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History of Youth Work in Europe, Volume 6: Youth Knowledge # 23 This sixth publication in the History of Youth Work in Europe project THE HISTORY OF YOUTH WORK IN EUROPE based on the workshop held in Malta – Connections, Disconnections and Reconnections: The Social Dimension of Youth Work, in History and Today – looks at the relationship between youth work and social work and the role youth work can play in the social inclusion of young people. Contributors have reflected on concepts, tools and support measures for 6 Volume – history in Europe The work of youth more vulnerable and often socially excluded young people and have sought to promote a common understanding of youth work as a social practice. The workshop that led to this book sought to understand where youth work has positioned itself from its origins, through its development, to its contemporary identity. Is youth work as much a social practice as a non-formal educational one? Where does the balance between these two dimensions lie? What are the mutually enriching dimensions of these two fields in terms of their impact on young people’s lives? While most agree that youth work needs to be further defined as a practice or profession in itself and that the process of shaping its identity continues in different ways in different countries, it is clear that when it comes to a cross-sectoral perspective and youth work’s interaction with social work, the picture becomes significantly more complex, arguably much richer and certainly more dynamic than might have hitherto been foreseen. PREMS 011618 http://youth-partnership-eu.coe.int [email protected] ENG The Council of Europe is the continent’s leading human The European Union is a unique economic and political partnership rights organisation. It includes 47 member states, between 28 democratic European countries. Its aims are peace, Volume 6 Connections, disconnections and reconnections – 28 of which are members of the European Union. All prosperity and freedom for its 500 million citizens – in a fairer, safer The social dimension of youth work Council of Europe member states have signed up to the world. To make things happen, EU countries set up bodies to run European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty designed the EU and adopt its legislation. The main ones are the European in history and today to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law. Parliament (representing the people of Europe), the Council of The European Court of Human Rights oversees the the European Union (representing national governments) and the implementation of the Convention in the member states. European Commission (representing the common EU interest). www.coe.int http://europa.eu http://book.coe.int ISBN 978-92-871-8513-6 €29/US$58 9 789287 185136 THE HISTORY OF YOUTH WORK IN EUROPE Youth work and social work Connections, disconnections and reconnections – The social dimension of youth work in history and today Volume 6 Howard Williamson, Tanya Basarab and Filip Coussée (eds) Youth Knowledge #23 Council of Europe and European Commission The opinions expressed in this work, commissioned by the European Union– Council of Europe youth partnership are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of either of the partner institutions, their member states or the organisations co-operating with them. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). Cover design: Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe Photo: Shutterstock Layout: Jouve, Paris Council of Europe Publishing F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex http://book.coe.int ISBN 978-92-871-8513-6 © Council of Europe and the European Commission, July 2018 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents PREFACE – Tanya Basarab, Hanjo Schild and Jan Vanhee 5 INTRODUCTION – Howard Williamson 9 PART I – YOUTH WORK AND SOCIAL WORK 15 Chapter 1 – Youth transition regimes and youth work Axel Pohl 17 Chapter 2 – Youth work and social work in the German context Christian Spatscheck 27 Chapter 3 – The tradition of youth work in Hungary: the onion model Ádám Nagy and Dániel Oross 35 Chapter 4 – Youth work and social work in the Slovak Republic: connections and disconnections Alžbeta Brozmanová Gregorová, Peter Lenčo and Jana Miháliková 47 Chapter 5 – Youth work and youth justice in England and Wales: the history of a tense and troubled relationship Mick Conroy 69 Chapter 6 – Two see-saws in motion: youth work and social work in Italy Daniele Morciano and Armida Salvati 83 Chapter 7 – The “social” in youth work: snapshots of Finnish youth work policy and history Juha Nieminen and Anu Gretschel 95 Chapter 8 – Youth work and social work relations in Estonia Edgar Schlümmer 109 Chapter 9 – The past made us : perspectives on the development of youth work and social work in Malta Miriam Teuma 115 Chapter 10 – From mutual ignorance to ignorance? Youth work and social work in France since 1945 Laurent Besse and Jérome Camus 125 Chapter 11 – The relationship between youth work and social work in Sweden Björn Andersson 137 PART II – TWO MORE HISTORIES 147 Chapter 12 – A new kid on the block: youth work meets youth policy in Croatia Marko Kovačić and Bojana Ćulum 149 Chapter 13 – A brief history of youth work in Spain Rafa Merino, Carles Feixa and Almudena Moreno 163 Chapter 14 – Multiple opinions: the challenges of youth work and social work Howard Williamson, Filip Coussée and Tanya Basarab 179 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 189 Page 3 Preface Tanya Basarab, Hanjo Schild and Jan Vanhee “The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.” (L. P. Hartley) n order to learn from our past, the partnership between the European Commission and the Council of Europe in the field of youth has co-organised since 2008 a series I of seminars on the history of youth work in Europe, initiated and supported first by the Flemish Community (the first, second and third conferences in 2008, 2009 and 2010), then by hosts in Estonia (the fourth conference, in 2011) and Finland (the fifth conference, 2014). In 2016, Malta took the initiative to hold a sixth conference on the History of Youth Work in Europe, looking at youth work and social work, organised jointly by the European Union–Council of Europe youth partnership and Aġenzija Żgħażagh (the National Youth Agency) of Malta. As outlined in the concept papers for these history workshops, they do not aim at puri- fying an essential youth work concept irrespective of historical and cultural contexts. The aim from the outset has been rather to identify the close links between youth work developments and broader social and cultural trends, and how external factors have shaped the way youth work takes place today in Europe. The exercise of tracing back the roots of youth work and identifying different evolutions, and sometimes revolutions, in youth work within and between countries has helped to feed a fundamental dis- cussion around youth work’s multifaceted and multilayered identity. It has also helped to cope, in a constructive way, with recurrent youth work dilemmas, such as targeted versus universal provision, agency-driven priorities or a more lifeworld-oriented focus. Historical consciousness and cross-sectoral reflections also enabled us to go beyond restrictive discussions driven by the issues of the day and highlighted the way similar dilemmas have been reflected upon in education, social pedagogy, social work or other fields intersecting with youth work. In that sense the history workshops tried to clarify what youth work is, without confining youth work’s identity to a description in terms of methods. Workshop after workshop, national historical contexts and cross-sectoral reflections shaped the building blocks of what is understood by youth work today, in a format driven by knowledge, evidence and analysis, and not constrained by policy pressures. As a result, today’s policy makers, practitioners and researchers can draw on that body of common knowledge to define values, interaction, developments, policy contexts, methods and impact of youth work practice. From an institutional perspective, the history workshops aimed to contribute to the following European political objectives: f “to promote and support research in youth work and youth policy, including its historical dimension and its relevance for youth work policy today” as highlighted in the Resolution of the Council of the European Union on youth work;1 and 1. Resolution of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, on youth work (2010/C 327/01): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A42010Y1204(01). Page 5 f “fostering national and European research on the different forms of youth work and their value, impact and merit” as stressed in the recommendation of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers to member States on youth work.2 Or, to put it more simply, as Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, said in her speech at the Culture Forum in Brussels on 20 April 2016, we should be “proud of our heritage, open to the world. There is no other way to navigate a globalised world. If you don’t know where you come from, you get lost very easily.”3 Yet only if knowledge is shared will it start to multiply and support people in learning from this knowledge. Historical knowledge contextualises and makes issues socially relevant, and that is what the history workshops, and their resulting publications, have aimed to achieve.
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