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Dispersing Power Social Movements As Anti-State Forces 2010 bISi)E.RSINC i)OWE.R SOCIAL N\OIlE.N\E.NTS �S �NTI"ST�TE. fORCE.S By Raul Zibechi Translated by Ramor Ryan Forewords by Ben Dangl andJohn Holloway DiJperJing Power:Social Movement" aJ Anti-State Forcu © 2010 Raul Zibechi Translated by RamoI'Ryan This edition © 2010 AK Press (Oakland, Edinburgh, Baltimore) Foreword to the English edition © 2010 Ben Dangl Foreword to the German edition © 2009 John Holloway ISBN-13: 978-1-84935-011-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925753 AKPress AK Press 674-A 23rd Street PO Box 12766 Oakland, CA 94612 Edinburgh, EH8 9YE USA Scotland www.akpress.org www.akuk.com [email protected] [email protected] The above addresses would be delighted to with the latest AK Press distribution catalog, which feature� phiets, zines, audio and video products, and apparel published and! or distributed by AK Press. Alternatively, visit oul' web site for the complete catalog, latest news, and secure ordering, Visit us at VI'WW.akpress.organd www,revolutionbythebook.akpress.org. Printed in Canada on acid-free paper with union labor. Interior design by JR Indexed by Chris Dodge Cover design by Chris Wright (seldomwright.com) Table of Contents Translator's note .......................................................................... v Foreword to the English Edition .............................................. vii Foreword to the German Edition............................................ xiii Introduction. ..... ............................................. ........................ .... , 1 The Community as Social Machine ......................... .......... , .... ,II Neighborhood CoheJwn, a Form of SurvivaL Urban Communitied The Self-Constructed City: Dispersion and Difference .......... 33 Everyday Life and Insurrection: Undivided Bodies ..... ......... .43 The Community War The ifficro Vuw Communicatwnin J110vement State Powers and Non-state Powers: Difficult Coexistence .. 65 Neighborhooo Couflciu ad IfldtitutwnJ Movement aJ In.ftitullon and ael a Moving-o/-itelelf . Community Justice and El Alto Justice .................................. 91 A Non-.ftate JUJtice Toward an Aymara "State"? .................................... ............... 101 The fJea of State-power Anwng the AymaraJ DiflueledPowerelj CentralizedPowerJ Toward a iffuLticuLturaL State? AymaraAmbiguituJ Epilogue: Notes about the Kotion of "Community" ............. 135 ApropoJ 0/D�/perJing Power A/ovemente!ad Anti-ellale Forced Bibliography. ..... ..................................................................... 143 . Index ........................................ ................................................ 155 Translator's note by RamorRyan It must be a rare occurrence when translating becomes an actual lived-experience, as the words and text on the page begin to reflect and come alive in the surrounding world. So it was in the winter of 2009, as I began to work on the translation of this book. I awoke one morning in my home in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico to the industrious sounds of two hundred indigenous fami­ lies from the countryside invading and occupying an unused parcel of land adjoining our house. They set about constructing basic dwell­ ings, pirating electricity, digging wells, and . the space col­ lectively. They were not Zapatistas, but hung banners proclaiming Tierra y Libertad (Land and Freedom), and demanded indigenous rights. Was that the morning I began working on the chapter ''The Self-Constructed City"? The state sent in the riot police a few weeks later, just as I had moved onto the next chapter, "Everyday Life and Insurrection." The squatters fought back with sticks and stones, defending their small community with all the passion of rebel insurrectionists. And they won. In an interesting parallel to the Indians of El Alto, they spurned leaders, publicly denouncing those who attempted to speak on their behalf. They dispersed power and refused to allow a separate body of leaders to emerge. Or, as Zibechi writes of the El Alto uprising, "the community continues to function as a dispersal machine, always avoiding the concentration of power, and by allowing everyone to be a leader or commander, it inhibits the emergence of leaders with power over the long-term." Translating DiJperding Power thus became a sociological, an­ thropologicaL and political lesson in the reality around me on the outskirts of San Cristobal. Clearly, Zibechi's important book is rel­ evant not only to El Alto and Bolivia, but also to Mexico and much of the continent. This influenced my translation of the work: I at­ tempt to use an everyday language that ,'l-illbe familiar to engaged, English-speaking readers and will hopefully resonate with them, in their own context and place. This translation is