16.56 32.50 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.35 5.15 5.80 5.15 5.75 5.60 5.60 5.70 5.25 5.20 5.50 5.90 0.27 0.08 5.50 -18.73 -12.73 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.00 28.00 29.00 28.00 28.00 29.00 28.00 29.00 31.00 28.00 29.00 27.00 1.22 0.35 28.75 -7.63 -4.30 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 67.00 66.00 68.00 67.00 69.00 67.00 68.00 67.00 68.00 67.00 69.00 67.00 0.90 0.26 67.50 -13.46 -21.67 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 38.46 37.04 38.24 35.51 36.60 35.53 35.42 36.76 35.62 38.46 36.03 35.00 1.26 0.36 36.55 -17.47 -20.71 H.S. * H. S. = Highly significant FEMALE (Test 2) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.43 6.10 6.22 6.43 0.16 0.08 6.30 Hb (g /dl) 14.15 13.53 12.90 14.15 0.60 0.30 13.68 HCT (g/dl) 41.45 39.18 38.10 41.45 1.68 0.84 40.04 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 224.0 233.0 241.0 231.0 6.99 3.50 232.3 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.60 7.49 7.20 7.60 0.19 0.09 7.47 LYM (k/ul) 5.10 5.00 4.77 5.27 0.21 0.10 5.03 GRAN (k/ul) 1.27 1.23 1.23 1.20 0.03 0.01 1.23 MID (k/ul) 1.23 1.27 1.20 1.13 0.06 0.03 1.21 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 119.0 118.0 117.0 119.0 0.96 0.48 118.3 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.60 6.80 6.75 6.90 0.13 0.06 6.76 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 32.00 31.00 31.50 30.00 0.85 0.43 31.13 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 79.00 78.00 77.00 78.00 0.82 0.41 78.00 % Change In Body Weight 44.53 44.32 44.20 44.12 0.18 0.09 44.29
78
Appendix (6): Results on blood analysis after 3 months (Test 2) for both sexes of rabbits.
MALE & FEMALE (Test 2) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.47 5.34 5.34 5.71 5.39 5.21 5.78 5.21 4.98 5.18 5.33 5.59 0.23 0.07 5.38 -15.52 -12.13 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 12.15 11.40 11.83 12.46 11.58 11.63 12.48 11.75 11.53 11.38 11.58 12.15 0.39 0.11 11.82 -13.52 -9.77 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 34.98 34.63 34.63 36.61 34.28 33.55 36.70 33.98 32.98 34.55 34.20 36.50 1.21 0.35 34.80 -13.85 -8.21 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 343.0 373.0 352.0 339.0 362.5 331.0 342.0 351.5 332.3 356.5 357.5 350.5 12.41 3.58 349.23 49.64 21.39 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.21 6.21 6.29 6.27 6.11 6.27 6.35 6.56 6.13 6.38 6.85 6.57 0.21 0.06 6.35 -14.53 -9.71 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.61 3.57 3.58 3.58 3.63 3.57 3.80 3.64 3.43 3.53 3.54 3.73 0.10 0.03 3.60 -27.21 -13.22 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.54 1.27 1.30 1.42 1.26 1.22 1.33 1.45 1.21 1.33 1.35 1.28 0.10 0.03 1.33 5.09 2.21 0.02 MID (k/ul) 1.06 1.37 1.40 1.28 1.22 1.49 1.22 1.48 1.49 1.52 1.35 1.55 0.15 0.04 1.37 12.54 2.89 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 134.5 137.5 136.5 137.5 136.5 138.0 136.0 134.5 135.5 137.0 134.0 135.0 1.34 0.39 136.04 13.84 29.42 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.48 5.33 5.50 5.15 5.75 5.70 5.48 5.65 5.35 5.40 5.50 5.80 0.19 0.06 5.51 -18.95 -19.33 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 29.50 28.50 28.50 28.50 29.50 29.00 28.00 29.50 29.50 28.50 29.50 27.50 0.69 0.20 28.83 -7.92 -6.24 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 69.50 66.00 65.25 68.50 66.75 69.00 65.50 67.50 67.50 66.00 68.50 67.00 1.41 0.41 67.25 -13.50 -17.67 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 35.80 32.39 34.57 32.80 33.16 32.13 33.53 34.16 33.07 34.43 31.96 29.84 1.54 0.44 33.15 -19.46 -16.64 H.S. * H. S. = Highly significant MALE & FEMALE (Test 2) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.42 6.32 6.26 6.47 0.09 0.05 6.36 Hb (g /dl) 13.80 13.76 13.23 13.90 0.30 0.15 13.67 HCT (g/dl) 41.13 40.51 38.70 41.23 1.17 0.59 40.39 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 223.5 231.5 243.0 235.5 8.13 4.06 233.4 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.63 7.34 7.22 7.54 0.18 0.09 7.43 LYM (k/ul) 5.10 4.80 4.76 5.13 0.20 0.10 4.95 GRAN (k/ul) 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.26 0.01 0.00 1.27 MID (k/ul) 1.24 1.28 1.20 1.14 0.06 0.03 1.22 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 120.5 119.5 118.5 119.5 0.82 0.41 119.5 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.73 6.78 6.78 6.90 0.07 0.04 6.79 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 32.00 31.00 31.75 30.50 0.69 0.34 31.31 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 78.00 78.00 76.50 78.50 0.87 0.43 77.75 % Change In Body Weight 41.72 41.05 41.03 40.88 0.37 0.19 41.17
79
Appendix (7): Results on blood analysis after 4.5 months (Test 3) for male rabbits.
