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Condition Monitoring of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth Icon Site: Waterbirds in the Coorong and Lower Lakes 2016

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Condition Monitoring of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth Icon Site: Waterbirds in the Coorong and Lower Lakes 2016 Condition Monitoring of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth Icon Site: Waterbirds in the Coorong and Lower Lakes 2016 David C. Paton, Fiona L. Paton & Colin P. Bailey June 2016 School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide © The University of Adelaide and The Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR) With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, the Murray-Darling Basin Authority logo, photographs and all material presented in this document is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/). For the avoidance of any doubt, this licence only applies to the material set out in this document. The details of the licence are available on the Creative Commons website (accessible using the links provided) as is the full legal code for the CC BY 4.0 licence (https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legal code). MDBA’s preference is that this publication be attributed (and any material sourced from it) using the following: Publication title: Condition monitoring of the Lower Lakes, Murray Mouth and Coorong Icon Site: Waterbirds in the Coorong and Lower Lakes 2016. Source: Licensed from The Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. Authors: David C. Paton, Fiona L. Paton & Colin P. Bailey. Cover Image: Red-necked Stint foraging in the South Lagoon, Coorong, January 2016. Photographer: Fiona Paton The contents of this publication do not purport to represent the position of the Commonwealth of Australia or the MDBA in any way and are presented for the purpose of informing and stimulating discussion for improved management of Basin's natural resources. To the extent permitted by law, the copyright holders (including its employees and consultants) exclude all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this report (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. Contact us Enquiries regarding the licence and any use of the document are welcome to: Adrienne Rumbelow LLCMM Icon Site Coordinator [email protected] ii Executive Summary Over 185,000 waterbirds (57 species) were using the Coorong in January 2016. More than half (over 93,000) of these waterbirds were using the South Lagoon, with Red-necked Stints (Calidris ruficollis), Grey Teal (Anas gracilis), Hoary-headed Grebes (Poliocephalus poliocephalus) and Banded Stilts (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus) all exceeding 10,000 birds. Australian Shelduck (Tandorna tadornoides), Whiskered Terns (Chlidonias hybridus), Silver Gulls (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae), Red-necked Avocets (Recurvirostra novaehollandiae), Red-capped Plovers (Charadrius ruficapillus), Sharp-tailed Sandpipers (Calidris acuminata), Chestnut Teal (Anas castanea), and Australian Pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus) were also prominent in the South Lagoon, with more than a thousand individuals of each. A little over 45,000 waterbirds were using the North Lagoon, with Grey Teal, Silver Gulls, Australian Shelducks, Whiskered Terns, Sharp-tailed Sandpipers, Chestnut Teal and Black Swans (Cygnus atratus) prominent in this region of the Coorong. Around 46,000 waterbirds were using the Murray Estuary in January 2016. Sharp-tailed Sandpipers, Grey Teal and Red-necked Stints were the most abundant species in this region, exceeding 5,000 individuals and collectively they accounted for more than half the birds counted in this region of the Coorong. A thousand or more Silver Gulls, Whiskered Terns, Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), Banded Stilts, Black Swans and Red-necked Avocets were also present. Most species of waterbirds using the Coorong in January 2016 exceeded their long-term median abundance. Amongst the more abundant species that failed to meet their long-term median abundances in January 2016 were the Chestnut Teal, Banded Stilt and Curlew Sandpiper (Callidris ferruginea), despite the abundances of Chestnut Teal and Banded Stilts being higher in January 2016 compared with January 2015. The numbers of Curlew Sandpipers counted in January 2016, however, were about 30% of those of the previous year. Red-necked Stint abundances in January 2016 were also much lower, with around half the abundances recorded compared to January 2015. In contrast, the numbers of Sharp-tailed Sandpipers were higher in January 2016 than the previous year, and January 2016 was the first year since the end of the millennium drought when Common Greenshanks (Tringa nebularia) exceeded their long-term median abundance. Over 85,000 waterbirds were counted in the Lower Lakes, less than half the numbers of birds that were using the Coorong. Prominent species in the Lower Lakes were: Great Cormorants, Pied Cormorants (Phalacrocorax varius), Australian Pelicans and Whiskered Terns – all fish-eating species; and Australian Shelducks, Grey Teal, Pacific Black Ducks (Anas superciliosus), Black Swans and Eurasian Coots – all largely herbivorous species. These ten species accounted for over 85% of the waterbirds using the Lower Lakes. As has been the case in recent years, only small numbers (~700) of migratory shorebirds (stints, sandpipers) used the Lower Lakes in January 2016. Abundances of several endemic shorebirds (stilts, avocets, plovers, lapwings) were also low (~1000) but a little higher than the migratory species and comparable to abundances in previous years. A Whole of Icon Site Score (WOISS) for waterbird populations in the Coorong was derived using the abundances and distributions of 40 selected waterbird species and whether they met their ecological targets. In January 2016, the WOISS for waterbird populations in the Coorong was -26. iii This was slightly lower than the WOISS recorded in January 2015 but similar to the values recorded in 2002 and 2003 and substantially higher than the lowest value (-88) in January 2011. A negative WOISS indicates that some of the waterbird species failed to exceed their long-term median abundance in two of the last three years and/or failed to meet the 75% thresholds for Extent of Occurrence or Area of Occupation. For the Coorong, there was a steady improvement in the WOISS from 2011 to 2015 but the lower score in 2016 suggests that the TLM ecological objective of maintaining and improving waterbird populations in the Coorong was not met in 2016. A similar WOISS for the Lower Lakes, based on the 25 species of waterbird that regularly use the Lower Lakes, was -11 in 2016, equivalent to -0.44 per bird. The WOISS score per waterbird species for the Coorong was lower than the Lower Lakes score at -0.65, suggesting that the waterbirds of the Coorong were more depressed than those of the Lower Lakes. Various shorebirds (sandpipers, stints) continued to spend 80-90% of their time foraging, indicative of poor food resources. The presence of dead, emaciated shorebirds in the southern Coorong was consistent with some birds failing to secure sufficient food. Some of the herbivorous waterfowl (Black Swan, Grey Teal) were also spending up to 70% of the day foraging when using the Coorong. In comparison, various fish-eating species (pelican, cormorants, terns) were spending less than 40% of the time fishing, indicating that fish abundances were more than adequate to meet their needs. The poor performances of some of the shorebirds and herbivorous waterfowl in the southern Coorong are linked to the poor recovery of Ruppia tuberosa. Importantly, R. tuberosa continues to show little reproductive activity due primarily to falling water levels in spring that expose this aquatic annual plant to desiccation before the plants have had time to set seeds and turions. This limits the quantity of plants available to herbivorous waterfowl and the quantities of seeds and turions available to other species of waterbirds. Abundances of seeds and turions in January 2016 were around 1% and 20% of their historic levels, respectively. Even when the Murray Darling Basin Plan is fully implemented, the flows over the Murray Barrages in most years are unlikely to be adequate to sustain water levels in the southern Coorong. Alternative management actions need to be considered. Logical options include constructing a barrier across the Coorong midway along its length to help maintain water levels in the southern Coorong in spring and considering constructing alternative wetlands nearby to compensate waterbird populations for the on-going poor quality of the Coorong. iv Table of Contents Executive Summary iii 1 Preamble 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Methods 6 3.1 Counting birds in the Coorong 6 3.2 Counting birds in the Lower Lakes 6 3.3 Behavioural surveys of waterbirds 7 3.4 Data analysis 7 3.5 Assessing changes in the food resources for birds in the Coorong 8 4 Results and Preliminary Discussion 10 4.1 Abundances of birds in the Coorong in January 2016 10 4.2 Abundances of birds in the Lower Lakes in January 2016 10 4.3 Birds of listed conservation status 10 4.4 Abundances of waterbirds using the Coorong and Lower Lakes in 2016 compared to other years 14 4.5 AOO and EOO for waterbirds using the Coorong and Lower Lakes in 2016 18 4.6 Whole of Icon Site Score (WOISS) for waterbird populations in the Coorong for January 2016 20 4.7 Whole of Icon Site Score (WOISS) for waterbird populations in the Lower Lakes for January 2016 20 4.8 Comparison of the waterbird communities of the Coorong and Lower Lakes for 2016 23 4.9 Waterbird breeding in the Coorong and Lower Lakes in January 2016 24 4.10 Waterbird foraging levels 24 4.11 Ecological conditions and food resources in the Coorong in January 2016 29 5 General Discussion and Conclusions 35 6 Acknowledgements 38 7 References 39 8 Appendix 41 v vi 1 Preamble This report builds on a series of annual reports on waterbirds in the Coorong and Lower Lakes.
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