Hiroshi Ehara · Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors Sago Palm Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods Sago Palm Hiroshi Ehara • Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors Sago Palm Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods Editors Hiroshi Ehara Yukio Toyoda Applied Social System Institute of Asia, College of Tourism International Cooperation Center for Rikkyo University Agricultural Education Niiza, Saitama, Japan Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan Dennis V. Johnson Cincinnati, OH, USA ISBN 978-981-10-5268-2 ISBN 978-981-10-5269-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5269-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954957 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Sago supports the welfare of human and the planet: Commemoration of SAGO 2015 Tokyo In 2015, the 12th International Sago Symposium (SAGO 2015) entitled Sago Supports Human and Planet Welfare was held in Rikkyo University, Ikebukuro, Tokyo. It was the third international symposium on sago to have been held in Japan, supported by the Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture (JSTA); the Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience (JSAG); United Nations of Food and Agriculture (FAO) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of the Government of Japan (MAFF); Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Studies (JIRCAS), and Rikkyo University. About 120 participants including 78 sago spe- cialists from many countries in the world came to Ikebukuro to participate in the symposium. Through the discussion during the symposium, it was concluded by the organizing committee of SAGO 2015 that a book on sago should be published by the Society of Sago Palm Studies from the viewpoint of new aspects. The society contacted Springer Publishing Company to publish a book on sago. Much of the contribution for this book was financially supported by the late Isao Nagato and Rikkyo University, which accepted the financial proposal from the society. Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) can be grown in wetland swamps of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands where other food crops cannot grow eco- nomically and produce high yield of starch. It is one of the typical indigenous food crops with very little attention and research. Since other food crops cannot be grown, sago palm has a high potential to contribute to food security and improve- ment of health and human welfare as an additional source of staple food without competition for the use of arable lands. Sago palm can absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide to counteract global warming and climate change and grow up to 20 m in height, accumulating starch in its trunk. Few people know that Japan has imported around 20,000 mt of raw sago starch from Malaysia and Indonesia for more than 20 years. Sago starch is typically v vi Preface used as dusting starch in Japan. Sago starch granules are relatively large and uni- form, making them ideal for the separation of adhesive noodles but more costly than cassava starch. Accordingly, sago starch always has a competitive price compared to cassava starch in the world trade market. The late Dr. Isao Nagato supported sago studies based on his belief that sago palm will strongly contribute to solving the food crisis in this century and invested large sums of his funds in sago palm and related research. He established the foun- dations of sago palm research in Japan to promote sago palm research for young scientists. As a result, Japan has come to lead in international research on sago, even though no growing areas of sago palm naturally are present in Japan. He recognized the potential power of sago palm in vast tropical lowland areas with brackish water. The late Dr. Isao Nagato We acknowledge all of the contributors of this book and Springer Publishing Company and hope that this book is useful to sago researchers and serves human and planet welfare. Nagoya, Japan Hiroshi Ehara Niiza, Japan Yukio Toyoda Cincinnati, USA Dennis V. Johnson Masanori Okazaki Chair of the 12th International Sago Symposium Contents Part I Introduction of Sago Resources 1 Status and Outlook of Global Food Security and the Role of Underutilized Food Resources: Sago Palm ...................................... 3 Hiroyuki Konuma 2 Growing Area of Sago Palm and Its Environment ............................... 17 Mochamad Hasjim Bintoro, Muhammad Iqbal Nurulhaq, Agief Julio Pratama, Fendri Ahmad, and Liska Ayulia 3 Life and Livelihood in Sago-Growing Areas ........................................ 31 Yukio Toyoda Part II Diversity of Sago Resource in Asia and Pacific 4 Genetic Variation and Agronomic Features of Metroxylon Palms in Asia and Pacific ....................................................................... 45 Hiroshi Ehara 5 Sago Palm Genetic Resource Diversity in Indonesia ........................... 61 Barahima Abbas Part III Sago Industry Contributes for Food Security and Rural Development in Core Producing Countries 6 An Overview of Sago Industry Development, 1980s–2015 .................. 75 F.S. Jong 7 Suitability of Peat Swamp Areas for Commercial Production of Sago Palms: The Sarawak Experience ............................................. 91 Roland Yong Chiew Ming, Yusup Sobeng, Fariza Zaini, and Noraini Busri vii viii Contents 8 Feasibility of Small-Scale Sago Industries in the Maluku Islands, Indonesia .................................................................................... 109 Wardis Girsang 9 Addressing Food Insecurity in Papua New Guinea Through Food Safety and Sago Cropping ............................................................ 123 Aisak G. Pue, Mary T. Fletcher, Barry Blaney, Andrew R. Greenhill, Jeffery M. Warner, Atagazli Latifa, and Jack M. Ng 10 Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of the Fiji Sago Palm Metroxylon vitiense ............................................. 139 Dick Watling Part IV Agricultural Botany of Sago Palm 11 Dry Matter Production as a Basis of Starch Production in Sago Palm ............................................................................................ 157 Yoshinori Yamamoto 12 Morphogenesis of Sago Palm ................................................................. 169 Satoshi Nakamura 13 Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of Sago Palm Starch ................................................................................ 181 Yoji Nitta Part V Growth Environment 14 Soil Environment in Sago Palm Forest.................................................. 193 Masanori Okazaki and Yuka Sasaki 15 Microbial Interactions and Activities Affecting Sago Palm Growth ........................................................................................... 207 Koki Toyota Part VI Starch Production and Utilization 16 Sago Starch: Transformation of Extraction and Consumption Processes in Traditional Indonesian Societies ...................................... 221 Yoshihiko Nishimura 17 Improvement of Sago Processing Machinery ....................................... 231 Darma 18 The Structure and Characteristics of Sago Starch .............................. 247 Masanori Okazaki 19 Recovery of Starch from Sago Pith Waste and Waste Water Treatment ..................................................................................... 261 Budi Santoso Contents ix 20 Acid Modification of Sago Hampas for Industrial Purposes .............. 271 Titi Candra Sunarti, Vioni Derosya, and Indah Yuliasih Part VII New Carbohydrate Resources 21 Starch Properties and Uses as Food for Human Health and Welfare .............................................................................................