MALE (Test 3) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 4.96 5.99 5.75 5.63 4.72 4.96 5.92 4.96 5.62 5.38 5.76 5.76 0.44 0.13 5.45 -18.28 -9.05 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 12.00 13.10 12.90 12.85 10.10 12.00 12.30 12.00 13.70 11.80 13.00 12.90 0.92 0.27 12.39 -13.53 -5.71 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 34.00 37.40 37.80 37.25 31.20 34.00 35.80 34.00 36.40 36.50 38.40 37.70 2.15 0.62 35.87 -14.08 -5.71 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 393.0 387.0 352.0 387.0 373.0 385.0 382.0 384.0 370.0 398.0 376.0 353.0 14.40 4.16 378.33 52.71 24.67 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 5.90 7.15 5.85 6.03 5.73 6.85 6.00 6.05 6.00 6.75 6.08 6.45 0.45 0.13 6.24 -19.67 -10.74 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.30 3.88 3.30 3.63 3.55 3.73 3.68 3.30 3.55 3.70 3.33 3.40 0.20 0.06 3.53 -33.92 -20.20 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.50 1.90 1.20 1.35 1.03 1.80 1.03 1.28 1.15 1.70 1.50 1.60 0.30 0.09 1.42 15.82 2.24 0.02 MID (k/ul) 1.10 1.38 1.35 1.05 1.15 1.33 1.30 1.48 1.30 1.35 1.25 1.45 0.13 0.04 1.29 7.47 2.36 0.02 II-SERUM Blood Sugar 140.0 141.0 143.0 143.0 139.0 146.0 140.0 144.0 140.0 145.0 143.0 140.0 2.30 0.66 142.00 16.63 18.73 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.20 5.10 5.00 5.30 5.40 5.40 5.00 5.10 5.00 5.20 5.10 5.40 0.16 0.05 5.18 -24.61 -21.74 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 27.00 30.00 27.00 29.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 28.00 28.00 29.00 27.00 28.00 1.00 0.29 28.08 -9.41 -5.84 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 64.00 63.00 66.00 65.00 69.00 62.00 68.00 63.00 65.00 63.00 67.00 62.00 2.34 0.68 64.75 -15.08 -10.56 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 47.17 43.14 42.28 44.06 48.54 43.44 48.78 45.53 41.91 43.15 45.60 44.48 2.32 0.67 44.84 -27.94 -24.67 H.S. * H. S. = Highly significant MALE (Test 3) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.73 6.76 6.56 6.63 0.09 0.05 6.67 Hb (g /dl) 14.30 14.90 13.90 14.20 0.42 0.21 14.33 HCT (g/dl) 41.50 44.10 40.30 41.10 1.64 0.82 41.75 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 243.0 250.0 256.0 242.0 6.55 3.28 247.75 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.80 7.65 7.90 7.70 0.11 0.06 7.76 LYM (k/ul) 5.40 5.20 5.50 5.25 0.14 0.07 5.34 GRAN (k/ul) 1.20 1.25 1.20 1.25 0.03 0.01 1.23 MID (k/ul) 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.00 0.00 1.20 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 122.0 124.0 120.0 121.0 1.71 0.85 121.75 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.90 6.70 6.90 7.00 0.13 0.06 6.88 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 32.00 30.00 31.00 31.00 0.82 0.41 31.00 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 76.00 74.00 77.00 78.00 1.71 0.85 76.25 % Change In Body Weight 62.18 61.87 62.86 62.01 0.44 0.22 62.23
80
Appendix (8): Results on blood analysis after 4.5 months (Test 3) for female rabbits.
FEMALE (Test 3) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.02 5.21 5.26 5.59 5.21 5.71 6.15 5.21 5.59 4.72 5.44 5.93 0.41 0.12 5.50 -17.83 -7.94 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 13.30 11.30 12.00 12.20 11.30 12.40 12.80 11.30 12.20 10.90 12.00 12.30 0.70 0.20 12.00 -18.85 -9.53 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 37.60 31.50 33.50 34.50 31.50 36.60 37.80 31.50 34.90 30.40 34.80 34.90 2.49 0.72 34.13 -19.87 -8.35 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 368.0 400.0 384.0 354.0 382.0 362.0 354.0 349.0 401.0 357.0 386.0 383.0 18.30 5.28 373.33 56.04 20.42 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.53 6.80 6.00 6.05 6.15 6.65 6.83 5.63 5.96 6.25 6.10 6.05 0.37 0.11 6.25 -19.97 -8.79 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.70 3.45 3.50 3.63 3.60 3.35 3.53 3.36 3.30 3.50 3.13 3.47 0.16 0.05 3.46 -33.47 -14.86 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.40 1.30 1.40 1.90 1.08 1.40 1.50 1.14 1.26 1.60 1.27 1.42 0.22 0.06 1.39 10.38 1.83 0.04 MID (k/ul) 1.43 1.23 1.10 1.47 1.47 1.90 1.80 1.13 1.40 1.15 1.70 1.17 0.27 0.08 1.41 13.32 2.04 0.03 II-SERUM Blood Sugar 142.0 150.0 147.0 146.0 145.0 141.0 144.0 143.0 140.0 143.0 142.0 144.0 2.78 0.80 143.92 19.93 19.68 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.00 4.80 5.20 4.80 5.30 5.40 5.20 5.30 5.00 4.90 5.00 5.40 0.22 0.06 5.11 -25.97 -23.78 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 30.00 29.00 28.00 28.00 31.00 30.00 27.00 28.00 27.00 31.00 28.00 27.00 1.50 0.43 28.67 -8.99 -5.45 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 64.00 63.00 65.00 68.00 67.00 66.00 64.00 63.00 65.00 64.00 68.00 63.00 1.86 0.54 65.00 -16.40 -12.64 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 51.54 51.11 50.74 52.17 49.22 49.45 48.81 50.74 49.03 52.31 49.26 50.40 1.24 0.36 50.40 -27.49 -10.06 H.S. * H. S. = Highly significant FEMALE (Test 3) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.79 6.42 6.79 6.79 0.19 0.09 6.70 Hb (g /dl) 15.00 14.15 15.00 15.00 0.43 0.21 14.79 HCT (g/dl) 43.30 40.45 43.30 43.30 1.42 0.71 42.59 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 249.0 230.0 240.0 238.0 7.80 3.90 239.3 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.95 8.10 7.73 7.45 0.28 0.14 7.81 LYM (k/ul) 5.50 5.00 5.10 5.20 0.22 0.11 5.20 GRAN (k/ul) 1.20 1.30 1.33 1.20 0.07 0.03 1.26 MID (k/ul) 1.25 1.20 1.30 1.23 0.04 0.02 1.25 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 121.0 118.0 122.0 119.0 1.83 0.91 120.0 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.80 6.90 6.90 7.00 0.08 0.04 6.90 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 32.00 31.00 31.00 32.00 0.58 0.29 31.50 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 76.00 80.00 77.00 78.00 1.71 0.85 77.75 % Change In Body Weight 67.88 75.09 67.39 67.65 3.73 1.87 69.50
81
Appendix (9): Results on blood analysis after 4.5 months (Test 3) for both sexes of rabbits.
