An American Freedom Fighter in the Libyan Civil War: Part 1 | SOFREP 9/19/12 12:05 PM
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Intelligence Memorandum
DECLASSIFIED PA/HO Department of State E.O. 12958, as amended September 6, 2007 DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE Intelligence Memorandum LIBYAN ARMS SUPPLIES SINCE THE 1969 REVOLUTION 91 31 July 1970 No. 0531/70 DECLASSIFIED PA/HO Department of State E.O. 12958, as amended September 6, 2007 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Directorate of Intelligence 31 July 1970 INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM Lib an Arms Su..lies Since the 1969 Revolution Introduction Libya became independent in 1951 and formed its first army in 1953. In September 1969, an army coup replaced the monarchy with a Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Colonel Muammar Qaddafi. Before the coup, all weapons and military equipment were of Western origin, primarily British and US, acquired through purchase and grant aid worth in all about $75 million. Since the coup in 1969, Libya has drastically reduced its dependence upon the UK and the US, has concluded a shaky $400-million mil- itary-economic deal with France, and has received clandestine deliveries of Soviet-made tanks from Egypt, as well as the recent overt deliveries of tanks and other equipment via two Soviet freighters. The 1970 Libyan defense budget is $245.5 million, about 21 percent of the total budget. Note: This memorandum was produced solely by CIA. It was prepared by the Office of Current Intelli- gence, and coordinated with the offices of National Estimates, Strategic Research, and Economic Research, and with the Directorate of Plans. DECLASSIFIED PA/HO Department of State E.O. 12958, as amended September 6, 2007 The United Kingdom 1. Until 1970, the chief supplier of military equipment to Libya was the UK. -
Libya Conflict Insight | Feb 2018 | Vol
ABOUT THE REPORT The purpose of this report is to provide analysis and Libya Conflict recommendations to assist the African Union (AU), Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Member States and Development Partners in decision making and in the implementation of peace and security- related instruments. Insight CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Mesfin Gebremichael (Editor in Chief) Mr. Alagaw Ababu Kifle Ms. Alem Kidane Mr. Hervé Wendyam Ms. Mahlet Fitiwi Ms. Zaharau S. Shariff Situation analysis EDITING, DESIGN & LAYOUT Libya achieved independence from United Nations (UN) trusteeship in 1951 Michelle Mendi Muita (Editor) as an amalgamation of three former Ottoman provinces, Tripolitania, Mikias Yitbarek (Design & Layout) Cyrenaica and Fezzan under the rule of King Mohammed Idris. In 1969, King Idris was deposed in a coup staged by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. He promptly abolished the monarchy, revoked the constitution, and © 2018 Institute for Peace and Security Studies, established the Libya Arab Republic. By 1977, the Republic was transformed Addis Ababa University. All rights reserved. into the leftist-leaning Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In the 1970s and 1980s, Libya pursued a “deviant foreign policy”, epitomized February 2018 | Vol. 1 by its radical belligerence towards the West and its endorsement of anti- imperialism. In the late 1990s, Libya began to re-normalize its relations with the West, a development that gradually led to its rehabilitation from the CONTENTS status of a pariah, or a “rogue state.” As part of its rapprochement with the Situation analysis 1 West, Libya abandoned its nuclear weapons programme in 2003, resulting Causes of the conflict 2 in the lifting of UN sanctions. -
Foreign Military Studies Office
community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 8 Issue #12 OEWATCH December 2018 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT EURASIA INDO-PACIFIC AFRICA 3 Russia Adopts 57mm Caliber as Standard for Future 27 From “Informationized” to “Intelligent”: Chinese Military 55 Mysterious Militants Threaten Burkina Faso amid Security Crisis Armored Vehicles Aviation Prepares for the Future 56 Fear of Islamist Terrorism Taking Root in South Africa 6 Crimean Army Corps Conducts Amphibious Landing and 28 Gaining a Better Understanding of Future Intelligent 57 Chad to Combat Boko Haram Closer to Nigerian Border Defense Exercise Warfare through a Chinese Lens 58 Boko Haram Execution of Midwife Demoralizes Nigeria 8 Russia Conducts Brigade/Division Force-On-Force Exercises 30 Local Companies Provide Logistics Support During PLA 59 African Standby Force: Still Not Ready for Primetime? 11 Caspian Sea Flotilla Conducts Amphibious Landing Joint Exercise 60 Amidst Concerns, AMISOM Prepares to Withdraw from Somalia Exercise 31 An Instant PLA: Just Add 3D Printing 61 NGOs Tell Story of Southern Mali, One Post at a Time 13 Young Army for All Schools 33 New “Fast Food” to Replace Rations and Field Kitchen 63 Tiny Lesotho’s Large Military Budget 14 Russian Railroad Troop Developments Meals in the PLA 64 China’s Racism Problem in Africa 16 Northern Fleet Army Corps Command and Control Element 34 Japan and India Relations: A Counterweight to China? 65 Ethiopia Arrests 63 Senior Military and Intelligence Officials 18 Cold -
