Newsletter Issue 22 Srping 2005

Issue 22 Spring 2005

Contents: International Spectator Indonesia course The Clingendael Newsletter New EU member states IHEDN Conference Partners Dutch Photo courtesy Richard van Eijsden Ambassadors RAWOO-CRU conference CIEP Energy Seminar Internationale Spectator online New Publications When Clingendael was founded in 1983 monthly column, one substantial article from the union of five smaller institutes in and the summaries are available free of The Hague, each of them offered its assets charge on the site. newspapers, states in his essay ‘From as a dowry. The Netherlands Society for Cheese to Terrorism’ that the first cracks International Affairs (NGIZ) thereby The April issue starts with a substantial in the image of a well-functioning and relinquished the publication of its Dutch- article written exclusively for the Inter- well-organised Dutch utopia became language journal on international politics, nationale Spectator by Atzo Nicolaï, the apparent when Pim Fortuyn entered the Internationale Spectator, to the new Dutch Minister for European Affairs. He political stage. Fortuyn crushed the Institute. In 2006, the journal will argues that, to some extent, the successful dictatorship of political correctness that celebrate its 60th year of publication. integration of Europe has taken place for years had obstructed public debate. Although the formal, technical and without the explicit cooperation of EU The politically motivated assassination of commercial publication and exploitation citizens. However, depoliticised decision- Fortuyn on 6 May 2002 made it clear to of the journal were handed over to Van making in an integration process that is many abroad that the Netherlands had Gorcum & Comp. Publishers in 1993, becoming ever-more political can only lost its innocence. The idea of a model Clingendael has retained all intellectual continue for a limited period. A Europe country was finished off by the murder and editorial responsibility, and so that is ‘owned’ by its citizens can only on 2 November 2004 of the filmmaker provides almost half of the Editorial Board come about if everyone takes part in the and satirist Theo van Gogh. members, the executive editors, and continuous debate about what is required the editor-in-chief – also Clingendael’s to make this a reality. The European Isabel Ferrer, correspondent in the Director. Van Gorcum takes great care Constitution offers new opportunities to Netherlands for the Spanish newspaper to keep the journal’s image up to date, bring ‘politics’ back into the Netherlands’ El País, paints a picture of the Netherlands and has therefore introduced a new EU policy. However, for this to happen, as a disoriented democracy. The fact layout as of January 2005, with each citizens will first have to respond to the 1 that the country had lost its supposed issue featuring a relevant picture on its June referendum with a resounding ‘yes’. innocence had already become clear cover. It goes without saying that the when the coalition government of monthly selection of the picture gives rise This April issue continues with five the Social Democrat Prime Minister to hot debates between the editors and the contributions on the changing image Wim Kok resigned in April 2002, publishers. of the Netherlands abroad following following a negative official report on the the murders of Pim Fortuyn and Theo co-responsibility of the Netherlands and Also in January, Clingendael’s Informatics van Gogh and the ensuing strained its peacekeeping forces at the time of the Office, the journal’s Editorial Office and relations with the Dutch citizens of massacre of Muslim Bosnians after the Van Gorcum jointly launched a new Islamic origin. surrender of the enclave of Srebrenica in website, www.internationalespectator.nl. July 1995. With respect to the conspicuous Subscribers to the journal can now view In the Introduction, the former Head of problems of multiculturalism and the the contents of the Information Department of the Dutch integration of Muslims in the Netherlands, each issue online Ministry of Welfare, Public Health and it is argued that the traditional Dutch and download Culture, and currently publicist, Han methods of piecemeal pragmatism will no articles and Mulder, argues that the Netherlands is longer guarantee ready-made solutions. other items. The facing an image problem, both at home and contents of the abroad. Image-building is not an isolated Hans Renner, Professor of Central issues from 2000 phenomenon, but forms one side of a European History at the University of to 2004 are also triangle, together with history and identity. Groningen and exiled from Czechoslovakia available online. in 1968, sketches the Netherlands’ image For non-sub- Helmut Hetzel, the Netherlands-based scribers, the correspondent for German-language (continued p.2) (Internationale Spectator online) stereotypical Dutch motifs such as tulips, European country facing problems windmills and cheese, but also with more for which there are no easy solutions. contemporary aspects that are seen as a Of course, one may occasionally witness in the Czech Republic. The enlightened product of the proverbial tolerance of the some malicious delight in Flanders section of the Czech population has Dutch: drugs, coffee shops, euthanasia over these developments, but generally traditionally demonstrated a great deal and gay marriage. sympathy prevails. The Flemish hope that of sympathy for the Netherlands and its the Dutch will change their rather arrogant people. After the downfall of communism Finally, Yvan Vanden Berghe, Professor of attitude towards their southern, Dutch- in 1989, Czechoslovakia regularly took the Diplomatic History at the University of speaking neighbours, and that Flanders Netherlands as its example when it came Antwerp, describes the Flemish view on and the Netherlands may become to setting up its own democratic system. the recent violent events in the Netherlands. compagnons de route in the European As shown by a recent survey, young To the Flemish, the Netherlands has Union. Czechs associate the Netherlands with become just like any other Western-