MALE & FEMALE (Test 3) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.49 5.60 5.51 5.61 4.97 5.34 6.04 5.09 5.61 5.05 5.60 5.85 0.32 0.09 5.48 -18.05 -12.16 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 12.65 12.20 12.45 12.53 10.70 12.20 12.55 11.65 12.95 11.35 12.50 12.60 0.65 0.19 12.19 -16.23 -12.35 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 35.80 34.45 35.65 35.88 31.35 35.30 36.80 32.75 35.65 33.45 36.60 36.30 1.68 0.48 35.00 -17.01 -14.31 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 380.5 393.5 368.0 370.5 377.5 373.5 368.0 366.5 385.5 377.5 381.0 368.0 8.34 2.41 375.83 54.35 41.76 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.22 6.98 5.93 6.04 5.94 6.75 6.41 5.84 5.98 6.50 6.09 6.25 0.35 0.10 6.24 -19.82 -12.36 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.50 3.66 3.40 3.63 3.58 3.54 3.60 3.33 3.43 3.60 3.23 3.43 0.13 0.04 3.49 -33.70 -21.52 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.45 1.60 1.30 1.63 1.05 1.60 1.26 1.21 1.20 1.65 1.38 1.51 0.20 0.06 1.40 13.06 2.71 H.S. MID (k/ul) 1.27 1.30 1.23 1.26 1.31 1.61 1.55 1.30 1.35 1.25 1.48 1.31 0.13 0.04 1.35 10.45 3.39 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 141.0 145.5 145.0 144.5 142.0 143.5 142.0 143.5 140.0 144.0 142.5 142.0 1.66 0.48 142.96 18.27 38.56 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.10 4.95 5.10 5.05 5.35 5.40 5.10 5.20 5.00 5.05 5.05 5.40 0.16 0.04 5.15 -25.29 -28.08 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 28.50 29.50 27.50 28.50 29.00 29.00 28.00 28.00 27.50 30.00 27.50 27.50 0.86 0.25 28.38 -9.20 -7.07 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 64.00 63.00 65.50 66.50 68.00 64.00 66.00 63.00 65.00 63.50 67.50 62.50 1.84 0.53 64.88 -15.75 -18.13 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 49.35 47.12 46.51 48.12 48.88 46.45 48.79 48.13 45.47 47.73 47.43 47.44 1.13 0.33 47.62 -27.70 -19.56 H.S. * H. S.= Highly significant MALE & FEMALE (Test 3) CONTROL SAMPLES
Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.76 6.59 6.68 6.71 0.07 0.04 6.68 Hb (g /dl) 14.65 14.53 14.45 14.60 0.09 0.04 14.56 HCT (g/dl) 42.40 42.28 41.80 42.20 0.26 0.13 42.17 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 246.0 240.0 248.0 240.0 4.12 2.06 243.50 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.88 7.88 7.82 7.58 0.14 0.07 7.79 LYM (k/ul) 5.45 5.10 5.30 5.23 0.15 0.07 5.27 GRAN (k/ul) 1.20 1.28 1.27 1.23 0.04 0.02 1.24 MID (k/ul) 1.23 1.20 1.25 1.22 0.02 0.01 1.22 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 121.5 121.0 121.0 120.0 0.63 0.31 120.88 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.85 6.80 6.90 7.00 0.09 0.04 6.89 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 32.00 30.50 31.00 31.50 0.65 0.32 31.25 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 76.00 77.00 77.00 78.00 0.82 0.41 77.00 % Change In Body Weight 65.03 68.48 65.12 64.83 1.75 0.87 65.87
82
Appendix (10): Results on blood analysis (Average for three reading at 1.5 months intervals) for male rabbits.
MALE (Average) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 4.89 5.73 5.36 5.67 5.27 5.41 5.73 5.00 4.96 5.42 5.65 5.69 0.31 0.09 5.40 -15.95 -10.00 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 11.17 12.25 11.95 12.28 11.05 12.20 11.75 11.35 12.00 11.60 12.10 12.45 0.46 0.13 11.85 -13.30 -10.14 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 32.63 37.10 35.55 36.53 33.55 35.15 35.15 32.65 34.00 36.65 36.45 37.60 1.71 0.49 35.25 -13.43 -7.57 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 354.7 357.0 348.7 343.3 365.7 369.7 356.3 348.7 362.2 358.3 360.7 357.3 7.44 2.15 356.88 45.47 27.34 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.11 6.55 6.23 6.24 6.10 6.45 6.40 6.39 6.28 6.52 6.28 6.73 0.19 0.05 6.36 -16.40 -12.78 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.48 3.61 3.50 3.54 3.52 3.53 3.73 3.49 3.52 3.60 3.48 3.65 0.08 0.02 3.55 -30.10 -17.88 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.55 1.56 1.40 1.38 1.31 1.47 1.36 1.46 1.23 1.54 1.43 1.50 0.10 0.03 1.43 10.71 4.35 H.S. MID (k/ul) 1.08 1.39 1.33 1.33 1.28 1.46 1.30 1.44 1.53 1.38 1.38 1.58 0.13 0.04 1.37 11.82 2.93 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 133.3 132.7 135.7 134.7 135.0 136.0 133.7 134.0 132.0 135.3 134.3 132.3 1.32 0.38 134.08 11.20 23.92 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.60 5.43 5.47 5.58 5.72 5.90 5.52 5.73 5.38 5.53 5.60 5.82 0.16 0.05 5.61 -17.75 -19.46 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 27.33 29.00 27.67 29.00 28.33 29.00 28.67 29.67 28.00 28.33 28.67 28.67 0.64 0.19 28.53 -8.22 -6.54 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 68.00 65.33 66.83 69.33 67.17 67.67 68.33 67.00 65.67 66.33 69.33 67.00 1.27 0.37 67.33 -12.65 -23.04 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 32.68 28.00 29.45 30.34 30.49 28.98 32.54 30.34 29.53 30.01 29.14 28.10 1.48 0.43 29.97 -25.62 -22.14 H.S. * H. S.= Highly significant MALE (Average) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.46 6.53 6.30 6.40 0.10 0.05 6.42 Hb (g /dl) 13.45 14.00 13.55 13.65 0.24 0.12 13.66 HCT (g/dl) 40.90 41.85 39.30 40.83 1.05 0.53 40.72 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 239.7 241.0 255.0 245.7 6.94 3.47 245.3 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.75 7.52 7.41 7.73 0.16 0.08 7.60 LYM (k/ul) 5.20 4.93 4.95 5.25 0.16 0.08 5.08 GRAN (k/ul) 1.30 1.29 1.26 1.33 0.03 0.01 1.29 MID (k/ul) 1.25 1.30 1.20 1.15 0.06 0.03 1.23 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 120.7 121.7 119.7 120.3 0.83 0.42 120.58 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.85 6.70 6.82 6.90 0.08 0.04 6.82 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.67 30.33 31.67 30.67 0.69 0.34 31.08 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 76.67 77.00 77.00 77.67 0.42 0.21 77.08 % Change In Body Weight 40.73 39.93 40.48 40.02 0.38 0.19 40.29
83
Appendix (11): Results on blood analysis (Average for three reading at 1.5 months intervals) for female rabbits.
