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A-Anions 221 Acetate 23, 106 Acetate-Malonate Pathway 24

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A-Anions 221 Acetate 23, 106 Acetate-Malonate Pathway 24 Index a-anions 221 anti-block agent 218, 237 acetate 23, 106 antioxidants 84, 173, 175, 176 acetate-malonate pathway 24 anti-slip agent 218, 237 acetylenic acids 10, 11, 159 Apis mellifera 85 acetylenic intermediates 30 apricot oil 66, 67 acid anhydrides 214 arachidic acid 5, 6 acid chlorides 214 arachidonic acid 8,9, 29, 184 acidity 102 synthesis 31, 32 acidolysis 208,209, 213 Arachis hypogaea 67 ACP, see acyl carrier protein argentation tic 19 activated carbon 90 arsenites 18 acyl carrier protein 25 asci epic acid 7 acylation 47 Aspergillus niger 88, 97, 213 acylglycerols 36, 52 Aspergillus oryzae 213 acylpyrrolidide 154 auricolic acid 13, 14 alchornoic acid 15 autoxidation 162-167 alcohols 217,238 avenasterol 84 alcoholysis 208, 209 avocado oil 67 alepramic acid 14 aziridines 202 aleprestic acid 14 alepric acid 14 babassu oil 88 aleprolic acid 14 beef tallow 72 aleprylic acid 14 beeswax 84 Aleurites fordii 10 behenic acid 5, 6 alkanoic acids, crystal structure 130 bentonitite 90 alkylbenzoxazole 154 benzyl-sn-glycerol 54 alkyl dimethyloxazole 154 benzylidene glycerol 48 alkyl ketene dimers (AKD) 215 Betapol 55, 214 alkyl polyglucoside 217 BHA, see butylated hydroxyanisole allenic acids 10, 11, 39 BHT, see butylated hydroxy toluene allenic epoxides 187 biodiesel 241 allylic bromination 194 biohydrogenation 161 alklylic hydroperoxides 162, 163, 165 biosynthesis 24, 44 almond oil 66, 67, 69 blackcurrant oil 64, 65 alternation 130 bleaching 89, 90 amides 218, 238 Bligh and Dyer method 101 amine oxides 219, 220, 237 BOB, see oleodibehenin amines 219,220,237 boiling point 5 amphiphilic lipids 234 bolekic acid 11 amphoterics 219, 237 borage oil 64, 65 analytical procedures 100 Borago officinalis 65 see also specific types of borates 18 anchovy oil 72, 74 Borneo tallow 66 anhydrous milk fat 96 bovine milk phosphatidylcholines 122 animal fats 72 branched-chain acids 12, 85 anionic surfactants 205, 237 Brassica alba 79 anisidine value 103, 104 Brassica campestris 68 annual crops 61 Brassica napus 68 anteiso acids 12, 26 brassicasterol 84 INDEX 245 bromination 193, 194 chromatography see specific forms of bromo acids 193 chromatorods 106 butanoic acid 4, 5, 25, 230 chrysobalanic acid 10 butter 63, 229, 233 Chrysobalanus icaco 10 butterfat 63, 71 chylomicrons 224, 225 butylated hydroxyanisole 176, 177 citric acid 179 butylated hydroxytoluene 176 13C_nmr chemical shifts 144--146 butyl peroxyester 215, 216 CoA esters 25 butyric acid 4,5,230 cocoa butter 65, 66, 75, 120, 124, 137 Butyrivibrio fibrosolvens 161 polymorphism 138 Butyrospermum parkii 66 substitute 213 by-products, oils as 61 coconut oil 62, 63, 65,66, 174 glycerol esters 114 caffeic acid 179 Cocus nucifera 66 calendic acid 10 cod liver oil 72, 74, 174 Calendula officinalis 10 cod roe 83 calendula oil 80 columbinic acid 10 campesterol 84 complex lipids 35 camJclilla wax 84 component acids 69, 106 Candida cylindricae 97, 213 compound formation 134 Candida rugosa 207 confectionary fats, crystal structure 137 canola oil 174 conjugated polyene acids 9 capelin oil 72, 74 Copernica cerifera 85 caper spurge 79 copra 66,88 Caprenin 56,213 coriolic acid 15 capric acid 5 com oil 62, 63, 66, 69, 88, 174 caproic acid 5 Cornyebacterium acnes 94, 213 caprylic acid 5 coronaric acid 15 carbon}i compounds, infrared absorption cottonseed oil 62, 63, 66, 69, 76, 88. 