Point and Shoot Education Screening Dear Teachers
Point and Shoot Education Screening Dear Teachers, Welcome to the Milwaukee Film Education Screenings! We are delighted to have you and thankful that so many Milwaukee-area teachers are interested in incorporating film into the classroom! So that we may continue providing these opportunities, we do require that your class complete at least one activity in conjunction with the screening of Point and Shoot. Your cooperation ensures that we are able to continue applying for funding to bring in these films and offer them to you (and literally thousands of students) at such a low cost. This packet includes several suggestions of activities and discussion questions that fulfill a variety of Common Core Standards. Let me know if you need a different file format! Feel free to adapt and modify the activities for your own classroom. Students could also simply journal, blog, or write about their experience. New this year we are introducing an Essay Contest to this packet! Submit writing from your students in response to the standard prompt we offer here by November 3, 2014 for consideration. A panel of judges will select the best essay and a runner-up in each grade range to receive a bookstore gift certificate as a prize. See the Essay Contest handout in this packet for more details. You can send evidence of the work you did to integrate the film into your classroom electronically or by mail. This could include: links to online content, Google Drive folders, scanned material, photocopied or original student work concerning the film/film-going experience or even your own anecdotal, narrative accounts. -
Discussion Guide
POV Community Engagement & Education DISCUSSION GUIDE Point and Shoot A Film by Marshall Curry www.pbs.org/pov LETTER FROM THE FILMMAKER Three years ago, I got an email out of the blue from a young guy named Matt VanDyke. He introduced himself, said he had seen my films and told me he had recently returned from Libya, where he had been helping rebels overthrow dictator Muammar Gaddafi. He said he had over 100 hours of footage from the ex- perience and thought it would make a great documentary. I was intrigued, but explained that I only worked on projects where I had complete creative independence and control, and he said he understood. A few weeks later he came to New York and spent an afternoon telling his story to my producing partner, Elizabeth Martin (who is also my wife), and me. Matt was a fascinating person, provocative and hard to pin down. His story was rich with questions about how we become adults, about adventure and idealism and about the nature of war in the “age of the selfie.” After he left, my wife and I talked for hours about his story and the issues it had raised. Generating those kinds of discussions is the reason I make doc- umentaries. So we thought, “Let’s make a film that replicates the experience we just had, where the audience sits down with a stranger and hears an amazing, controversial story—and then walks out of the theater to grapple with it.” When I was younger I used to love hitchhiking because it brought me in touch with people whom I would otherwise never meet—people whose lives and world-views were completely dif- ferent from mine. -
Local Militias and Governance in Libya
CrisesAlert 3 Entering the Lion’s Den: local militias and governance in Libya Clingendael Report Floor El Kamouni-Janssen Kars de Bruijne CrisesAlert 3 Entering the Lion’s Den: local militias and governance in Libya Floor El Kamouni-Janssen Kars de Bruijne Clingendael report October 2017 Clingendael CrisesAlerts Libya Unpacking conflict trends, theaters and assumptions forms the basis of the Clingendael CrisesAlerts on Libya: where are the theaters of war, what are trends in fault lines, success and conflict activity? European security interests at stake: this CrisesAlert explores why Europe should care about the ongoing conflict. What security interests are at stake? What are the mechanisms whereby the crises impact Europe and its member states? What should be done? Militia coalition-building and governance: this CrisesAlert explores armed coalitions in Libya, and their implications for conflict and support for local and national governance. The EU in the world: this CrisesAlert probes into the regional and geopolitical power dynamics. How do fault lines develop and what does this suggest for the EU’s room for maneuver, foreign policy and actionable policy? October 2017 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: © Flickr – Magharebia Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. -
