Terza Universita' 2019/2020 Villa D'adda Sotto Il Monte

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Terza Universita' 2019/2020 Villa D'adda Sotto Il Monte TERZA UNIVERSITA’ 2019/2020 VILLA D’ADDA SOTTO IL MONTE CARVICO VILLAGGIO CRESPI 2° Incontro: giovedì 3 ottobre 2019 <<Il Villaggio “Crespi d’Adda” patrimonio dell’UNESCO>> 1) Il villaggio Crespi si situa in comune di Capriate, nella punta estrema dell’ “Isola Brembana” tra Canonica (sulla romana “via Francesca”al ponte d’ Aureolo, dove nel Medioevo si stabilirono i canonici della diocesi ambrosiana) a ovest e Brembate ad est, laddove il fiume Brembo versa le sue acque nell’Adda -antico confine tra il Ducato di Milano e la Repubblica di Venezia-. 2) In questo ambiente fluviale si erano affermate dopo il Mille le manifatture tessili a domicilio, prima quelle della lana (gli Umiliati nei secoli XII-XV) poi quelle della seta (secoli XVI-XIX) e, dopo la malattia dei bachi, quelle del cotone (secoli XIX-XX). 3) La “rivoluzione industriale”, -a cominciare dall’Inghilterra nel XVIII secolo- provocò con l’inurbamento la trasformazione degli artigiani, che alternavano i lavori al telaio con quelli della campagna ( le <<due gambe>> di Renzo), in salariati addetti ai nuovi macchinari la cui produzione richiedeva prestazioni umane meno impegnative, espletate con maggiore convenienza dalla manodopera femminile e minorile, sfruttata mediamente per più di 12 ore giornaliere. 4) Nel Milanese il governo di Maria Teresa e di Giuseppe II° consentì di conservare le manifatture a conduzione familiare, limitate però alla filatura, destinando a paesi a più alta tecnologia le fasi ulteriori. 5) Nella Bergamasca il primo stabilimento di filatura meccanica del cotone fu introdotto dalla <<ditta Zuppinger>> nel 1828, ma la produzione cotoniera crebbe vertiginosamente dopo la crisi della seta (1850). 6) In Alta Italia alcuni industriali tessili affrontarono il problema sociale con spirito filantropico realizzando villaggi operai con case igieniche ed economiche, da Alessandro Rossi (<<Nuova Schio>> -Vicenza- 1862) a Napoleone Leumann (<<Collegno -Torino- 1875), a Cristoforo Crespi, che nel 1878 avviò il villaggio che porta il nome della sua famiglia. 7) Cristoforo Crespi (Busto Arsizio 1833-Milano 1920), discendente da un’antica famiglia di tessitori che produceva tessuti lavorati a domicilio, dopo aver ricevuto una formazione cattolica nelle scuole rosminiane (dove aveva conosciuto personalmente il filosofo Antonio Rosmini -Rovereto 1797-Stresa 1855- e lo scrittore Alessandro Manzoni -Milano 1785- 1 1873-) aprì lo stabilimento abduano con l’ispirazione cristiano-sociale che si respirava nella Lombardia del Risorgimento. 8) Il nonno Benigno (1777-1854) aveva fondata la ditta -consolidata dal figlio Antonio- a Busto Arsizio, da dove i figli di Antonio si erano allontanati per fondare i cotonifici di Crespi sull’Adda (con Cristoforo), di Ghemme-Novara sul Sesia (con Carlo), di Vigevano sul Ticino (con Giuseppe), di Nembro sul Serio (con Benigno), di Verona sull’Adige (con Pasquale). 9) Cristoforo Crespi aveva fiutato l’occasione propizia per il proprio insediamento quando individuò un vecchio opificio a Vaprio, dove già Leonardo aveva concepito il progetto della navigabilità del fiume defluente dal Lario mediante conche e chiuse ( è il Naviglio di Paderno che sarebbe stato attivato da Maria Teresa) mentre completava il Naviglio della Martesana nel 1494. Il nuovo progetto industriale del Crespi doveva -fin dalla scelta del sito- integrarsi nell’ambiente fluviale con la derivazione dell’acqua dell’Adda grazie alla concessione, chiesta e ottenuta dal Governo: il reparto filatura dello stabilimento fu significativamente inaugurato il 25 luglio 1878, il giorno che ricordava, con l’onomastico del fondatore, il Santo protettore delle acque. 