The Dodecanese Energy System Christopher Koroneos*, George
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Int. J. Global Energy Issues, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2005 43 The Dodecanese energy system Christopher Koroneos*, George Roumbas and Nicolas Moussiopoulos Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box 483, Thessaloniki, GR-54006, Greece Fax: +302310996012 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract: The economic growth of the Dodecanese islands in Greece has been based solely on tourism and the electricity production is very critical in sustaining this economic growth. The electricity production is solely done with the use of diesel and heavy fuel oil. Even though there have been some efforts in introducing renewable energy of various forms, the results remain dismal. Due to this situation, it becomes necessary that the growth of energy demand must be given primary consideration. In the present work the energy system of Dodecanese islands is divided in the seven economic sectors in order to be evaluated. Keywords: electricity production; demand projection; Greece; Dodecanese. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Koroneos, C., Roumbas, G. and Moussiopoulos, N. (2005) ‘The Dodecanese energy system’, Int. J. Global Energy Issues, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.43–70. Biographical notes: Christopher Koroneos is an Associate Professor at the Department of Management of Energy Resources at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and special Scientist at the Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece. He was previously teaching at Columbia University in New York, where he also received his BS, MS and PhD in Chemical Engineering. George D. Roumbas is a graduate from the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1992 to 1997 of Polytechnic School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUT). His research interests are in the areas of fluid mechanics, liquid and solid waste treatment, environmental engineering, energy engineering and life cycle analysis. At the present time he is a research assistant at the Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering Department of AUT, in Greece. He has been involved in several EU projects (FP5 and ALTENER programmes). Nicolas Moussiopoulos is a Full Professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the Director of the Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering. He is also an Honorary Professor at the School of Mechanical Engineering of the Universitaet Karlsruhe. His research work deals primarily with the development of atmospheric wind and dispersion/chemistry models. He coordinated several large international research projects and is the author of more than 300 scientific publications, among them more than 80 in Copyright © 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. 44 C. Koroneos, G. Roumbas and N. Moussiopoulos peer-reviewed journals. Professor Moussiopoulos is a member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina and in 2002 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. 1 Introduction The prefecture of Dodecanese, with Rhodes as capital city, is on the south-eastern part of Greece and it comprises 200 islands of which 19 are inhabited. The total population of the islands was 1,64,000 based on the national census of 1991 this figure has increased by 16.3% based on the national census held in 2001 reaching at 1,90,071 inhabitants. All the islands have a lot of common features but they differ a lot in terms of size, morphological characteristics and population. The prefecture of Dodecanese has the 1.7% of the total population of Greece with the second highest natural population growth rate in the country: 4.1 births/1000 inhabitants. The contribution to the national gross domestic product GDP is 2.1% (seventh greatest contribution) from which 89% comes from services sector (35% from hotel and restaurant services). The GDP per capita is 14,086 EURO which is the fourth in the country and 118% of the average GDP per capita in Greece. The area of Dodecanese is 2,600 km2 with Rhodes covering 54.2% of the total. The three biggest islands, Rhodes, Kos, Karpathos, cover about three-fourths of the total area of Dodecanese (Figure 1). This indicates the difficulty in providing services to all the small-scattered communities. Figure 1 Map of Dodecanese The Dodecanese energy system 45 The energy syste m of Dodecanese islands uses fuel oil, diesel and petrol for the production of electricity and the transportation and agricultural sectors. The islands have various electricity grids that allow to satisfy electricity needs in a more optimal manner. In order to examine the energy flow in the Dodecanese islands the energy consumption is divided into the following sectors (Figure 2): • Residential sector includes all the domestic activities that consume energy such as lighting, cooking, air conditioning, space heating, water heating, and other electric uses. This sector contributes 17.9% to the total annual energy