the fruit of what must be properly de­ scribed as a collective effort. A number of friends and compafieros vii viii Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces have contributed their time and effort. Veliz lYladina and Angelo Moreno were responsible for deeiphering the Epilogue by Situaciones Colectivos and worked diligently to make it readable. In Favela-rebel territory within San Cristobal-inhabitants and visi­ tors offered their two cents: I thank Esteban. Cui. has. Lord Red Eirigi, and Orlando. Further afield, Luigi Carlos Celentano, Brenda del Rocio Aguilar Marroquin. JVlichael McCaughan. Ben Dangl,and April Howard offered indispensable insights and commentary. AK Press is a radical and quintessential publishing house. It has been a seamless pleasure working with Zach Blue and Charles Weigl. I am grateful to my long-standing friend Chuck Morse for his discipline and professionalism ih proofreading. His rigorous appraisal of the manuscript is. I hope. apparent in the final translation. Nevertheless, I take full responsibility for any errors or inaccuracies that have oc­ curred in the translation, despite this proper flotilla of good counsel. Finally, J wish to thank he who has accompanied me through­ out the whole process, going without my undivided attention to fa­ cilitate the work: my young son, Ixim. Foreword to the English Edition by Benjamin Dangl Bolivia is located in the heart of South America and is a country of majestic beauty, ,vith enormous mountain ranges, dry plains, roll- ing farmland and jungles. It is an exceptionally politicized place; countless and students are active in radical unions and organizations, roadblocks and strikes are regular occurrences across the country, and nearly non-stop protests fillthe streets of its capital city, La Paz. The country is currently going through profound social, Clil­ tural, and politicalchanges. Though around sixtypercent of its pop­ ulation self-identifY as indigenous, just over fiftyyears ago, members of this indigenous majority were not even allowed in the plaza in front of the presidential palace. Now, that same palace is occupied by Evo Morales, an indigenous, former coca grower and union or­ ganizer who began his firstterm in 2006 after a tremendous victory at the polls. Since to power, the lYlorales administration has partially nationalized gas reserves, convened an assembly to rewrite the country's constitution, distributed unused land to farmers, and granted long overdue rights to indigenous people. Leading up to the rocky and hopefulperiod of the Morales ad­ ministration was a series of uprisings against neoliberalism and state repression, the most dramatic and far-reaching being�the Gas War of 2003, ,in which people act·oss the country rose up against a plan to export,Bolivian gas to the US for a low price. Many also protested the unpopular policies and tactics of the Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada government. El Alto, a rapidly-growing city outside of La Paz, was in the vanguard of this national movement. Residents of the cityorganized massive road blockades, street ban'icades and marches that shut the roads down, pressuring those in La Paz to listen to their demands for the renunciation of Sanchez de Lozada and an end to the exploit­ ative gas exportation plan. The courageous people of El Alto were victorious in ousting the president and pressuring the government to change its gas policies. In many ways, Morales's election owes a lot to the space and momentum created by El Alto. l'vlorales's ti.me in office has not been without contradictions and challenges, and his ix x Dispersing Power: Sodal Movements as Anti-State Forces relationship with the social movements that helped pave the way to his election has had its ups and downs. On May 1 of 2006, Morales announced the partial national­ ization of Bolivia's gas reserves. Raul Zibechi wrote in La Jorna()a of the president's actions and the legacy of EI Alto: "It was during those days [in October 2003] that hydrocarbons were nationalized, because the decree Evo Morales signed on lVlay 1 st did not do any­ thing more than legally sanction something that had been won in the streets." He continued, "The insurrectionary moment passed to the institutional moment." Bolivia was not the only country in the region to pass from an "insurrectionary moment" to an "institutional movement." With self­ described l�ft-Ieaning governments in power in Ecuador, Argentina, CU'""''''';'''', Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay�that were ushered into officethanks in partto the popular movements in their country-the relationship between the insurrection and the institution is perhaps now more complex and crucial than it has been for decades. Ecuador offers an example of this relationship. Throughout years of grassroots campaigns,
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