to deal with disappointing news in a Training Iraqi diplomats diplomatic way.

Following the fall of Saddam Hussein in to various institutions in The Hague and Despite the ongoing instability at Iraq, the country is in the midst of political Brussels. home, the Iraqi diplomats demonstrated transition and in great need of capacity- The course proved to be a timely initiative. great enthusiasm during the course. building. In response to this need, While in the Netherlands, the students In particular, the diplomatic skills Clingendael provided a one-month participated in the first general elections programme was highly appreciated, as training course to 14 young diplomats of for an Iraqi parliament. Voting in the were discussions with experts from all the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Netherlands had been made possible by spheres of international relations, among participants (most of whom have been the International Organisation for which Max van der Stoel, former UN working at the Ministry from two to five Migration, which operated an out-of- rapporteur on Iraq and former OSCE High years) followed an intensive programme country voting programme. Furthermore, Commissioner on National Minorities. that included lectures on foreign policy the group witnessed the debate on the Clingendael hopes to continue to provide and economics, workshops on policy withdrawal of Dutch troops from the support to the Iraqi diplomatic service development, training in communication Al-Muthanna province, which provided through more training activities in the and negotiation skills, and working visits them with a real-life test case of how future.

Luxembourg Junior diplomats from Indonesia Presidency of the EU On 21 February, the second eight-week In particular, he touched upon the role of course for junior diplomats from the International Court in settling the Indonesia in International Relations dispute between Singapore and Malaysia and Diplomatic Practice officially began. on the sovereignty of Pedra Branca/Pulau Participants were welcomed by delegates Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South from the Indonesian Embassy in The Ledge islands. The case is still pending Mr Van den Broek Hague, lead by Mr Djauhari Oratmangun, before the Court. welcomes the audience representatives of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, lead by Mr Robert Milders, The course is part of a three-year project On 7 February, a conference was held and Clingendael’s Director, Professor to train junior, mid-career and senior to mark the start of the Luxembourg Alfred van Staden. After the official words diplomats from Indonesia. All courses Presidency of the EU. Luxembourg’s of welcome, Judge Kooijmans of the within the project focus on helping to Minister Delegate for Foreign Affairs and International Court of Justice gave an professionalise the Indonesian diplomatic Immigration, Mr Nicolas Schmit, gave a enlightening speech on the role of inter- service, maintaining the good bilateral speech in which he highlighted the national law in the peaceful settlement of relationship between Indonesia and the priorities for the Presidency. Mr Atzo disputes. Netherlands. During the course for junior Nicolaï, Dutch Minister of European diplomats, lectures and training alternate Affairs, responded to his address. The with working visits to the Dutch Ministry conference was chaired by Mr Hans van den of Foreign Affairs and elsewhere. Broek, Chairman of Clingendael’s Board.