FEMALE (Average) EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.94 4.96 5.45 5.75 5.25 5.36 5.77 5.16 5.38 4.94 5.00 5.69 0.34 0.10 5.39 -15.87 -8.02 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 12.90 10.55 12.20 12.65 11.37 11.62 12.60 11.42 11.45 11.15 11.05 11.88 0.72 0.21 11.74 -15.53 -7.72 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 37.25 32.15 35.03 36.70 32.60 34.15 37.15 32.87 33.08 32.45 31.95 35.40 2.01 0.58 34.23 -15.57 -8.37 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 352.0 382.7 370.0 361.3 358.7 348.7 344.3 348.3 352.7 349.7 371.3 371.0 12.04 3.48 359.22 48.69 32.64 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.31 6.57 6.18 6.16 6.19 6.43 6.48 6.18 6.26 6.47 6.78 6.52 0.20 0.06 6.38 -15.97 -12.25 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.62 3.58 3.42 3.46 3.56 3.48 3.57 3.42 3.52 3.56 3.57 3.63 0.07 0.02 3.53 -30.21 -14.88 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.51 1.39 1.47 1.59 1.29 1.28 1.50 1.41 1.21 1.51 1.30 1.43 0.12 0.03 1.41 11.63 3.55 H.S. MID (k/ul) 1.18 1.33 1.29 1.43 1.34 1.67 1.41 1.35 1.53 1.41 1.51 1.47 0.13 0.04 1.41 14.21 4.34 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 136.0 139.7 139.0 138.0 136.7 138.0 137.3 137.0 136.7 136.3 136.0 138.7 1.22 0.35 137.44 15.42 36.01 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.45 5.22 5.80 5.38 5.82 5.63 5.67 5.67 5.33 5.27 5.57 5.88 0.22 0.06 5.56 -18.03 -14.38 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 30.67 29.00 28.67 28.33 28.33 29.00 28.00 29.33 29.33 29.00 29.33 27.00 0.89 0.26 28.83 -7.61 -6.88 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 66.33 66.00 67.67 67.33 68.67 66.67 67.00 67.00 67.00 65.67 68.67 66.00 0.97 0.28 67.00 -13.83 -28.57 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 36.41 34.81 35.05 35.51 34.87 34.80 34.92 35.66 34.13 36.67 34.80 34.02 0.80 0.23 35.14 -23.20 -16.61 H.S. * H. S.= Highly significant FEMALE (Average) CONTROL SAMPLES Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.55 6.18 6.43 6.45 0.16 0.08 6.40 Hb (g /dl) 14.43 13.66 13.63 13.85 0.37 0.19 13.89 HCT (g/dl) 41.92 39.81 39.93 40.52 0.97 0.48 40.54 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 240.7 240.0 244.3 241.3 1.91 0.96 241.6 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.72 7.72 7.38 7.55 0.16 0.08 7.59 LYM (k/ul) 5.23 4.97 4.82 5.22 0.20 0.10 5.06 GRAN (k/ul) 1.24 1.31 1.29 1.20 0.05 0.02 1.26 MID (k/ul) 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.19 0.03 0.02 1.23 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 120.0 118.3 118.7 119.3 0.74 0.37 119.1 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.63 6.80 6.78 6.90 0.11 0.06 6.78 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.67 31.00 31.50 30.67 0.46 0.23 31.21 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 78.00 78.00 77.00 78.00 0.50 0.25 77.75 % Change In Body Weight 45.50 47.50 45.17 44.85 1.19 0.60 45.75
84
Appendix (12): Results on blood analysis (Average for three reading at 1.5 months intervals) for both sexes of rabbits MALE & FEMALE EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES (Average) RabbitNo. Significance Change " t " P < I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SD SE MEAN % calculat 0.01 e RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 5.42 5.34 5.41 5.71 5.26 5.39 5.75 5.08 5.17 5.18 5.33 5.69 0.22 0.06 5.39 -15.91 -14.08 H.S.* Hb (g /dl) 12.03 11.40 12.08 12.46 11.21 11.91 12.18 11.38 11.73 11.38 11.58 12.17 0.40 0.12 11.79 -14.43 -14.47 H.S. HCT (g/dl) 34.94 34.63 35.29 36.61 33.08 34.65 36.15 32.76 33.54 34.55 34.20 36.50 1.26 0.36 34.74 -14.50 -11.31 H.S. Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 353.3 369.8 359.3 352.3 362.2 359.2 350.3 348.5 357.4 354.0 366.0 364.2 6.62 1.91 358.05 47.07 39.32 H.S. WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 6.21 6.56 6.20 6.20 6.15 6.44 6.44 6.28 6.27 6.49 6.53 6.62 0.16 0.05 6.37 -16.18 -14.30 H.S. LYM (k/ul) 3.55 3.59 3.46 3.50 3.54 3.50 3.65 3.46 3.52 3.58 3.52 3.64 0.06 0.02 3.54 -30.15 -16.65 H.S. GRAN (k/ul) 1.53 1.47 1.43 1.48 1.30 1.37 1.43 1.44 1.22 1.53 1.36 1.46 0.09 0.03 1.42 11.16 5.21 H.S. MID (k/ul) 1.13 1.36 1.31 1.38 1.31 1.57 1.36 1.39 1.53 1.39 1.44 1.52 0.12 0.03 1.39 13.02 3.94 H.S. II-SERUM Blood Sugar 134.7 136.2 137.3 136.3 135.8 137.0 135.5 135.5 134.3 135.8 135.2 135.5 0.87 0.25 135.76 13.29 45.41 H.S. TEST Total Proteins (g/dl) 5.53 5.33 5.63 5.48 5.77 5.77 5.59 5.70 5.36 5.40 5.58 5.85 0.17 0.05 5.58 -17.89 -19.88 H.S. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 29.00 29.00 28.17 28.67 28.33 29.00 28.33 29.50 28.67 28.67 29.00 27.83 0.46 0.13 28.68 -7.92 -8.03 H.S. Triglycerids (mg/dl) 67.17 65.67 67.25 68.33 67.92 67.17 67.67 67.00 66.33 66.00 69.00 66.50 0.97 0.28 67.17 -13.24 -31.15 H.S. % Change In Body Weight 34.54 31.41 32.25 32.92 32.68 31.89 33.73 33.00 31.83 33.34 31.97 31.06 1.01 0.29 32.55 -24.34 -26.39 H.S. * H. S.= Highly significant MALE & FEMALE CONTROL SAMPLES (Average) Rabbit No I-CBC TEST BlOOD PARAMETERS 13 14 15 16 SD SE MEAN RBCs T.RBCs (M/ul) 6.51 6.35 6.36 6.43 0.07 0.03 6.41 Hb (g /dl) 13.94 13.83 13.59 13.75 0.15 0.07 13.78 HCT (g/dl) 41.41 40.83 39.62 40.68 0.75 0.37 40.63 Platelets Platelets (k/ul) 240.2 240.5 249.7 243.5 4.40 2.20 243.46 WBCs T.WBCs ( k/ul ) 7.73 7.62 7.40 7.64 0.14 0.07 7.60 LYM (k/ul) 5.22 4.95 4.89 5.24 0.18 0.09 5.07 GRAN (k/ul) 1.27 1.30 1.28 1.26 0.01 0.00 1.28 MID (k/ul) 1.24 1.27 1.23 1.17 0.04 0.02 1.23 II-SERUM TEST Blood Sugar (BSF)(mg/dl) 120.3 120.0 119.2 119.8 0.49 0.25 119.83 Total Proteins (g/dl) 6.74 6.75 6.80 6.90 0.07 0.04 6.80 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 31.67 30.67 31.58 30.67 0.55 0.28 31.15 Triglycerids (mg/dl) 77.33 77.50 77.00 77.83 0.35 0.17 77.42 % Change In Body Weight 43.11 43.71 42.82 42.44 0.54 0.27 43.02
