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Chemical Properties and Lipid Profile of Egyptian Pecan Nahid M

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Chemical Properties and Lipid Profile of Egyptian Pecan Nahid M Assiut J. of Agric. Sci., 42 No.2 (222-237) Chemical Properties and Lipid Profile of Egyptian Pecan Nahid M. El-Shimy, Laila A. Shekib, Nesrin A. El-Shehy Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt. Abstract: linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Pecan is a promising crop The ratio between unsaturated that can replace walnuts and it fatty acids to saturated fatty acids can be consumed for its potential was 11.20:1 and 09.96:1 for De- health benefit. In this study two sirable and Moneymaker culti- cultivars of pecan (Carya illino- vars, respectively. Pecan kernels inensis) grown in Egypt; Desir- contained omega-3 fatty acids able and Moneymaker cultivars, (ώ3) family: α-linolenic acid, were investigated for their kernel eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and colours' chemical composition docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in (moisture, sugars, starch, crude both cultivars. lipids , crude proteins, crude fi- Peroxide, p-anisidine, total bers and ash. Lipid oxidation of oxidation values (totox value), pecan was evaluated by measur- acidity, free fatty acids, and thio- ing: peroxide, p-anisidine, total barbituric acid value (TBA) of oxidation values and thiobarbi- Desirable cultivar were statisti- turic acid value was also deter- cally significant lower than those mined. Moreover, determination of Moneymaker cultivar. of fatty acid profile and minerals Keywords: Pecan (Carya illino- content were carried out. inensis), acidity value, free fatty The major chemical compo- acids value, peroxide value, p- sition in pecan cultivars was anisidine value, omega-3 fatty crude lipids (74.84% - 75.94%). acids, thiobarbituric acid value. Moneymaker had higher total Introduction : carbohydrates and sugars and Pecan (Carya illinoinensis), lower protein than those of De- which belongs to the family Jug- sirable cultivar, while no signifi- landaceae, is one of the oldest cant differences were observed in tree nuts in the world. In Egypt, crude fiber and total ash among pecan was grown in the last years the two pecan cultivars. Potas- of 20th century in scattered areas. sium, phosphorus, magnesium, Pecan is a promising crop that iron, copper, zinc and calcium can replace walnut. According to are the major minerals in both of Kays, (1979) and Senter and pecan cultivars. Fatty acids pro- Forbus, (1979) the colour of pe- file of both pecan cultivars oil is can kernels is affected by mois- characterized by its high content ture content, storage temperature, of unsaturated fatty acids; oleic, atmospheric gas composition and Received on: 26/2/2011 Accepted for publication on: 22/3/2011 Referees: Prof.Dr. Mohamed N. El-Reefi Prof.Dr Mohamed R. Abdel-aal El-Shimy et al. 2011 exposure to light. Also, deteriora- matter. The same authors re- tion of pecan kernel is often ac- ported that starch content was companied by darkening of their 0.46, 0.74, and 0.06 g/100g dry colour, which influences proces- matter in pecan, almond and sors and consumers to associate walnut, respectively (Fourie and light coloured kernels with pecan Basson, 1990 and USDA, 2008). quality. Silva et al. (1990) and Senter (1976) detected sixteen Silva et al. (1995) reported that minerals in 10 pecan cultivars, the moisture content of pecan using atomic absorption and decreased as the harvest date was emission spectroscopy, and he delayed, and moisture content showed that there were signifi- may be a possible index of ma- cant differences among cultivars turity. Singanusong et al., (2003) in the quantities of copper, iron, stated that there were high sig- chromium, manganese, boron, nificant variations between the zinc, barium, phosphorus, potas- different pecan cultivars, with sium and calcium. respect to their moisture content, Venkatachalam and Sathe which ranged between 3.0 to (2006) and Villarreal-Lozoya et 4.7%. Total lipids of different al. (2007) indicated that oleic varieties of nuts ranged from acid (C18:1) was the main con- 50.60 to 76.20%, and also, it was stituent of monounsaturated lip- found that maturity and harvest ids, and linoleic acid (C18:2) was date affected the total lipid con- the major polyunsaturated fatty tent (Singanusong et al., 2003 acid in pecan oil. Furthermore, it and USDA, 2005). Crude protein was reported that the total in pecan, almond, and walnut amount of unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 9.17 to 16.66%. The content in pecan was higher than variations in crude protein may that of saturated one (Sabate be due to differences in cultivars, ,2003 and Haddad et al., 2006). cultural practices, season and Moreover, Sioen et al. (2006) geographic locations (Sin- reported that nuts content of li- ganusong et al., 2003 and USDA, noleic acid, α-linolenic acid, ei- 2008). USDA (2008) reported cosapentaenoic acid (EPA), total that total dietary fiber of pecan, omega-6 and total omega-3 were almond and walnut was 9.60, 6.60, 3.50, 0.60, 6.60 and 3.10%, 12.20 and 6.70 g/100g dry mat- respectively. Also, it was found ter, while, total carbohydrates that refractive index (25°C), io- contents were 13.86, 21.67 and dine value and saponification 13.17 g/100g dry matter, respec- value in some pecan cultivars tively. Furthermore, Singanusong ranged from 1.47 to 1.47, 100.35 et al. (2003) stated that sucrose to 108.20 and 189.29 to 191.49, was the only sugar found in pe- respectively. Kaijser et al. (2000) can kernels at maturity in detect- reported that peroxide value of able quantities, which ranged nuts ranged from 0.56 to 3.61 from 3.10 to 4.68 g/100g dry meq O2 /kg oil. Oxidation is 223 Assiut J. of Agric. Sci., 42 No.2 (212-227) catalyzed by a number of factors determined according to the such as; oxygen, light, heat, AOAC (2003). heavy metals, pigments, alkaline 2.4.Oil extraction conditions, and unsaturation de- Oil was extracted by chloroform: gree of fats (Dziezak, 1986). Pyr- methanol mixture (2:1, v / v) ac- iadi and Mason (1968) found that cording to the method described there were differences between by folch et al., (1957). pecan cultivars in peroxide value The minerals were deter- and thiobarbituric acid value mined according to the method (TBA). described in AOAC (2003). Cal- This work was conducted to cium, iron, magnesium, zinc, bo- study the difference between De- ron, barium and copper were de- sirable and Moneymaker Egyp- termined using Buck scientific tian pecan cultivars regarding 210-VGP Atomic Absorption kernels colour, chemical compo- Spectrophotometer. Phosphorus sition (moisture content, dry mat- was determined calorimetrically, ter, sugars, sucrose, starch, crude using SLM. Mingo 3000 Arrg. lipids, crude proteins, crude fi- spectrophotometer. Potassium bers, ash and minerals), fatty ac- and sodium were estimated by ids profile and physicochemical flame photometer. properties of pecan oil. Fatty acid methyl esters Material and methods (FAME) of oils were performed 2.1. Materials according to the procedure of Two cultivars of pecan fruits Radwan (1978). A sample of oil namely: Desirable and Money- (50 mg) was transferred into maker were brought from Agri- screw cap vial Benzene (2ml) culture Ministry of Egypt. The and 1% H2So4 (10 ml) in absolute fruits were shelled and the ker- methanol were added. The vial nels were packed in polyethylene was covered under stream of ni- bags and stored at (-16 – -18°C) trogen gas before heating in an until analyzed. oven at 90°C for 90 min. Dis- 2.2. Colour of pecan kernels tilled water (10 ml) was then Colour of pecan kernels was added to the cooled vial. The measured by Lovibond system methyl esters in each vial were using Schofield Tintometer Type extracted with 5 ml of petroleum IA made by Tintometer LTD for three times. Analysis of fatty Salibury Inst No. 2242 – England acid methyl esters were carried (Mackinnery and Little, 1962). out using a gas chromatography 2.3. Chemical analysis (HP 6890 Hewlett Packared Co., Moisture content, dry mat- Wilmington, DE, USA) AHP-5 ter, total sugars, reducing and (5% diphenyl 95% dimethyl poly non reducing sugars, sucrose, siloxane) capillary column starch, crude lipids, crude pro- (30m×0.32mm×0.25µm) and teins, crude fibers and ash were flame ionization detector were used. Injector and detector tem- 224 El-Shimy et al. 2011 perature were 220°C and 250°C, ambient temperature. The ab- respectively. N2 was employed as sorbance of the reaction solution the carrier gas at a flow rate of was measured in a 1 cm cuvette 0.8 ml/min., the fatty acid com- at 530 nm against distilled water. position was determined by area 2.6. Statistical analysis percentage and confirmation of Statistical analysis was fatty acid was performed by done by FACTOR and L.S.D. comparison of methyl ester with procedures available within the retention time. MSTAT-C software package 2.5. Physicochemical properties (Ver. 1.2, 1991). Analysis of of pecan oil variance of different experiments Refractive index, iodine was performed according to Steel value, saponification value and p- and Torrie (1980). anisidine value (AV) were de- Results and discussion termined as described in AOCS 3.1. Colour of pecan kernels (1990). The peroxide value (PV) The data of Table (1) show of pecan oil was determined ac- the colour of pecan kernels as cording of the AACC (1995). measured by Lovibond tintome- Total oxidation value (totox ter. It was observed that Desir- value) was calculated from the able tends to be slightly more following equation: yellow in colour than that of Totox value = 2 × Peroxide Moneymaker, while the oppo- value (PV) + P-Anisidine value site was observed for the red (AV) according to IUPAC colour. Colour is optimum when (1979). Acidity and free fatty the moisture content of pecan is acids values of pecan oil were 3.5–4.0% (Senter and Forbus, determined according to the 1979 and Hao et al., 1989).
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