Social activities between the diplomats from Indonesia and those from the new EU member states, as well as trips to Professor Van Staden welcomes Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, have been Mr. Djauhari Oratmangun of organised to ensure the diplomats feel Mr Schmit (left) and the Indonesian Embassy at more at home and further improve the Clingendael Institute. Mr Nicolaï during the relations between Europe and Asia. plenary debate Junior diplomats Introducing… from new EU member states Adriaan Schout is Senior Researcher From 2 February to 4 March, a group for the Clingendael of junior diplomats from the new EU European Studies member states stayed at Clingendael Programme (CESP) for a training programme regarding and Associate Professor developments within the EU. The official at the European opening address was delivered by Mr Marc Institute of Public Bentinck, on secondment to Clingendael Administration. from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign His work combines Affairs. The programme dealt with research, consultancy and training following subjects: European integration activities related to the Presidency of the and enlargement, international security Council of the EU, European Agencies, and the European security agenda, Course participants on the steps of the Clingendael Institute, EU governance, EU networks and the strengthening EU’s economy and EU as together with CDSP Programme Coordinator Hinke Pietersma multi-level coordination of EU policies. global actor. Participants from Hungary, (front row, 2nd left) He has carried out organisational analyses Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, of national ministries, the Commission and the three Baltic States engaged in statements about their own country. and the European Parliament, and several workshops on presentation techniques, The course ended with a simulation European agencies. and were asked to prepare policy game about the EU. Recent publications include: • ‘De Nederlandse EU coördinatie – Het actieve coördinatie alternatief’, in ‘How to Operate in Brussels’ for Croatia Nationale coördinatie van EU-beleid: een politiek en proactief proces (The Hague, This special ADEPT (Accession-orientated Raad voor het Openbaar Bestuur, 2004) Dutch European Proficiency Training) • ‘Coordinated European Governance: course was carried out under the authority Self Organising or Centrally Steered?’, of the Cross Agency and was based on the J. A. Schout and A.J. Jordan, in five previous ‘How to Operate in Brussels’ Public Administration vol. 83, courses. This was the last ADEPT course, no. 1, 2005, pp. 201-220 as this pre-accession programme has been • ‘Co-ordinating Environmental Policy: replaced by MTEC (Matra Training for Shifting from Passive to Active Co- European Cooperation). The highly ordination?’, A. Schout, A. Jordan Mr J.W.N.P.M. van der Kaaij, Deputy Director of Foreign successful two-week ‘How to Operate and A. Zito, in Co-ordinating the EU: Financial Relations at the Ministry of Finance, during his in Brussels’ training course for 100 Constructing Policy Co-ordination and keynote speech to open the course. participants, the CESP’s flagship course, Coherent Action in a Multi-Level System, From 6 to 12 February, the Clingendael will continue under MTEC and will take H. Kassim, A. Menon and G. Peters European Studies Programme (CESP) place twice in 2005. (eds.) (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) held a special, customised pre-accession • The Co-ordination of European training course entitled ‘How to Operate For more information, please contact Governance: Exploring the Capacities in Brussels’ for the Negotiating Team Rob Boudewijn from the Clingendael for Networked Governance, A. Jordan, of the Croatian Ministry of Finance, European Studies Programme: J.A. Schout (Oxford: Oxford University consisting of the State Secretary and [email protected] Press, forthcoming) Assistant Ministers. During this intensive one-week course, participants received training in lobbying the EU, cultural differences, EU coordination systems, James Glassman Lecture EU negotiations, debating techniques, scenario thinking and comitology. On 3 February, Mr James K. Glassman, Resident Fellow of the American Enterprise Institute, visited Clingendael to give a lec- ture entitled ‘The United States in the World’. Mr Glassman is a graduate of Harvard College and author of The Secret Code of the Superior Investor. He also wri- James Glassman (centre) during the informal lunch seminar tes a column for the Scripps Howard News with Professor Alfred van Staden Service and hosts the TechCentralStation website. The lecture was organised with Mr Glassman also attended a lunch semi- The audience, with Clingendael’s Director Professor Alfred van the support of the American Embassy in nar, during which an informal discussion Staden (far left) and some of the Croatian Negotiating Team The Hague and was chaired by former EU was held on the role and position of the (front row). Commissioner Mr Frits Bolkestein. press, in particular the newspapers. Seminar on the NPT Review Conference 2005

In May 2005, diplomats will gather in New Security and Conflict Programme held a York to review the implementation of the seminar on 2 March on the NPT and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear upcoming conference, bringing together Weapons (NPT) and to identify further experts from the Netherlands and abroad. areas for progress. Although prospects for Keynote speakers included Senator Douglas success are considered to be rather bleak, Roche (former Canadian parliamentarian there is a remarkable degree of consensus and Disarmament Ambassador, and on the need for the 188 States Parties to Chairman of the Middle Powers Initiative), the Treaty to have a successful conference. Jonathan Granoff (President of the Global Against this background, the Clingendael Security Institute), Ambassador Robert T. Grey (Junior Director of the Bipartisan Senator Douglas Roche (l.) and Chairman Kees Homan. Security Group) Ambassador Chris Sanders (Permanent Representative of and Mr Bert Koenders, who were invited to the Netherlands to the Conference of respond to the introductions from a Dutch Disarmament in Geneva), Ambassador political perspective. The seminar was Jaap Ramaker (Special Representative to chaired by Maj. Gen. (ret.) Kees Homan, Promote the Ratification of the CTBT), and concluded with strong pleas for a and Karel Koster (Coordinator of the pragmatic approach to strengthen the Project on European Nuclear Non- NPT and for workable proposals for Proliferation). Attendees included the governments to consider as they prepare Chairman Kees Homan and key-note speaker Jonathan Granoff (r.) Members of Parliament Ms Farah Karimi for the 2005 Review Conference.

