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Distribution of the Invasive Bryozoan Schizoporella Japonica in Great Britain and Ireland and a Review of Its European Distribution

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Distribution of the Invasive Bryozoan Schizoporella Japonica in Great Britain and Ireland and a Review of Its European Distribution Edinburgh Research Explorer Distribution of the invasive bryozoan Schizoporella japonica in Great Britain and Ireland and a review of its European distribution Citation for published version: Loxton, J, Wood, CA, Bishop, JDD, Porter, JS, Jones, MS & Nall, CR 2017, 'Distribution of the invasive bryozoan Schizoporella japonica in Great Britain and Ireland and a review of its European distribution', Biological Invasions, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 2225–2235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1440-2 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s10530-017-1440-2 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Biological Invasions General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 Biol Invasions (2017) 19:2225–2235 DOI 10.1007/s10530-017-1440-2 INVASION NOTE Distribution of the invasive bryozoan Schizoporella japonica in Great Britain and Ireland and a review of its European distribution J. Loxton . C. A. Wood . J. D. D. Bishop . J. S. Porter . M. Spencer Jones . C. R. Nall Received: 4 August 2016 / Accepted: 19 April 2017 / Published online: 28 April 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract The bryozoan Schizoporella japonica Ort- both wave and tidal energy devices. It has also been mann (1890) was first recorded in European waters in observed in the natural environment, fouling rocks and 2010 and has since been reported from further boulders. The species has an extensive but widely locations in Great Britain (GB) and Norway. This discontinuous distribution in GB and Ireland. Although paper provides a new earliest European record for the found frequently in marinas and harbours in Scotland, it species from 2009, a first record from Ireland and inhabits only a few sites in England, Wales and Ireland, presence and absence records from a total of 231 interspersed with wide gaps that are well documented marinas and harbours across GB, Ireland, the Isle of as genuine absences. This appears to be a rare example Man, France and Portugal. This species is typically of a southward-spreading invasion in GB and Ireland. associated with human activity, including commercial The species has been reported from the Isle of Man and and recreational vessels, aquaculture equipment, and Norway but has not been found in France or Portugal. In the future we expect S. japonica to spread into suitable sections of the English, Welsh and Irish coasts, and further within Europe. The species’ capability for Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1440-2) contains supple- long-distance saltatory spread and potential for nega- mentary material, which is available to authorized users. tive impact on native ecosystems and economic activity suggests that S. japonica should now be considered J. Loxton (&) Á C. R. Nall The Environmental Research Institute, North Highland invasive in GB and Ireland. As such, it is recommended College, The University of the Highlands and Islands, that biosecurity procedures alongside effective surveil- Ormlie Rd, Thurso KW14 7EE, Scotland, UK lance and monitoring should be prioritised for regions e-mail: [email protected] outside the species’ current distribution. C. A. Wood Á J. D. D. Bishop The Laboratory, The Marine Biological Association of the Keywords Schizoporella japonica Á Bryozoa Á UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK Europe Á Biological invasion Á Non-indigenous species J. S. Porter International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot Watt University Orkney Campus, The Old Academy, Back Background Road, Stromness, Orkney KW16 3AW, Scotland, UK For millennia, the natural geographical and biological J. S. Porter Á M. Spencer Jones Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, barriers in the oceans have provided levels of isolation London SW7 5BD, UK essential for species and distinct ecosystems to evolve. 