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THE$KING’S$STUDENT$LAW$REVIEW$$ $ VOLUME$III$ISSUE$2$[2012]$ “English)Public)Law)on)Children)has)Found)a)More)Acceptable)Balance)1)Between)the) Welfare)of)the)Child)on)the)One)Hand)and)the)Rights)of)the)Child’s)Parents)on)the)Other) 5) than)the)Private)Law)on)Residence)and)Contact)Disputes”) Amarit)Kaur)Dhaliwal;)University)of)Birmingham)) The)Horizontal)Direct)Effect)of)DirecOve)–)Time)for)a)Change)in)DirecOon?)) 29) Emma)Morgaine)Williamson;)University)of)Birmingham)) Racially)Biased)Juries)in)the)Criminal)Court) 43) Paul)Gavin;)King’s)College)London) Why)TWAIL)Must)Not)Fail:)Origins)and)ApplicaOons)of)Third)World)Approaches)to) InternaOonal)Law) 68) Vikrant)Dayanand)She^y;)Government)Law)College,)India) Poets)As)Legislators:)Robert)Browning’s)Influence)on)the)Reform)on)Equity)in)the) Victorian)Era) 83) Morshed)Mannan);)College)of)Law,)Birmigham) The)Case)for)Kosovo’s)Statement)and)the)Use)of)Principles)of)InternaOonal)Law) 98) Mustafa)LaOfdAramesh;)King’s)College)London) Sadomasochism)and)the)Criminal)law:)A)Human)Rights)Approach) 119) Stephen)Doherty;)City)University) Morality)in)Laws)and)Vic1mless)Crimes) 137) Danish)X;)University)of)Advanced)Legal)Studies,)India) NAFTA)Chapter)19:)The)Good,)The)Bad)&)The)WTO) 161) Shivankar)Sharma;)NALSAR)University)of)Law) A)Cri1cal)Analysis)of)the)Legality)of)Unilateral)Declara1on)of)Independence)in)the) Light)of)the)Right)to)Self)Determina1on) 189) Anagh)Sengupta)and)Sanya)Parmar;)Na1onal)University)of)Juridical)Sciences,)Kolkata) The)Interpreta1on)of)the)Doctrine)of)Piercing)the)Corporate)Veil)by)the)UK)Courts) is)More)Successful)Than)By)the)US)Courts) 211) Florence)Gakungi;)London)School)of)Economics)and)Poli1cs)) The)Principle)of)Procedural)Autonomy)and)the)Principle)of)Effec1veness)of)the) Judicial)Protec1on)in)the)Recent)ECJ)Case[Law:)The)Issue)of)Jurisdic1onal)Rules) 227) Alessandro)di)Mario;)King’s)College)London) Case)Note:)Sedjic)And)Finci)v.)Bosnia)And)Herzegovina) 254) Nasia)Hadjigeorgiou;)King’s)College)London) Book)Review:)Francis)N.)Botchway)(ed.),)Natural'Resource'Investment'and'Africa’s' Development)) 264) Baskaran)Balasingham;)King’s)College)London) Book)Review:)Andrew)D.)Mitchell,)Legal)Principles)in)WTO)Disputes) 268) Benedikte)Barsee;)King’s)College)London) Book)Review:)Renato)Nazzini,)The'Founda;ons'of'European'Union'Compe;;on' Law:'The'Objec;ve'and'Principles'of'Ar;cle'102)) 271) Charloee)Vermeersch;)King’s)College)London) KING’S'STUDENT'LAW'REVIEW' ' VOLUME'III,'ISSUE'2'[2012]' ' EDITORIAL&BOARD& 2012&Volume&III,&Issue&2& ' EditorBinBChief& Jean=Pierre'Gauci' Honorary&EditorBinBChief& Hin=Yan'Liu' Managing&Editor& Yi=Bin'Woh' ' Heads&of&Editorial&Boards& Head&of&Blog&Editors& Maris'Kask' Nsukidem'Anana' Fabian'Zhilla' & & Blog&Editors& Editorial&Board&Members& Thomas'Bradfield' Avinash'Amarnath' Mini'Gautam' Kafui'Asembri' Athanasia'Hadjigeorgiou' Adnan'Bekdur' Frances'Hobden' Marcel'Behringer'Manasi'Ganu'Francesca' Agne'Limante' Hands' Stefan'Mandelbaum' James'Hart'Corina' Anahita'Mathai' Heri'Osinachi'Nnajieze' Eleni'Matsa' Aimi'Zaman' Belen'Menchon'Orduna' & Jonathan'Taylor' Book&Reviewers& Philipp'Widera' Sophia'Berry' & Baskaran'Balasingham' Web&Content&Manager& Paolo'Tonini' Mubarak'Waseem' & & Submissions&Coordinator& Layout&Editors& Katarzyna'Laskawiec' Natalie'Abbensetts' & Rita'Mota' Head&of&Copy&Editors& & Debadyuti'Banerjee' Marketing&&&Communications& & Manager'Andrea'Tang' Copy&Editors& & Victoria'Belchambers' Marketing&&&Communications&Officer' Lakshmi'Kishore' Katherine'Lam' Nicole'Renner& ' KING’S'STUDENT'LAW'REVIEW' ' VOLUME'III,'ISSUE'2'[2012]' ' ' ' ' The'King’s'Student'Law'Review'(KSLR)'seeks'to'pubLish'the'best'of'student'Legal'schoLarship.' The'KSLR'is'generousLy'supported'by'the'Law'firm'CampbeLL'Johnston'CLark.' ' ' PubLished' in' the' United' Kingdom' by' the' King’s' Student' Law' Review' SchooL' of' Law'King’s' College'London' ' Strand'London'WC2R'2LS' ' In'affiLiation'with'the'King’s'CoLLege'London'SchooL'of'Law' http://www.kcL.ac.uk/Law' ' ' ALL'rights'reserved.' ' No'part'of'this'pubLication'may'be'reproduced,'transmitted,'in'any'form'or'by'any'means,' eLectronic,' mechanical,' recording' or' otherwise,' or' stored' in' any' retrieval' system' of' any' nature,'without'the'prior,'eXpress'written'permission'of'the'King’s'Student'Law'Review.' ' Within' the' UK,' eXceptions' are' alLowed' in' respect' of' any' fair' dealing' for' the' purpose' of' research' of' private' study,' or' criticism' or' review,' as' per=' mitted' under' the' Copyrights,' Designs'and'Patents'Act,'1988.' Enquiries!concerning!reproducing!outside!these!terms!and!in!other!countries!should!be! sent!to!the!Editor5in5Chief. ' ' ©'King’s'Student'Law'Review'2012'' ' 4! “English$Public$Law$on$Children$has$Found$ a$More$Acceptable$Balance$1$Between$the$ Welfare$of$the$Child$on$the$One$Hand$and$ the$Rights$of$the$Child’s$Parents$on$the$ Other$than$the$Private$Law$on$Residence$ and$Contact$Disputes”$ ) Amarit$Kaur$Dhaliwal$ University)of)Birmingham)) KING’S'STUDENT'LAW'REVIEW' ' VOLUME'III,'ISSUE'2'[2012]' ' ! Abstract& ' This%paper%will%explore%how%parents’%rights%have%become%engulfed%by%the%welfare%principle%in% its%purest%sense.%In%doing%so,%the%author%will%discuss%how%both%the%private%and%public%law%on% children%have%attempted%to%revive%parental%autonomy%through%their%impure%application%of% the% welfare% principle% with% the% use% of% presumptions% and% thresholds% of% intervention% respectively,%in%which%the%public%law%on%child%protection%is%more%successful.% & Introduction& ' The' basis' of' parental' rights' and' autonomy' is' found' in' s.3' of' the' ChiLdren' Act' 1989' (CA),' which'provides'for'parental'responsibiLity.'Parental'responsibiLity'takes'account'of'‘alL'the' rights,'duties,'powers,'responsibiLities'and'authority'which'by'Law'a'parent'of'a'chiLd'has'in' reLation'to'the'chiLd'and'his'property’,'thus'ensuring'parental'autonomy'in'regards'to'the' chiLd’s'upbringing,'unLess'the'chiLd'has'the'competence&to'act'independently'of'his'parents.1' Mothers' and' married' fathers' automaticalLy' gain' parental' responsibiLity' for' their' chiLdren' (ss.2(1);(2)).2& Somewhat' controversialLy,' unmarried' fathers' do' not' automaticalLy' gain' parental'responsibiLity'and'must'acquire'it'through'a'court'order'if'they'wish'to'do'so'(s.4).'' ' The'doctrine'known'as'parental'autonomy'refers'to'a'beLief'that