Cyber Activities in the Syrian Conflict CSS CY
CSS CYBER DEFENSE PROJECT Hotspot Analysis The use of cybertools in an internationalized civil war context: Cyber activities in the Syrian conflict Zürich, October 2017 Version 1 Risk and Resilience Team Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich The use of cybertools in an internationalized civil war context: Cyber activities in the Syrian conflict Authors: Marie Baezner, Patrice Robin © 2017 Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich Contact: Center for Security Studies Haldeneggsteig 4 ETH Zürich CH-8092 Zürich Switzerland Tel.: +41-44-632 40 25 [email protected] www.css.ethz.ch Analysis prepared by: Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich ETH-CSS project management: Tim Prior, Head of the Risk and Resilience Research Group; Myriam Dunn Cavelty, Deputy Head for Research and Teaching; Andreas Wenger, Director of the CSS Disclaimer: The opinions presented in this study exclusively reflect the authors’ views. Please cite as: Baezner, Marie; Robin, Patrice (2017): Hotspot Analysis: The use of cybertools in an internationalized civil war context: Cyber activities in the Syrian conflict, October 2017, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich. 2 The use of cybertools in an internationalized civil war context: Cyber activities in the Syrian conflict Table of Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 Background and chronology 6 3 Description 9 3.1 Attribution and actors 9 Pro-government groups 9 Anti-government groups 11 Islamist groups 11 State actors 12 Non-aligned groups 13 3.2 Targets 13 3.3 Tools and techniques 14 Data breaches 14 -
Al-Qaeda in Libya: a Profile
AL-QAEDA IN LIBYA: A PROFILE A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office’s Irregular Warfare Support Program August 2012 Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 205404840 Tel: 2027073900 Fax: 2027073920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/ 64 Years of Service to the Federal Government 1948 – 2012 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Al-Qaeda in Libya: A Profile PREFACE This report attempts to assess al-Qaeda’s presence in Libya. Al-Qaeda Senior Leadership (AQSL) and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) have sought to take advantage of the Libyan Revolution to recruit militants and to reinforce their operational capabilities in an attempt to create a safe haven and possibly to extend their area of operations to Libya. Reports have indicated that AQSL is seeking to create an al-Qaeda clandestine network in Libya that could be activated in the future to destabilize the government and/or to offer logistical support to al- Qaeda’s activities in North Africa and the Sahel. AQIM has reportedly formed sleeper cells that are probably connected to an al-Qaeda underground network in Libya, likely as a way, primarily, to secure the supply of arms for its ongoing jihadist operations in Algeria and the Sahel. This report discusses how al-Qaeda and its North African affiliate are using communications media and face-to-face contacts to shift the still-evolving post-revolutionary political and social dynamic in Libya in a direction that is conducive to jihad and hateful of the West. -
Libya Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) Addressed to the President of the Security Council
United Nations S/2013/99* Security Council Distr.: General 9 March 2013 Original: English Note by the President of the Security Council In paragraph 10 (d) of resolution 2040 (2012), the Security Council requested the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) to provide a final report to the Council with its findings and recommendations. Accordingly, the President hereby circulates the report dated 15 February 2013 received from the Panel of Experts (see annex). * Reissued for technical reasons on 12 April 2013. 13-25443* (E) 160413 *1325443* S/2013/99 Annex Letter dated 15 February 2013 from the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the members of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Panel prepared in accordance with paragraph 10 (d) of resolution 2040 (2012). (Signed) Salim Raad Coordinator Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) (Signed) Simon Dilloway Expert (Signed) Theodore Murphy Expert (Signed) Giovanna Perri Expert (Signed) Savannah de Tessières Expert 2 13-25443 S/2013/99 Final report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) concerning Libya Contents Page Summary ..................................................................... 5 I. Background ................................................................... 7 A. Mandate and appointment -