174 139 cow milk fat 71 carboxyl group reactions 205, 220 Crambe abyssinicum 79 camauba wax 84 CrlllllIDe oil 79 camosic acid 179 crepenyic acid 10, 11 carotenes 82, 179 Criegee zwitterion 190 carrot seed oil 146 crystal form of glycerol esters 134, 135, Carthamus tinctorius 70 233 castor oil 13, 14, 62, 63, 65, 153 crystallisation 17 Catalpa ovata 10 crystallographic data 132 catalpic acid 10 Cuphea sp. 78 cationic surfactants 205, 237 cutins 43 Cephalocroton cordofanus 15 cyclic acids 12 ceramides 36, 44, 46. 47 cyclisation 198 cerebroside, biosynthesis of 46 cyclopentene acids 13, 14,26 cerebrosides 36, 44 cyclopropane acids 203 cetoleic acid 7, 8 cyclopropene acids 181, 203 chain elongation 26 chaulmoogric acid 14 DAG, see diacylglycerols, synthesis of chemical shifts dairy spreads 232 13C 144, 145. 146 DCL (double chain length) structures IH 142 133,136 chicken fat 124 de novo biosynthesis 23, 25 chlorination 193 decanoic acid 5 chloro acids 193 degumming 89,90 chlorophyll 82 dehalogenation 195 chocolate 65 dehydrated castor oil 14 cholesterol 83 dehydrocrepenyic acid 11 oxidation 171 dehydrohalogenation 195 chromatographic refining 90 demospongic acids 10 246 INDEX densipolic acid 13, 14 elaido glycerides 93 deodorisation 89, 90 electron-impact mass spectroscopy 147, desaturation 27 148 deuterated acids, synthesis 31 electron spin resonance spectra 138 DGDG, see digalactosyldiacylglycerols eleostearic acid 10 DHA, see docosahexaenoic acid emulsifiers 234 diacyl peroxides 215, 216 endogenous fat 223 diacylglycerols 37,41 enzymes 97, 205 crystal structure 136 enzymic hydrolysis 41 synthesis 50, 51, 55 enzymic interesterification 97, 212 diamides 218, 239 enzymic oxidation, mechanism of 185 diamines 219, 220 EPA, see eicosapentaenoic acid diazomethane 208 epithiostearic acid 202 dibasic acids 238, 240 epoxidation 186, 187 diepoxystearic acid 186 epoxide 189 dietary guidelines 226 epoxidised oils 147 dietary intake 226, 227 epoxy acids 15, 185-188 differential scanning calorimetry 129 epoxy oils 81 digalactosyldiacylglycerols 36, 39 epoxypropanol 48 diglycerides, see diacylglycerols epoxystearic acid 186 dihomo-y-linolenic acid 8, 29, 30 equivalent chain length 20, 21, 111 dihydroxystearic acid 189 Erlanga tomentosa 15 dilatometry 129 erucic acid 7,68,79,225 dimer acids 173, 200, 238 erythrogenic acid 11 dimer alcohols 217 essential fatty acids 223 dimerisation 200 ester waxes 43 dimorphecolic acid 15, 81 ester--ester interchange 208 dimorphotheca oil 81 esterification 207, 208 diols 189, 190 estolide 201 diphytanylglycerol 43 ethanediol esters 43 directed interesterification 97 ethanolamides 237 distillation 17 ether lipids 42 docosahexaenoic acid 8, 9, 29, 208 ether sulphate 217 docosanoic acid 5 ethoxylate 217 docosapentaenoic acid 8, 28, 29 ethoxylated amides 218 docosenoic acid 7 ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid 179 dodecanoic acid 5 ethylene oxide adducts 219 do,~lble bond migration 92, 198 Euphorbia antisphylitica 85 doxylstearic acid 