Policing the European Union

The world in which we live today, with its Participants posing on Clingendael’s ‘Blue Stairs’ during a formal dinner with guests of honour (front row, left to right) open borders, boundless communication Mr H. de Groot (former Head of Protocol at the Ministry of the possibilities, and financial flows via the Interior and Kingdom Relations), and Mr and Mrs E. Hirsch Internet, presents us with more benefits, Ballin. Mr Hirsch Ballin is a former MP and Minister of the but also more problems, than ever before. Interior and the current Supervisor of LIPO III. He is also member of the Council of State of the Netherlands and The security challenges we face today Professor of International Law at Tilburg University. are numerous. There is an important increase in international organised crime: trafficking in drugs, arms, stolen goods and even in human beings. As a result, prominent guest speakers, training in our law enforcement agencies face a international negotiations, working visits, growing number of crimes of international and interactive meetings with field experts. origin or related to international networks The topics addressed during the course, – and the Netherlands, as the ‘gateway to which consists of seven three-day modules, and Kingdom Relations, and even Europol. Europe’, even more so than most of our relate to global developments, the EU, In addition to its objective of providing neighbours. For example, the Netherlands police structures and cultures, and the knowledge and skills, the Programme has receives some 100,000 requests for consequences of expanding the EU proven to be an important forum for this judicial assistance in criminal proceedings toward Central and Eastern Europe. group of high-ranking officers. It has per year, whereas Germany receives only Each participant is required to write become a sparring ground and think- 20,000. The Dutch police and other law a final thesis which demonstrates the tank, and has already established its name enforcement agencies therefore require knowledge and insights they have gained within the Dutch police. The final theses knowledge of the international arena, while applying these to their own day-to- of participants in the first and second international structures and fora, global day work or setting out policy lines for Programmes have been summarised, developments and skills in how to their regional police force. translated and collated in the booklet Able cooperate with foreign partners. and Willing? Police Leaders Questioning The Programme aims to enable the leaders International Cooperation, available free In order to provide the Dutch police of the Dutch police to better recognise and of charge from Clingendael. with the necessary knowledge and skills, work with the international dimension Clingendael and the School for Police of current police issues. As it deals with The third LIPO will conclude on Leadership (part of the Police Academy) international cooperation and integral 29 April 2005, and the fourth will start joined forces to set up the Learning security, participants include not only on 29 June 2005. For more information Programme on International Police members of the Dutch police, but on this course, please contact the CSCP Orientation (LIPO). The Programme also participants from the Royal Dutch secretariat: [email protected] includes lectures on relevant subjects by Constabulary, the Ministry of the Interior or call +31 70 3746 658. Conflict Research Unit

USAID/Clingendael Seminar on Democracy conflicts, but all too often local views and missions to prepare the mission; b) the and Governance Assessment local research are ignored. Local analysis mission mandate; c) Disarmament, Demo- can be an excellent source of information, bilization and Reintegration (DDR) activities; and analytical debate itself can form a d) Security Sector Reform processes; and window of opportunity for constructive in e) projects to win the hearts and minds transformation processes. At the same of the local population in the mission area. time, local research may be biased or The expert meeting has contributed to more inadequate. The conference aimed to insight in the actual gender dimensions of determine how these issues can be dealt different mission components, and in with and how to optimise the use of local ways to practically anticipate to these knowledge. gender aspects within missions.