85
ARABIC SUMMARY
ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺏﻌﺾ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺪّم وأﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻟﻸراﻧﺐ
رﺳـــﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ:
آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم - ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻨﻌﺎء
ﻻﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت درﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم (ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﻴـﻮان)
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ : ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻬﺠﺎﻣﻲ
( ﻓﺒﺮایﺮ 2001)
اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻌـﺮﺏﻲARABIC SUMMARY
" א א א מ א א א "
اﻟﻘ ﺎت ه ﻮ اﻻﺳ ﻢ اﻟﺸ ﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﺸ ﺠﺮﻩ أو ﺵ ﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺨﻀ ﺮة أ ﻋ ﻄ ﻰَ ﻟﻬ ﺎ اﻻﺳ ﻢ (آﺎﺛ ﺎ إی ﺪوﻟﺲ ) Catha edulis Forsk., 1775، وﺕﻨﺘﻤ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻌـﺎﺋﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻨﺒـﺎﺕ ﻴﺔ (ﺳـﻼﺳـﺘﺮیـﺴ ﻲ ) Celastraceae، وﺕ ﺰرع ﺏﺸ ﻜﻞ واﺳ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺮﺕﻔﻌﺎت ﺵ ﺮق أﻓ ﺮیﻘﻴﺎ واﻟﺠ ﺰء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻲ اﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺵ ﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺰی ﺮة اﻟﻌ ﺮﺏﻴﺔ (اﻟ ﻴﻤﻦ ). ه ﻨﺎك اﻟﻤﻼی ﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم یَ ﻤْ ﻀ ﻐ ﻮ نَ ا ﻷ و ر ا قَ ا ﻟ ﻄّ ﺎ ز ﺟ ﺔَ ﻟﻨﺒ ﺘﺔ اﻟﻘ ﺎت یﻮﻣ ﻴﺎ ﺥﺼﻮﺻ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺒﻠﺪانِ اﻟ ﻮاﻗﻌﺔَ ﺡ ﻮل ا ﻟ ﺸّ ﻮ ا ﻃ ﺊَ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏﻴﺔَ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺡﻤﺮِ، ﻣﺜﻞ إﺛﻴﻮﺏﻴﺎ وآﻴﻨﻴﺎ وﺟﻴﺒﻮﺕﻲ واﻟﻴﻤﻦ. ﺕﻌﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺕﻌـﺎﻃﻲ اﻟﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻴﻤﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻥﺎﻟﺖ ،ﺥﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴ ﻨﻮات اﻷﺥﻴ ﺮة ، ﻋ ﻨﺎیﺔ واه ﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ آﺒﻴ ﺮیﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺏﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺎﺡﺜﻴﻦ واﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ ﻴﺔ. وﻟﻘ ﺪ دﻓﻌ ﺖ ﺥﻄ ﻮرة اﻟﻤﺸ ﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤ ﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل إﻟ ﻰ أن یﺪﻗ ﻮا اﻷﺟ ﺮاس ﻣﻨﺒﻬ ﻴﻦ إﻟ ﻰ ﺥﻄ ﻮرة ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸ ﻜﻠﺔ، وﻣ ﻦ ﺽ ﻤﻦ اﻟﺠﻬ ﻮد اﻟﻤ ﺒـﺬوﻟﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻹﻃـ ﺎر ﻣ ﺎ ﻗﺎﻣ ﺖ ﺏـ ﻪ اﻟﻘ ﻴـﺎدة اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳ ـﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻴﻤـﻦ ﻣﻤ ﺜـﻠﺔ ﺏ ﺎﻷخ رﺋ ﻴﺲ اﻟﺠﻤﻬـ ﻮریﺔ اﻟﻤﺸ ﻴﺮ / ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﻋ ﺒﺪ اﷲ ﺻ ـﺎﻟﺢ ﻓ ﻲ إﺻ ﺪار ﻗﺎﻥﻮن یﻤﻨﻊ ﺕﻨﺎول اﻟﻘﺎت أﺛﻨﺎء أداء اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻤ ﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺳـﺴ ﺎت واﻟﻤﺼ ﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺤ ﻜﻮﻣ ﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻴﺔ ﻣ ﻨﻬﺎ واﻟﻌﺴ ﻜﺮیﺔ . آﻤ ﺎ اه ﺘﻤـﺖ ﺏﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻬﻴ ﺌﺎت اﻟﺮﺳ ﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت واﻟﻤﺮاآ ﺰ اﻟﻴﻤﻨ ﻴﺔ و اﻟﺠﻤﻌ ﻴﺎت ﻏﻴ ﺮاﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺏﺪراﺳﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮة. یَ ﺴ ﺘ ﻬ ﻠ ﻚُ اﻟﻘﺎت ﻗﻲ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﺘ ﻤ ﻊِ اﻟﻴﻤﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻥﻄﺎق و ا ﺳ ﻊِ ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺴّﻜﺎن، وﻋﻠىﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮیﺎت ﺕﻘ ﺮیﺒﺎ، آﻤ ﺎ أن أﻋ ﺪاد اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘـﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﺕ ﺰایﺪ ﻣﺴ ﺘﻤﺮ. ﻓﻬ ﻨﺎك ﺏﻌ ﺾ اﻹﺡﺼ ـﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﺴـﺎﺏﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺸـﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أن (65 - 85 %) ﺕﻘﺮیﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴّﻜﺎن ﻓﻮق ﻋُﻤﺮ ﻋﺸْﺮة ﺳَﻨَﻮات یﻤﻀ ﻐﻮن اﻟﻘ ﺎت ( دهﻤﺶ، 1996). وﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺡﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدیﺔ ﺕﻮﺽﺢ اﻹﺡﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت أن اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺰروﻋﺔ ﺏﺎﻟﻘ ﺎت ﺕﻤﺜﻞ 70,6 % ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤـﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺴـﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺰروﻋﺔ ﺏﺎﻷﻥﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪیﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻤﻦ، وﺕﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ زراﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﺎت اآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 55 % ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻮﻓ ﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻷﻏ ﺮاض، آﻤ ﺎ یﺼ ﻞ ﺡﺠ ﻢ اﻷﻣ ﻮال اﻟﻤ ﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ ﻓ ﻲ زراﻋ ﺔ وﺕﺠ ﺎرة اﻟﻘ ﺎت إﻟ ﻰ 400 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ریﺎل ﺳﻨﻮیﺎ ﺕﻘﺮیﺒﺎ، ﺏﺎﻹﺽﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺽﺎﻋﺔ اآﺜﺮ ﻣ ﻦ 20 ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ یﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺴﺎ ت اﻟﻘﺎت (ﻥﺸﺮﻩ ﺻﺎدرﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ و Oxfam ، 1999م).
86 ﺕﻬ ﺪف هﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳـﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻰ دراﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜـﻮﻥﺎت اﻟﺪم و أﻥﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ.
اﻋ ﺘﻤﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺕﺠ ﺎرب أﺟ ﺮیﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﺪد 32 أرﻥ ﺒﺎ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻴﺎ (16 ذآﺮا و 16 أﻥﺜ ﻰ ) ﺕ ﻢ ﺕ ﺮﺏﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺏﻌ ﺪ ﻓﺼ ﻞ اﻟﺬآ ﻮر ﻋ ﻦ اﻹﻥ ﺎث ﻓ ﻲ أﻗﻔ ﺎص ﻣﻌـﺪﻥ ﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺕﺮﺏﻴﺔ اﻟﺤ ﻴﻮاﻥﺎت ﻓ ﻲ آﻠ ﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠ ﻮم ﺏﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺻ ﻨﻌﺎء وﺕﻐﺬی ﺘﻬﻢ ﺏﻐ ﺬاء ﻣ ﻮﺡﺪ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺵﻬﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺏﺪء اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮﺏﺔ ﺛ ﻢ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ؛ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ Experimental group، وﺕﻜـﻮﻥﺖ ﻣﻦ 24 أرﻥﺒﺎ (12 ذآﺮا و 12 أﻥﺜﻰ) واﻟﺘﻲ أﻋﻄﻴﺖ - اﺽﺎﻓﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐـ ﺬاء اﻟﻌﺎدي - أوراﻗﺎ ﻃﺮیﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻥﺒﺎت اﻟﻘـﺎت اﻟﺼﻮﺕﻲ ﺏﺠﺮﻋﺔ 40 ﺟﻢ /آﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ وزن اﻟﺠﺴ ﻢ یﻮﻣ ﻴﺎ وﻟﻤ ﺪة أرﺏﻌ ﺔ اﺵ ﻬﺮ وﻥﺼ ﻒ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟ ﻴﺔ؛ واﻟﻤﺠﻤ ﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀ ﺎﺏﻄﺔ Control group، وﺕﻜ ﻮﻥﺖ ﻣ ﻦ 8 أرﻥ ﺐ (4 ذآ ﻮر و 4 إﻥ ﺎث) واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺕ ﻢ ﺕﻐﺬی ﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻥﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﻌﺎدي اﻟﺬي أﻋﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺕﻌﻂ أوراق ﻥﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺎت. ﺕ ﻢ أﺥﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻥﺎت -(ﺏﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺻﻮم ﻟﻤﺪة 12 ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺕﻘﺮیﺒﺎ) - ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮات ﺥﻼل ﻓﺘﺮةاﻟﺘﺠﺮﺏﺔ آﻤﺎ یﻠﻲ:
1. أﺥ ﺬت ﻋﻴ ﻨﺎت اﻟ ﺪم اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻹﺟ ﺮاء اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺪم (CBC Tests) ﻓﻲ أﻥﺎﺏﻴﺐ ﺕﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻥﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻠﻂ (EDTA) واﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤ ﺮاء وﻥﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻤـﻮﺟﻠﻮﺏ ﻴﻦ واﻟﻬﻴﻤـﺎﺕﻮآ ﺮیﺖ واﻟﻌ ﺪد اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻜ ﺮات اﻟ ﺪم اﻟﺒﻴﻀ ﺎء وآ ﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻌ ﺪد اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺼ ﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣ ﻮیﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺏﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮق ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺮوﺕﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ (Sood, 1990).
2. أﺥ ﺬت ﻋﻴ ﻨﺎت دم أﺥ ﺮى ﻹﺟ ﺮاء ﻓﺤ ﺺ اﻟﻤﺼ ﻞ Serum وﺕﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺏﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺟﻬ ﺎز اﻟﻄـ ﺮد اﻟﻤﺮآ ﺰي ﺏﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ 3500 دورة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻥ ﻴﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺪة ﻋﺸ ﺮ دﻗﺎﺋ ﻖ واﺳ ﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺼ ﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺵ ﺮة ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﻴﺎس ﻣﺴ ﺘﻮى ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮآﻮز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم (ﻓﻲ ﺡﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺼ ﻮم) ﺏﻄ ﺮیﻘﺔ أآﺴ ﺪة اﻟﺠﻠﻮآ ﻮز (ﺕ ﺮﻥﺪر) و ﻗ ﻴﺎس اﻟﺒ ﺮوﺕﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ (ﺏﻄ ﺮیﻘﺔ آﻠ ﻮرو ﻣﻴﺘﺮیﻚ - ﺏﻴﺘﺮس ) وﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﻮﻟ ﺴﺘﺮول (ﺏﻄﺮیﻘﺔ آﻠﻮرو ﻣﻴﺘﺮیﻚ -ﺕ ﺮﻥﺪر) وآ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻗ ﻴﺎس ﺕ ﺮاي ﺟﻠﻴﺴ ﺮایﺪ (ﺏﻄ ﺮیﻘﺔ آﻠ ﻮرو ﻣﻴﺘ ﺮیﻚ - ی ﻮﻥﺞ وﺏﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥﺮ ).