10) Nell’ ‘800 industriale la forza cinetica della corrente fluviale veniva misurata in “cavalli- energia” destinati ad alimentare le centrali idroelettriche: sul Naviglio di Paderno funzionano dal 1898 la Centrale Bertini e dal 1912 la centrale Esterle. La centrale Taccani di Trezzo, opera di Gaetano Moretti, dal 1906 fornisce energia non solo al complesso industriale di Crespi ma anche al paese che -per la prima volta in Italia- dispone dell’illuminazione Edison; mentre lo stabilimento usufruiva -per il trasporto delle merci- della linea tramviaria Monza-Trezzo-Bergamo (dal 1908 i binari interni del complesso industriale furono allacciati al mezzo elettrificato) in sostituzione del più lento percorso del Naviglio della Martesana praticato in precedenza. 11) L’insieme unitario della fabbrica e del villaggio operaio ebbe nel disegno dell’ architetto Ernesto Pirovano (1866-1934) uno sviluppo ortogonale -disteso dalle case del medico e del cappellano a nord al cimitero a sud- nel quale l’architetto -coadiuvato dall’ingegner Gaetano Moretti- reinterpretò lo stile romanico lombardo su laterizio preferito dal Crespi. Sul lato ovest dell’arteria principale furono edificati i quattro corpi di fabbrica (allo stabilimento filatura si era intanto aggiunto il reparto tessitura -inaugurato dalla regina Margherita nel 1894- e il reparto tintura nel 1900), le case condominiali (a tre piani con unica entrata secondo la vecchia tipologia “a ringhiera”) destinate a circa 12 famiglie e il “Castello” padronale), e sul lato est la Chiesa neobramantesca (1891) -situata in asse est- ovest col “Castello”- la Scuola (1890), il dopolavoro, le nuove 50 villette bi-familiari (a due piani, 2 entrate con orti e giardini di separazione l’una dall’altra) per gli operai e infine i villini degli impiegati, dei capireparti e dirigenti (sorti soltanto nel dopoguerra nell’area sud- est). 2 12) Il villaggio si avvicinò sempre più alla “città giardino” all’inglese che, saldandosi sulla concezione pariniano-manzoniana lombarda, non separa l’operaio dalla campagna contadina né dall’asse “chiesa-castello”: nella celebrazione del giubileo della ditta -che nel 1903 compiva 25 anni- Cristoforo Crespi , ormai ottantenne, sottolineava la coincidente morte di Leone XIII <<il papa della “Rerum Novarum” (1891)>> nel quale egli aveva riconosciuto i suoi maestri -Rosmini e Manzoni- che avevano considerato la “casa” sana e sicura un bene irrinunciabile per la dignità del lavoratore. 13) Sul solco dell’impostazione di Cristoforo nuove idee affiorarono con la forte e saggia collaborazione dirigenziale -a partire dal 1894- del figlio Silvio (Milano 1868-1944) che, dopo la laurea in giurisprudenza a Pavia, aveva acquisito nuove esperienze in Inghilterra (a Manchester in una casa cotoniera e a Londra in una banca), confrontandosi -per distanziarsene in nome della lombarda concretezza- da una parte con le massificanti e degradanti vecchie cinture industriali e dall’altra con le utopie messianiche di Owen e di Fourier (dal 1899 come deputato sostenne importanti leggi sociali sul lavoro: le 40 ore settimanali, il riposo festivo…). 14) Nel 1908 (3 novembre) il vescovo G. Radini-Tedeschi col suo segretario A.G. Roncalli benedì solennemente il camposanto realizzato su disegno di G. Moretti. 15) La “casa-museo” Maitino Roncalli di Sotto il Monte fu donata nel 1958 al papa omonimo dagli ultimi proprietari -Scotti Guffanti- che nel Risorgimento Bergamasco nel nome del musicista Donizetti avevano favorito e praticato la conciliazione dell’anima cattolica e dell’anima patriottica nella Città dei Mille. 16) Lo studio e la stanza del vescovo Radini-Tedeschi -lasciati in eredità allo stimato segretario- si trovano nel piano superiore della casa, mentre la camera dell’agonia e della morte del pontefice -con il calco di G. Manzù- proviene dal Vaticano (1963). 17) La Galleria del mappamondo coi ritratti di re Boris e Giovanna di Bolgaria si apre nel corridoio superiore, mentre al piano inferiore campeggia la dedica del presidente USA Eisenhower, che fu comandante supremo alleato alla liberazione di Parigi nel 1944, l’anno in cui C. De Gaulle volle il Roncalli -allora Delegato apostolico a Istambul- quale Nunzio pontificio a Parigi. 18) L’enciclica “Pacem in terris”, promulgata nel 1963 (anno della morte) con risonanza universale, dà il nome alla strada principale del paese. 3 .
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