'parents'have'an'essential' right'to'raise'their'chiLdren'and'to'make'decisions'concerning'their'upbringing,'free'from' government' intervention.' Without' such' a' doctrine,' famiLy' Life' wouLd' run' the' risk' of' continuousLy'being'interrupted'through'unwarranted,'and'at'times,'deficient,'governmental' interference,'highLighting'the'importance'of'parental'autonomy.'This'paper'wiLL'argue'that' parents’'rights'have'become'enguLfed'by'the'weLfare'principLe'in'its'purest'sense'and'wiLL' discuss'how'both'the'private'and'pubLic'Law'on'chiLdren'have'attempted'to'revive'parental' autonomy' through' their' impure' appLication' of' the' weLfare' principLe' with' the' use' of' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1'GiLLick'v'West'NorfoLk'HeaLth'Authority'[1986]'AC'112' 2'ALL'sections'referred'to'here'after'refer'to'the'CA'unLess'otherwise'stated' ' 6! ENGLISH'PUBLIC'LAW'ON'CHILDREN' presumptions'and'threshoLds'of'intervention'respectiveLy,'in'which'the'pubLic'Law'on'chiLd' protection'is'more'successfuL.'''' ' Parental&Autonomy&at&Private&Law& ' Section.1(1)' is' commonLy' referred' to' as' the' weLfare' principLe' or' alternativeLy' the' paramountcy'principLe'as'it'requires'the'interests'of'the'chiLd'to'be'paramount'to'parental' and'other'famiLy'members’'interests.'The'weLfare'principLe,'‘connote[s]'a'process'whereby' when'alL'the'reLevant'facts,'reLationships,'cLaims'and'wishes'of'parents,'risks,'choices'and' other'circumstances'are'taken'into'account'and'weighed,'the'course'to'be'foLLowed'wiLL'be' that' which' is' most' in' the' interests' of' the' chiLd’s' weLfare.’3' Furthermore,' Re' P' (Contact:' Supervision)4'estabLished'that'‘the'court'is'concerned'with'the'interests'of'the'mother'and' the'father'onLy'in'so'far'as'they'bear'on'the'weLfare'of'the'chiLd’.'TheoreticalLy'therefore,' chiLdren’s'weLfare'is'perceived'without'consideration'for'the'rights'of'his/her'famiLy,'friends' or'community.'Consequently,'Choudhry5'asserts'that's.1(1)'is'incompatibLe'with'ArticLe'8'of' the'Human'Rights'Act'1998'(HRA)'in'protecting'the'parents’'right'to'private'famiLy'Life'with& regards'to'contact'and'residence'disputes'governed'by's.8.'' ' Choudhry'contends'that'domestic'courts'shouLd'adopt'the'stance'of'the'European'Court'of' Human' Rights' (ECHR),' taking' on' the' ‘paralLeL' analysis’' or' ‘uLtimate' balancing' act’' to' competing' rights' in' contact' and' residence' disputes.' The' ECHR' does' not' begin' with' the' assumption'that'the'paramountcy'principLe'wiLL'determine'the'outcome'of'the'dispute,'but' attempts'to'balance'the'opposing'rights'of'alL'parties,'incLuding'the'parents’'ArticLe'8'right' with'the'chiLd’s'rights.'Consequently,'the'rights'of'the'chiLd'wiLL'not'always'succeed.'In'Re'K' v' FinLand6' the' Strasbourg' Court' was' wiLLing' to' accord' significant' weight' to' the' parents’' ArticLe'8'rights,'despite'the'apparent'risk'to'the'chiLd.'In'Hansen'v'Turkey,7'a'mother'argued' that' faiLure' to' enforce' contact' breached' her' ArticLe' 8' rights.' The' Court' found' that' a' ‘fair' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3'Re'KD'(A'Minor)'(Wardship:'Termination'Of'Access)'[1970]'AC'668'p710=711'McDermott'LJ' 4'[1996]'2'FLR'314'p328'