Origins of the Libyan Conflict and Options for Its Resolution
ORIGINS OF THE LIBYAN CONFLICT AND OPTIONS FOR ITS RESOLUTION JONATHAN M. WINER MAY 2019 POLICY PAPER 2019-12 CONTENTS * 1 INTRODUCTION * 4 HISTORICAL FACTORS * 7 PRIMARY DOMESTIC ACTORS * 10 PRIMARY FOREIGN ACTORS * 11 UNDERLYING CONDITIONS FUELING CONFLICT * 12 PRECIPITATING EVENTS LEADING TO OPEN CONFLICT * 12 MITIGATING FACTORS * 14 THE SKHIRAT PROCESS LEADING TO THE LPA * 15 POST-SKHIRAT BALANCE OF POWER * 18 MOVING BEYOND SKHIRAT: POLITICAL AGREEMENT OR STALLING FOR TIME? * 20 THE CURRENT CONFLICT * 22 PATHWAYS TO END CONFLICT SUMMARY After 42 years during which Muammar Gaddafi controlled all power in Libya, since the 2011 uprising, Libyans, fragmented by geography, tribe, ideology, and history, have resisted having anyone, foreigner or Libyan, telling them what to do. In the process, they have frustrated the efforts of outsiders to help them rebuild institutions at the national level, preferring instead to maintain control locally when they have it, often supported by foreign backers. Despite General Khalifa Hifter’s ongoing attempt in 2019 to conquer Tripoli by military force, Libya’s best chance for progress remains a unified international approach built on near complete alignment among international actors, supporting Libyans convening as a whole to address political, security, and economic issues at the same time. While the tracks can be separate, progress is required on all three for any of them to work in the long run. But first the country will need to find a way to pull back from the confrontation created by General Hifter. © The Middle East Institute The Middle East Institute 1319 18th Street NW Washington, D.C. -
The North African Military Balance Have Been Erratic at Best
CSIS _______________________________ Center for Strategic and International Studies 1800 K Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006 (202) 775 -3270 Access Web: ww.csis.org Contact the Author: [email protected] The No rth African Military Balance: Force Developments in the Maghreb Anthony H. Cordesman Center for Strategic and International Studies With the Assistance of Khalid Al -Rodhan Working Draft: Revised March 28, 2005 Please note that this documen t is a working draft and will be revised regularly. To comment, or to provide suggestions and corrections, please e - mail the author at [email protected] . Cordesman: The Middle East Military Ba lance: Force Development in North Africa 3/28/05 Page ii Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 5 RESOURCES AND FORCE TRENDS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 5 II. NATIONAL MILITAR Y FORCES ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 22 THE MILITARY FORCES OF MOROCCO ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 22 Moroccan Army ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 22 Moroccan Navy ............................... -
No Concessions to Media As Indiscriminate Repression Continues in Countries with Pro-Democracy Protests 12 April 2011 BAHRAIN
Middle East & North Africa - Yemen Unending repression No concessions to media as indiscriminate repression continues in countries with pro-democracy protests 12 April 2011 BAHRAIN Reporters Without Borders strongly condemns netizen Zakariya Rashid Hassan’s death in detention on 9 April, six days after his arrest on charges of inciting hatred, disseminating false news, promoting sectarianism and calling for the regime’s overthrow in online forums. He moderated a now-closed forum providing information about his village of origin, Al-Dair. His family has rejected the interior ministry’s claim that he died as a result of sickle cell anemia complications. Three other netizens are still detained. They are Fadhel Abdulla Ali Al-Marzooq (arrested on 24 March), Ali Hasan Salman Al-Satrawi (arrested on 25 March) and Hani Muslim Mohamed Al-Taif (arrested on 27 March). Marzooq and Taif moderated forums in which Internet users could discuss the ongoing events. Satrawi was a forum member. There is no news of Abduljalil Al-Singace, a blogger arrested on 16 March. Reporters Without Borders is also worried that Nabeel Rajab, the head of the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, has been accused by a military prosecutor of posting a “fabricated” photo of the injuries inflicted on Ali Isa Saqer, one of two people who died in detention on 9 April. Rajab posted the photo on Twitter the same day, saying Saqer had died as a result of mistreatment while in police custody. As previously noted, theInternational Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) reported that the military prosecutor general issued a decree on 28 March – Decision No.5 of 2011 – under which the publication of any information about ongoing investigations by military prosecutors is banned on national security grounds.