consumption. • Commercial sector includes the energy consuming activities (lighting space heating, air conditioning) that refer to commercial activities (food stores, entertainment, etc.). This sector represents the 6.3% of the annual energy consumption. • Hotels sector is examined separately from the commercial sector because the energy consumption in this sector occurs in the summer period due to tourism. It contributes 9.4% to the annual consumption. • Public sector includes public buildings, schools, street lighting, etc., and constitutes the 2.9% of annual consumption. • Transport sector includes vehicles for private use and buses. It has the major contribution in the total annual energy consumption (56.9%). • Agricultural sector is mainly made up of greenhouses and has the small contribution of 1.8%. • Industry refers to industrial activities and has a small contribution of 5%. The primary energy input consists mainly of fossil fuels (95.5%) while renewable sources contribute only a small percent (4.5%). The fossil fuels used are gasoline, diesel, heavy fuel oil and light petroleum gas (Figures 2 and 3): • Gasoline is used as fuel in transportation vehicles and makes up the 20.9% of the total primary energy input and 21.9% of the total fossil fuels consumption. • Diesel represents 35.3% of the total fossil fuels consumption and 33.7% of the total primary energy. The primary use is for electricity generation (40.3%) and as fuel for vehicles (46%). The rest is used for space and water heating in residential, commercial, hotels and public sectors and for heating in industrial and agricultural sectors. • Heavy fuel oil (HFO) has the largest contribution in the primary energy input (40.1%) and represents 41.9% of the total fossil fuel consumption. It is mainly used for electricity generation (95%) and only a small percent is used in industrial and agricultural sectors for heating. • Light petroleum gas (LPG) contributes only a small percent (0.9%) to the primary energy input and is used in residential sector for cooking. Renewable energy sources are used in the residential sector for domestic activities. Biomass is used for cooking, space heating and water heating while solar power is used only for water heating. In hotels sector there is a large contribution of solar power in water heating. 46 C. Koroneos, G. Roumbas and N. Moussiopoulos Figure 2 Overview of energy balance in Dodecanese islands (values 1992) Figure 3 Distribution of total primary energy input in Dodecanese islands (1992) The Dodecanese energy system 47 Electricity represents the 24.5% of the total energy demand in the islands (Figure 4). It must be mentioned that this electricity figure includes diesel and HFO that have been used as production fuels. Figure 4 Energy input after power generation Due to the fact that residential, commercial, hotels and public sectors have common characteristics (energy is consumed in cooking, water heating, space heating, air conditioning, lighting and other electric uses) they will be examined together. On the other hand electricity generation and consumption will be examined separately. 2 Residential, commercial, hotels, and public sector Residential, commercial, hotels, and public sectors represent the 36.3% of the total energy demand in Dodecanese islands (Figure 2). The residential sector comes second in energy consumption (17.9% of the total energy demand) after the transportation sector. The energy consumption in these sectors is due to activities such as cooking, water heating, space heating, air conditioning, lighting and other electric uses. Lighting and various electric uses (29.1%), water heating (28.6%), and space heating (28.6%) contribute the most in the total energy consumption for these sectors (Figure 5). The distribution of energy consumption for each of the above sectors varies for the different activities (Figure 6): • in residential sector space heating has the major contribution in energy consumption (47.8%), followed by lighting and various electric uses (24.3%), cooking (14.3%), and water heating (11.7%). • in commercial sector the most energy is consumed in lighting and various electric uses (49.8%) and air conditioning (46.5%). • in hotels sector water heating contribute the most in energy consumption (88.6%). • in public sector the major energy consuming activity is lighting (79.8%). 48 C. Koroneos, G. Roumbas and N. Moussiopoulos Figure 5 Distribution of energy consumption residential, commercial, hotels, and public sectors Figure 6 Energy consumption distribution for each sector The energy supply for these sectors is provided mainly by electric power (62.7%) followed by diesel (14.5%), which is used for space heating mainly, and for water heating. Biomass (11%) is used for cooking and space heating while solar power (7.9%) is mainly used for water heating (Figure 7). The Dodecanese energy system 49 Figure 7 Distribution of energy supply Electricity is mainly consumed in lighting and various electric uses (46.5% of the total electricity consumption in these sectors), water heating (27.2%), and air conditioning (14.9%) (Figure 8).