3. ﻓ ﻲ ﻥﻬـﺎی ﺔ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮﺏﺔ وﺏﻌ ﺪ ﻣﻀ ﻲ أرﺏﻌ ﺔ أﺵ ﻬﺮ وﻥﺼ ﻒ، ﺕ ﻢ ﻗ ﺘﻞ ﺟﻤ ﻴﻊ اﻷراﻥ ﺐ وأﺥ ﺬت ﻣ ﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ أﻥﺴﺠﺔ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪة واﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ واﻷﻋﻮر و اﻟﻜ ﺒﺪ. ﺕ ﻢ ﺕﺜﺒ ﻴﺖ ه ﺬﻩ اﻷﻥﺴ ﺠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺵ ﺮة ﺏﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻮل Neutral 10%) (buffered formaline ، و أﺥﻴ ﺮا اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺕﻘﻨ ﻴﺔ ﺵ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻓﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻀ ﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮي.
ﺕﻢ ﺕﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﺡﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺏﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺥﺘﺒﺎر "t". و آﺎﻥﺖ ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ آﺎﻷﺕﻲ:
87 أوﻻ: ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻧﺐ: ﺏﻌ ﺪ إﺟ ﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟ ﻴﻞ اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻤﻜ ﻮﻥﺎت اﻟ ﺪم، أﻇﻬ ﺮت ﻥ ﺘﺎﺋﺞ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳ ـﺔ أن ه ﻨﺎك ﺕﻐﻴﻴ ﺮاتَ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻜ ﻮﻥﺎت اﻟ ﺪم ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ أﻋﻄ ﻴﺖ اﻟﻘ ﺎت ﺏﺠ ﺮﻋﺔ 40 ﺟ ﻢ/آﺠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ وزن اﻟﺠﺴ ﻢ یﻮﻣ ﻴﺎ ﺥ ﻼل ﻓﺘ ﺮة اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮﺏﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥ ﺔ ﺏﻤﺜ ﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ، وآﺎﻥﺖ آﻤﺎ یﻠﻲ:
1. ه ﻨﺎك ﻥﻘ ﺺ ذو دﻻﻟ ﺔ إﺡﺼ ﺎﺋﻴﺔ (P < 0.01) ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤ ﺮاء (total RBCs 15.91%) وﻥﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻤـﻮﺟﻠﻮﺏ ﻴﻦ (Hb 14.43%) واﻟﻬﻴﻤـﺎﺕﻮآ ﺮیﺖ (Hct 14.50%) ﻓ ﻲ دم اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﺏﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
2. ه ﻨﺎك ﻥﻘ ﺺ ذو دﻻﻟ ﺔ إﺡﺼ ـﺎﺋﻴﺔ (P < 0.01) ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﻴﻀـﺎء (total WBCs 16.18%) وﺥﺎﺻ ﺔ اﻟﻜ ﺮات اﻟﻠﻤﻔـ ﻴﺔ (lymphocytes 30.15%) ﻓﻲ دم اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﺏﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
3. ه ﻨﺎك زی ﺎدة ذات دﻻﻟ ﺔ إﺡﺼ ـﺎﺋﻴﺔ (P < 0.01) ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﺪد اﻟﻜﻠـ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻔـﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮیﺔ (% total Platelets 47.07) ﻓ ﻲ دم اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥ ﺔ ﺏﻤﺜ ﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
4. ه ﻨﺎك زی ﺎدة ذات دﻻﻟ ﺔ إﺡﺼ ــﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( P < 0.01 ) ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺴ ـﺘﻮى اﻟﺴ ـﻜﺮ (ﻓ ﻲ ﺡﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺼ ﻮم ) (blood sugar 13.29%) ﻓ ﻲ دم اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥ ﺔ ﺏﻤﺜ ﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
5. ه ﻨــﺎك ﻥﻘ ـﺺ ذو دﻻﻟ ﺔ إﺡﺼ ــﺎﺋﻴﺔ (P < 0.01) ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺴ ـﺘﻮى اﻟﺒ ﺮوﺕﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻠـ ﻲ (total proteins 17.89%) واﻟﻜﻠﺴ ﺘﺮول (cholesterol 7.92%) و اﻟﺘ ﺮاي ﺟﻠﺴ ﺮایﺪ (triglycerides 13. 24%) ﻓ ﻲ دم اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥ ﺔ ﺏﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ: ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺴﺠﻪ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻧﺐ ﺏﻌ ﺪ إﺟ ﺮاء اﻟﻔﺤ ﺺ اﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﺮي ﻷﻥﺴ ﺠﻪ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎز اﻟﻬﻀ ﻤﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻥ ﺐ واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺵ ﻤﻠﺖ أﻥﺴ ﺠﺔ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺪة stomach و اﻷﻣﻌـ ﺎء اﻟﺪﻗ ﻴﻘﺔ small intestine و ا ﻷ ﻋ ﻮ رِ caecum، واﻟﻜ ﺒﺪ liver، أﻇﻬ ﺮت ﻥ ﺘﺎﺋﺞ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳ ــﺔ أن ه ﻨـﺎك ﺕﻐﻴﻴ ﺮاتَ ﻃﻔ ﻴﻔﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺏﻌ ﺾ اﻥﺴ ـﺠﻪ اﻟﺠﻬـ ﺎز اﻟﻬﻀ ﻤـﻲ (اﻟﻤﻌـ ﺪة و اﻷﺛﻨىﻌﺸ ﺮ واﻟﺼ ﺎﺋﻢ واﻟﻜ ﺒﺪ) ،ﺏﻴ ﻨﻤﺎ ﻟ ﻢ یﻈﻬ ﺮ أي ﺕﻐﻴ ﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﻥﺴ ـﺠﺔ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋﻔ ﻲ واﻷﻋ ﻮر ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ أﻋﻄ ﻴﺖ اﻟﻘ ﺎت ﺏﺠ ﺮﻋﺔ 40ﺟ ﻢ /آﺠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ وزن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ یﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﺥـﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺏﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﺏﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ، وآﺎﻥﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ آﻤﺎ یﻠﻲ:
88 ا- اﻟﻤﻌـﺪة Stomach: أﻇﻬ ﺮت اﻟﻘﻄﺎ ﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮیﺔ ﻟﺨـﻼیﺎ اﻟﻤﻌـﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺕﻠﻒ (ﺕﻨﺨﺮ necrosis) ﺏﺴﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ اﻟﻄﻼﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺪة یﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪیﺔ.
ب- اﻷﻣﻌـﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ Small Intestine: ﻟﻘ ﺪ أﻇﻬ ﺮت اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﺮیﺔ ﻟﺨﻼی ﺎ اﻷﻣﻌ ﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺕﻲ:
ﻓﻲ اﻷﺛﻨﻰ ﻋﺸﺮ Duodenum: ﻇﻬ ﻮر ﺕﻠ ﻒ (ﺕﻨﺨ ﺮ necrosis) ﻓ ﻲ ﺥﻼی ﺎ اﻟﺨﻤ ﻼت وﺥﻼی ﺎ ﻃﻼﺋ ﻴﻪ ﻣ ﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ. وآﺬﻟﻚ وﺟﻮد ﺕﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺏﻌﺾ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮیﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻘﻨﺔ ﺏﺎﻟﺪم. ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼـﺎﺋﻢ Jejunum: ﻇﻬﻮر ﺕﻠﻒ (ﺕﻨﺨﺮ necrosis) ﻓﻲ ﺏﻄﺎﻥﺔ هﺬ ا اﻟﻌﻀﻮ واﻟﺬي یﻈﻬﺮ ﺏﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺥﻼیﺎ اﻟﺨﻤﻼت ویﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺥﻼیﺎ اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ اﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ lamina propria ﻟﻠﺨﻤﻼت.
ج- اﻟﻜﺒﺪ Liver: أﻇﻬ ﺮت اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﺮیﺔ ﻟﺨﻼی ﺎ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ وﺟﻮد اﺡﺘﻘﺎن ﻓ ﻲ اﻷوﻋ ﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣ ﻮیﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآ ﺰیﺔ، ﻋ ﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ هﻨﺎك زیﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺥﻼیﺎ آﻮﺏﻔﻴﺮ Kupffer Cells ﻣ ﻊ ﻇﻬ ﻮر ﺕﻠ ﻒ ﻓ ﻲ ﺏﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺨﻼی ﺎ اﻟﻜ ﺒﺪیﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻋﻄﻴﺖ اﻟﻘﺎت ﺏﺠﺮﻋﺔ 40 ﺟﻢ /آﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ وزن اﻟﺠﺴـﻢ یﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﺥﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺏﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﺏﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ: ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮاﻟﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ وزن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻧﺐ دﻟ ﺖ ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ﺏﺄن هﻨﺎك ﻥﻘﺺ ذو دﻻﻟﻪ إﺡﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ (P < 0.01) ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ وزن اﻟﺠﺴ ـــﻢ (%24.34) ﻓ ﻲ اﻷراﻥ ﺐ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ أﺽ ﻴﻒ إﻟ ﻰ ﻏ ﺬاﺋﻬﺎ اﻟﻘ ﺎت ﺏﻤﻌـ ﺪل 40 ﺟ ﻢ / آﺠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ وزن اﻟﺠﺴ ـﻢ یﻮﻣ ﻴﺎ ﺥﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺏﺔ ﺏﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﺏﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
راﺏﻌﺎ: اﻟﻤﺸـﺎهﺪات اﻟﺴــﻠﻮآﻴﺔ : ﻣ ﻦ ﺥ ﻼل ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳ ـ ﺔ ﺵ ـﻮهﺪت ﺏﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺮات ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ـﻠﻮك ﺏﻌ ﺾ أﻓ ﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﻤ ﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ، (اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺕ ﻢ ﺕﻐﺬی ﺘﻬﺎ ﺏﺎﻟﻘ ﺎت )، وﻟ ﻢ ﺕﺸ ـﺎهﺪ ﻋ ﻨﺪ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ، وأﺏﺮزهﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات:
1. أﻇﻬ ﺮت ﺏﻌ ﺾ اﻷراﻥﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻮآﺎ ﻋﺪاﺋﻴﺎ ﺕﺠﺎﻩ ﺏﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ، ﺕﻤﺜﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﺮاك اﻟﺸ ﺪیﺪ ﺏ ﻴﻦ اﻷﻓ ﺮاد ﻓ ﻲ ﻥﻔ ـﺲ اﻟﻘﻔ ﺺ وا ﻟ ﺬي ﺕﺮك اﺛﺮا واﺽﺤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺴﺎم هﺬﻩ اﻷراﻥﺐ.
89 .2 أﻇﻬ ﺮت ﻣﻌﻈ ﻢ أﻓ ﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﻤـ ﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮیﺒﻴﺔ، (اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺕ ﻢ ﺕﻐﺬی ﺘﻬﺎ ﺏﺎﻟﻘ ﺎت )، ﻥﻘﺼ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺸ ﻬﻴـﺔ ﺏﻌ ﺪ ﻣ ﺮور 2-2.5 ﺵﻬﺮا ﻣﻦ ﺏﺪایﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺏﺔ ، وﻟﻢ ﺕﺸـﺎهﺪ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻈﺎه ﺮة ﻓ ﻲ أﻓ ﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﻤ ﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀ ﺎﺏﻄﺔ، وﻗ ﺪ ﺕ ﻢ اﻋ ﺘﻤﺎد ﻥﻘﺺ اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺔ ﺏﺤﺴ ــﺎب اﻟﻔـ ﺎرق ﺏﻴ ﻦ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﻤﻘﺪم ﻟﻠﺤﻴـﻮان یﻮﻣﻴﺎ واﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺮوآﺔ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺕﺄ آﻠﻬـﺎ ﺕﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻥﺎت.
3. أﻇﻬﺮت أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﻤـﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ زیﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸـﺎط، ﺕﻤﺜﻞ ﺏﺎﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻤﺮة داﺥﻞ اﻟﻘﻔﺺ، وذﻟﻚ ﺏﻌﺪ ﻣﻀﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﺕﻘﺮیﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ إﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺎت، وﻟﻢ یﺸـﺎهﺪ هﺬا اﻟﺴـﻠﻮك ﺏﻴﻦ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﺏﻄﺔ.
90