Stability Assessment Workshop in Kabul New CRU publications Professor Alfred van Staden (far left) and Ms Margaret Sarles, On 23 and 24 February, the Dutch The Stability Assessment Framework: Head of Strategic Planning and Research Division USAID, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CRU Designing Integrated Responses for Security, open the seminar held a joint Stability Assessment Work- Governance and Development, On 11 March, the Conflict Research shop in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Workshop Suzanne Verstegen, Luc van de Goor and Unit (CRU) co-hosted a seminar with the aimed to assess destabilising factors in Jeroen de Zeeuw United States Agency for International relation to policies in and on Afghanistan. Development (USAID) entitled ‘Measuring The analysis was based on the Stability The Stability Assessment Framework the Impact of Democracy and Governance Assessment Framework, and was presented (SAF) is an analytical tool that was created Assistance’. The seminar brought together by Afghanistan expert Mr Barnett Rubin, to assess a country’s stability and identify a broad range of participants from the from the Center on International policies finely tuned to that country’s academic and policy communities, working Cooperation, New York University. security and development needs. As such, in the field of democracy and governance During the Workshop, the analysis was the SAF is one of several instruments of assessment and evaluation. The main topics discussed with a wide range of experts the Dutch government to facilitate strategic discussed included recent USAID and from Afghanistan, current and former and integrated policies that contribute to Clingendael democracy and governance Afghan ministers, and representatives of more security and development in a given research initiatives, and methodological the International Community in Kabul. country. The report was published as part and data-gathering problems involved Important issues discussed included the of the CRU’s ongoing work for the Peace- in various fields of democracy and legitimacy of the government and building and Good Governance Division governance assistance, including civil parliament, counter-narcotics and (DMV/VG) of the Dutch Ministry of society aid and political party assistance. the reform of the security sector. Foreign Affairs. The seminar concluded by outlining a few The second day consisted of internal next steps in information-sharing and discussions of the Dutch Embassy and the Muddling the Peace Process: Post-tsunami multi-donor collaboration in research. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and focused Rehabilitation in War-torn Sri Lanka, on the Dutch multi-year strategic plan for Georg Frerks and Bart Klem. CRU Policy Conference on use of local knowledge Afghanistan, with the aim of identifying Brief # 2 (January 2005) for peace entry points to promote stability in the On 4 and 5 March, the CRU held a country. Spoilers and Perils in Post-Settlement Sudan, conference on the use of local knowledge Moving Beyond the North-South Paradigm, for peace-building processes. This event Expert Meeting Emeric Rogier. CRU Policy Brief #3 was jointly organised with the Netherlands “Gender in Peace Support Operations” (March 2005) Development Assistance Research Council On March 16, 2005 the expert meeting (RAWOO), and was held at the request “Gender in Peace Support Operations” For more information and other of Ms Agnes van Ardenne, the Dutch took place at the Clingendael Institute. recent publications, please visit Minister for Development Cooperation. The meeting organised by the Ministries www.clingendael.nl/cru/ As the organisers acknowledged, there is of Defence and Foreign Affairs in considerable research into contemporary cooperation with Clingendael’s Conflict Research Unit aimed at contributing to a more practical incorporation of gender in NEW: Clingendael Peace Support Operations. The meeting, who was attended by 60 representatives of Newsletter Defence and Foreign Affairs, was opened by Prof. Rob de Wijk. He stated the available by e-mail importance of discussing the difficult but important topic of gender in peace support The Clingendael Newsletter will short- operations. Mrs Annemarie Jorritsma, ly also be available by e-mail. chair of the national Task Force on Women, If you prefer to receive a digital Representatives from Mozambique, Sri Lanka and Rwanda and Security and Conflict, led the meeting. copy rather than a hard copy, the Netherlands were invited to share their experiences and Topics that came to the fore included the please send an e-mail indicating engage in debate attention for gender in a) assessment this to [email protected]. CIEP’s second phase New Clingendael Energy Paper The ‘Regional Approach’ in Establishing the On 1 January, the Clingendael Inter- Supporting institutions Internal EU Electricity Market national Energy Programme (CIEP) The involvement of