123 2226 J. Loxton et al. However, since the advent of ship travel people have aquaculture industry, bryozoans have been also shown been inadvertently or deliberately carrying marine to impact the cultivation efficiency of kelp, and organisms into new habitats, where they can become shellfish. established as non-native or invasive species (Keller The cheilostomatous bryozoan Schizoporella et al. 2011). Globalisation and growth in trade and japonica was first brought to general notice as a non- tourism provide more opportunities than ever before native species in British marine waters in 2014, after it for species to be spread. An increasing list of marine had been observed in Wales (2010) and Scotland vectors is associated with commercial shipping, (2011) (Ryland et al. 2014); the species has since been aquaculture, fisheries, mineral extraction, recreational reported in further locations in GB (Collin et al. 2015; boating, marine sports and diving, the aquarium and Nall et al. 2015 and Bishop et al. 2015b). S. japonica live-bait trades, floating debris and canals linking was first described by Ortmann in 1890 from Japan water bodies. In the marine environment, bryozoans, under the name Schizoporella unicornis var. japonica. sea-squirts, sponges, mussels, barnacles and other Its native distribution is ascribed to the North-West sessile, fouling organisms constitute the majority of Pacific from China to Japan (Dick et al. 2005). non-native species, as they are able to attach to boat Schizoporella japonica is an encrusting species which hulls, ballast tanks, solid ballast and aquaculture forms bright orange-red, calcified crusts with distinc- imports. tive foliose lobes in well-developed colonies (Ryland The introduction of non-native bryozoan species et al. 2014), hence the common name of the Orange has had significant and wide-ranging impacts world- Ripple Bryozoan. Within its natural range, S. japonica wide. Schizoporella errata is a vigorously invasive is predominantly found intertidally on rocks, boulders species which is now widespread throughout the and shellfish (Dick et al. 2005), although worldwide it world’s warm temperate to subtropical waters (Hay- has diversified onto man-made hard substrates such as ward and McKinney 2002). It is a strong competitor pilings, hulls and pontoons. for space and is known to inhibit the growth of Each colony begins with a single, sexually pro- adjacent species. It is considered to be an ‘ecosystem duced, primary zooid, which then buds asexually to engineer’ due to its ability to form massive encrusta- form unilaminar or bilaminar sheets. Schizoporella tions, overgrow other organisms and modify habitat japonica is hermaphroditic and bright orange embryos characteristics. Since the discovery of Tricellaria are brooded in external brood chambers (ovicells) inopinata in the Lagoon of Venice in 1982, this (Dick et al. 2005). Schizoporella japonica is unusual arborescent species has spread rapidly throughout in that it is one of only a handful of bryozoan species European waters at a rate of 190 km yr-1, probably worldwide which exhibit multiple ovicells on a single facilitated by its ability to colonise a wide range of zooid. This trait has been observed extensively in biotic and abiotic substrates (Cook et al. 2013). British specimens (Ryland et al. 2014) and also Tricellaria inopinata was found on over 85% of yacht recorded in North American and Japanese material hulls in both Plymouth, UK and Brittany, France (Powell 1970). It is not known if this feature is an (JDDB and ALE Yunnie, unpubl. obs.) and has been aberration caused by pollution, as was originally listed amongst problematic species in relation to fuel proposed by Powell (1970), or a natural modification consumption by commercial ships. Tricellaria inopi- of the prevalent reproductive pattern. Larvae are nata has also had a profound influence on the ciliated and non-feeding, and have a preference to community of small sessile invertebrates growing in attach and metamorphose within hours following the Lagoon of Venice, including overgrowth of release. S. japonica is tolerant of salinities from 15 mussels and other calcareous organisms and apparent to 36 (Powell 1970; Loxton 2014) and temperatures displacement of native bryozoans. Membranipora from 4 to 30 °C (Loxton 2014; Taylor and Tan 2015; membranacea, an abundant European native species, NOAA 2016). Actively reproducing colonies have is now invasive in North America where it is been observed in British midwinter (Ryland et al. negatively impacting kelp beds and other canopy- 2014; Loxton 2014) and larval settlement has been forming seaweeds, with a significant effect on observed year-round in Charleston, Oregon where macroalgal reproduction and dynamics and an temperatures are between 7 and 15 °C (Treibergs increased susceptibility to storm damage. In the 2012). 123 Distribution of the invasive bryozoan Schizoporella japonica in Great Britain 2227 Schizoporella
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