Introduction 1
Notes Introduction 1 . See Ella Shohat, “Notes on the ‘Post-Colonial,’” Social Text 31/32 (1992), 103; and Arif Dirlik, “The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism,” Critical Inquiry 20/2 (1994), 328–56. 2 . S e e D i p e s h C h a k r a b a r t y , Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001). 3 . Beginning with Carlo Coppola’s PhD dissertation, Urdu Poetry—The Progressive Episode 1935–1970 , University of Chicago, 1975, we are fortu- nate to have some excellent studies of the Progressive Writers’ Movement. See, for example, Khizar Humayun Ansari’s, The Emergence of Socialist Thought Among North Indian Muslims (1917–1947) (Lahore: Shirkat Printing Press, 1990). 4 . See Yunus Javed’s comprehensive study of the history and activities of this important parallel organization: Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq: Tanzim, Tahrik, Nazaria (Islamabad: Dost Publications, 2003). 5 . I am grateful to Dr. Naimur Rahman Farooqi, for making available the merit list of graduating students in 1940 and 1942. 6 . The critical-essays volumes are separate from the “Jhalkiyan” corpus. 7 . I discuss this in chapter 3 . 8 . See Stephen O. Murray’s empathetic and convincing essay, “The Will Not to Know: Islamic Accommodations of Male Homosexuality,” in Islamic Homosexualities, Culture, History and Literature , ed. Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 14–54. Apparently tales of Askari and Firaq’s “relationship” were common in Allahabad in those days, though almost impossible to find recorded.
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