supporting Jacques de Jong entered its second phase. CIEP’s original institutions strengthens CIEP’s forum mandate was for an initial period of three function and network both within the The integration of multiple electricity years, with the aim of continuing there- Netherlands and Europe. CIEP is endorsed markets can offer advantages with respect after. The Programme rapidly developed by British Petroleum, the Dutch Ministry to economic efficiency and reliability of into a well-respected network organisation of Economic Affairs, Eneco, Energie electricity supply. However, the actual for the study and discussion of current and Beheer Nederland, Essent, the Dutch process of integration can be problematic future developments in the energy sector. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Gasunie, ING at times, both politically and technically. Barings, NAM, NUON, Oranje-Nassau In this Clingendael Energy Paper, CIEP Predominantly a network organisation Groep, the Port of Rotterdam, Shell Fellow Jacques de Jong compares recent with a strong public dimension, CIEP’s Nederland, the Dutch Ministry of approaches for the integration of electricity success and recognition is based on the Housing, Spatial Planning and the markets in the United States with develop- combination of certain qualities, such Environment, Vopak Oil Europe Middle ments in the European Union, examining as its independence, the provision of East and Wintershall. how the integration processes in both timely analyses from an international and regions can benefit from the various geopolitical perspective, a focus on pre- CIEP energy training 2005 experiences. The Paper can be downloaded competitive knowledge and an integrated To enable a better understanding of the free from CIEP’s website. view on the three pillars of energy policy – complexity of national and EU policy, the environment, market regimes and international politics and market CIEP Energy Seminar: Ownership security of energy supply. This formula developments in energy, CIEP has unbundling of Dutch energy companies affords CIEP a unique position not only in launched a new series of six one-day On 9 February, CIEP held a well-attended the Netherlands, but also internationally, courses covering various aspects of the and well-received seminar on the current especially within Europe. international energy market and energy debate on the future structure of the politics, planned for 2005. Drawing on Dutch energy sector. High-ranking CIEP will continue to build upon the CIEP’s vast experience in lecturing and officials from the Dutch government and strengths established during the first customised training, these modules make energy sector discussed with legal experts phase of the Programme. In particular, up a unique curriculum from which parti- and economists the far-reaching plans of during the second phase, CIEP will work cipants can pick and choose, from a single the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs to to consolidate its position as a pre-eminent module to a training programme ideally require energy companies to be split up. forum for European energy-related issues. suited to their own needs and interests. The Ministry’s plans, which are backed by CIEP’s accumulated expertise and net- the Dutch Parliament but face widespread working over the past three years on The first module, Energy and Geopolitics, criticism in the energy sector, entail that geopolitical issues and security of energy took place on 15 March and included a owners of companies active in electricity supply, as well as knowledge developed historical overview of geopolitics during and gas trade would not be allowed to have about gas and electricity markets and the past 25 years, insights in the current direct or indirect ownership in companies sustainable development, will be continued geopolitics of and between consumer and engaging in regulated network bound and expanded. During the course of the producer states, competition between electricity and gas transport. The seminar Programme, CIEP intends to provide major consuming regions, trends and provided detailed information on the policy services to the energy community as a developments on the international oil arguments in favour of the plans, the leading-edge think-tank on energy studies market, and developments in Asia and arguments against them brought forward with an integrated and international specifically China. by the energy sector, and on consequences perspective. Accordingly, a further key for Cross-border Lease Contracts and for priority for CIEP is to support and The second module, Energy and the valuation and financing of energy strengthen sector-wide EU initiatives Liberalisation, is scheduled for 23 May. companies. Additional information on through research and the coordination For more information please visit CIEP’s this event can be found on CIEP’s of stakeholder input. website at www.clingendael.nl/ciep. website.