138 Euphorbia lagascae 15, 81 D P A. see docosapentaenoic acid Euphorbia lathyris 79 dry fractionation 95 even acids - polymorphism 132 evening primrose oil 64, 65 E numbers 177 exocarpic acid 11 EeL, see equivalent chain length exogenous fat 223 EDTA, see ethylene diamine tetra-acetic exotic oils 66 acid extraction 87, 88 EFA efficiency 28 egg lipids 82 factice 241 egg phosphatidylcholines 122 FAS, see fatty acid synthetase eicosanoic acid 5 fat spreads 232 eicosanoid cascade 185 fats eicosanoid metabolites 29 absorption 224 eicosanoids 184 daily intake 62, 226, 227 eicosapentaenoic acid 8, 9, 29, 203 digestion 224 eicosatetraenoic acid, synthesis 31 splitting 207 eicosenoic acid 7 transport 224 Elaeis guinensis 68 use 241 elaidic acid 7 fatty acid synthetase 25 INDEX 247 biosynthesis 23 half-fat margarine 232 composition 73 half-hydrogenated intermediate 160 fatty acids halogenation 192 chemical synthesis 28 hazelnut oil 67 cosmetic uses 238 HDL (high density lipoprotein) 225 dietary intake 227 helenynolic acid 10, 15 identification 16 Helianthus annus 70 isolation 16 heptanal 14 structure 3 herring oil 72,73,127, 174 fish oil 62,63,72. 73 hexadecanoic acid 5 Flacourtiaceae, seed fats 13 hexadecenoic acid 7 flavour 165 hexahydroxystearic acid 189 fluoro-oleic acid 16 hexanoic acid 5 fluoropalmitic acid 16 high-performance liquid chromatography Folch method 101 106, 109, 110, 114, 117, 119 food grade emulsifiers 235 higher monoene acids 79 Fourier transform infrared spectrometers HighSun oil 71 138 IH-nmr, chemical shifts 143 fractionation 95 honesty seed oil 8, 79 Friedel-Crafts reaction 203 hormelic acid 14 frying oils 234 HPLC, see high-performance liquid Fuller's earth 90 chromatography furanoid acids 15 human milk fat 71,73, 155,214 hydnocarpic acid 14 gadoleic acid 7 hydrazine reduction 159, 161 gallic esters 177 hydroformylation 203 gangliosides 36, 44 hydrogenated fats 147 gas chromatography 106, 111, 112, 113, hydrogenation 22, 89, 91, 157, 158, 160 115, 116 hydrogenolysis 217 Geotrichum candidum 97, 213 hydrolysis 206 GLA, see y-linolenic acid hydroperoxide 166-168, 185, 191 glycerides 36 hydrophilic regions of soap 236 glycerol dibehenate oleate 55 hydrophilisation 96 glycerol dioleate palmitate 55 hydrophobic regions of soap 236 glycerol esters hydroxy acids 13, 14,81, 185 biosynthesis 46 hydroxydecanoic acid 14 crystal structure 133 hydroxylation 189 glycerol monostearate 235 hyproperoxide lyase 183 glycerol triesters 133 glycerol tristearate 131 Iatroscan 106 glycerolysis 208, 210, 234 illipe butter 66 glyce;rophosphoric acid 39 imidazolines 219, 220 glycerophosphorylcholines 41 Impatiens balsamina 10 glycidol 48 infrared spectroscopy 129, 138, 139 Glycine max 70 inks 240 glycosyldiacylglycerols 39 interchangeability of oils and fat~ 76 glycosylglycerides 36 interesterification 96,97,208,210,211, gondoic acid 7 213 gorlic acid 14 invisible fat 223 Gossypium hirsutum 66 iodolactonisation 193 gourmet oils 66 isanic acid 11 GPC, see glycerophosophorylcholines isanolic acid 15 grapeseed oil 67 iso acids 12, 26 groundnut oil 62,63,67,69,76,88 isopropyl esters 108 Guerbet acids 201, 217 isopropylidine glycerol 48, 53, 55 Guerbet alcohols 201, 217 isoricinoleic acid 14 isostearic
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