New CIEP website: Clingendael Offshore www.clingendael.nl/ciep On 23 February, CIEP proudly launched In preparation for the UK Presidency of the EU, In Yerevan, two capacity-building programmes its new website, which matches the Clingendael’s External Affairs Office continued were organised for the Geneva-based Graduate Clingendael website both in design its series of training seminars in London and Institute of International Studies, and two for and navigational structure. Brussels for British diplomats and civil servants. Estonian diplomats in Tallinn. The Office also The website provides easy access to all Through the Oxford Foreign Service Programme participated in two conferences of the Processes CIEP information, including details of in Edinburgh, the Office also provided training to of International Negotiation (PIN) Network new training programmes, and CIEP young diplomats from all over the world. Under ([email protected]): one in Cairo and one in research and events. Visitors can also the auspices of the Luxembourg Presidency of Laxenburg, near Vienna. In the context of this browse through CIEP’s downloadables the EU, seminars in EU negotiation skills for Network, the Office edited and contributed to a and visit the Resources section for an young diplomats from all twenty-five member book on EU negotiations, entitled Negotiating extensive overview of energy-related states were delivered in Milan and Luxembourg. European Union. websites. Security forces workshop in Jakarta

On 21 February, Clingendael held a of Indonesia’s security forces. The official one-day workshop entitled ‘Towards the opening address by the Minister of Professionalism of the Security Forces’ Defence, Professor Juwono Sudarsono, Lt. Gen. Ad van Baal addressing the participants of the at the Aryaduta Hotel in Jakarta. This was followed by two plenary sessions and workshop during his presentation entitled ‘Dutch Experiences in Peace Support Operations’ workshop served as a launch pad for ‘The three individual group discussions on Role of the Armed Forces in a Democracy’ related topics. The first plenary session training programmes to be held in June included speakers from Indonesia and training programme in The Hague. 2005 at Clingendael. In cooperation with the second, ‘Peace and Security from a With the newly established Clingendael its local counterpart Lesperssi and the Dutch Perspective’, was organised by Security and Conflict Programme and Indonesian Ministry of Defence, Clingendael. Lt. Gen. Ad van Baal, the the Clingendael Diplomatic Studies Clingendael’s Security and Conflict Inspector-General of the Dutch armed Programme both organising training Programme brought together some forces, elaborated on the Netherlands’ courses for the Indonesian government, 70 participants from the military (TNI), involvement in Peace Support Operations, Clingendael can look forward to a police, defence and and Maj. Gen. Kees Homan and Dr Edwin growing relationship with Jakarta. the parliamentary Bakker followed with presentations In close cooperation with the Dutch commission for thereafter. Whereas the two plenary Embassy, Clingendael has been working defence to discuss sessions were open to the public, the on Indonesia’s security sector since 2003 national and group discussions provided an opportunity and, more recently, has also started international aspects for Clingendael and Lesperssi staff training junior, mid-career and senior members to make acquaintance with the diplomatic staff from Jakarta. Clingendael Maj. Gen. (ret.) Kees Homan of participants of the workshop, 20 of whom expects to continue and possibly expand the CSCP during his presentation will participate in the upcoming four-week these activities in future.

KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation at Clingendael group Stop TB Partnership and Deputy Director of the National Institute for On 17 January, the KNCV Tuberculosis the World Population Foundation. Public Health and the Environment Foundation held a working lunch on the The guest lecturers were Professor (RIVM). Professor Martien Borgdorff, intrinsic relationship between tuberculosis Anthony Harries, Dr Gijs Elzinga and from the Center for Poverty-related and HIV/Aids. The lunch was jointly Professor Martien Borgdorff. Professor Communicable Diseases (CPCD) and organised by the KNCV Tuberculosis Harries addressed the dual epidemic of Professor of International Health at the Foundation, Stop Aids Now! and the both diseases from the perspective of sub- University of Amsterdam, spoke on the PharmAccess Foundation. The meeting Saharan Africa, in particular Malawi, in topic of how to meet the Millennium was chaired by Professor Joris Voorhoeve, his role as Technical Advisor in HIV Care Development Goals, and in particular Minister of State and former Director of at the Malawi Ministry of Health. Dr Gijs controlling HIV/Aids and TB in order Clingendael, in his capacity as Chair of Elzinga is Chair of the TB/HIV working to help to reduce poverty. Post-communist Belarus

Stephen White, authoritarian fashion by President Contributors Elena Korosteleva and Alexander Lukashenko, and many Christian W. Haerpfer, Ronald J. Hill, John Löwenhardt (eds.) observers both inside and outside Belarus Elena Korosteleva, John Löwenhardt, Rowman & Littlefield describe his rule as a dictatorship. David R. Marples, Ian McAllister, Publishers, Inc., Belarusian authorities prefer to emphasise D. Mario Nuti, Ulazdimir Padhol, March 2005 the strong support of the people for the Clelia Rontoyanni, and Stephen White Price: $65, 208 pp. President and his cautious approach to economic reform. It seems unlikely that About the Editors Of the European states that emerged from the country can hold out permanently Stephen White is Professor of Inter- the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, against the wider pressures of national Politics and a Senior Associate Belarus is one of the least studied. In fact, democratisation and economic reform that Member of the School of Central and few Western experts paid much attention are transforming its neighbours. The East European Studies at the University to its affairs during the Soviet era. country’s situation offers political of Glasgow. Elena Korosteleva, former Despite this, Belarus constitutes an scientists much scope for comparison with British Academy Research Fellow at important and sensitive border region established models. Belarus is grappling Glasgow University, is Lecturer in between Russia and the western part of the with challenges that are as much European Politics in the Department of European continent. In Post-communist conceptual and psychological as they are International Politics, University of Wales, Belarus, a stellar group of contributors political, economic and social. Through Aberystwyth. John Löwenhardt is Senior examine the state’s search for identity new research, the contributors to Post- Research Fellow for the Clingendael and the issues it has faced in the period communist Belarus offer an important, European Studies Programme. leading up to and following inde- coherent and comparative perspective on For more information, please visit pendence. The country is run in an this little-known country. www.rowmanlittlefield.com. High-level working Working visit of partners of Dutch visit of the French Ambassadors and Consuls-General Institut des Hautes On 26 January, the partners of the Dutch Ambassadors and Consuls-General visited Etudes de Défense Clingendael in the context of the annual Ambassadors Conference, during which Nationale (IHEDN) all Ambassadors and Consuls representing the Netherlands abroad are called back to On 15 February, a large delegation under The Hague. Over 100 participants, mostly the auspices of the Institut des Hautes female, took over the entire building, as Etudes de Défense Nationale (IHEDN) lectures about various topics were held honoured Clingendael with its presence. in all conference rooms. The morning The partners posing in front of ‘Huys Clingendael’. Seated in The visit was part of a European tour sessions highlighted four different topics: the front row (3rd left) is Mr Karel de Beer, Deputy Secretary- designed to inform participants about topics relations with the Islamic world, the General of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who officially welcomed the participants of behalf of the Ministry. regarding failing states, their reconstruction, borders of Europe, the media dimension and challenges for European and global of looking after Dutch interests, and security. The tour included a visit to HIV/Aids scenarios for the next 25 years. what to do when staff need to be evacuated The Hague in view of its prominent After lunch, the Dutch Ministry of from crisis areas. Guest speakers included role in settling international disputes, its Foreign Affairs’ Department of Personnel representatives from the Ministry, as well international status of ‘The Hague Legal and Organisation gave a presentation on as external experts. Capital’ and the number of international organisations based there. Participants also visited Poland, Kosovo and Bosnia, with the main objective of giving New Clingendael Publications participants insight into the present and future role of international Clingendael Essay Decision-making organisations regarding failing states Saoedi-Arabië, machtig in onmacht: and their reconstruction. Op weg naar hervorming of naar revolutie? by the Security Council: Terrorist acts which threaten international Saudi Arabia, Powerful in its Powerlessness: peace and security, 1989 – 2004 On its Way to Reform or to Revolution? Available in Dutch only A Survey of Resolutions Leen Boer, 49 pp., €7.50 By Dick A. Leurdijk and Geert Steeghs

Unlimited access to oil from Saudi Arabia is In the aftermath of the terror attacks on the of great economic and strategic importance for United States on 11 September 2001, the issue of the West. In the past year, there has been much terrorism and counter-terrorism has been put in speculation about the stability of this country. This the forefront of the international political agenda. new Clingendael Essay analyses the factors that In the context of an evolving international co- may constitute a threat to Saudi Arabia’s stability. operation, the United Nations, among others, Topics that are highlighted include the internal played an active role, both in reinvigorating the political and socio-economic situation, foreign right to self-defence and in taking new initiatives, labour, terrorism, population growth, Islam and such as the adoption of Security Council Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy. Attention is also Resolution 1373, in September 2001. This survey, however, shows that the fight against Clingendael’s main Conference Room packed to capacity during devoted to developments to be expected in the short the IHEDN conference and longer term, as well as policy options for the international terrorism was already an issue within Netherlands and the whole of Europe. Will Saudi the UN long before the events of “9/11”, both in Arabia succeed in introducing reforms? Or is an terms of the existence of a number of international Among the delegation were repre- Islamic revolution unavoidable? conventions and protocols, and the earlier sentatives of the French army and This Essay has been written within the frame- involvement of the Security Council in responding Ministries of Defence, the Interior, work of cooperation between Clingendael and to international terror acts, including its Foreign Affairs, Justice, Education and the Strategic Policy Planning unit of the Dutch identification of such acts as a threat to Agriculture, as well as representatives of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, of which the author, international peace and security. various bodies within French society. It Leen Boer, is a policy staff member. The views also included several official represen- expressed in the Essay are the author’s own and 51 pp. Price: Euro 7,50 tatives from other countries, such as are not a reflection of the views or policies of the Ministry itself. Spain, Italy, Germany, the United For more information please contact the Kingdom, the United States and For more information please contact the secretariat of the Clingendael Diplomatic Studies Colombia. The programme presented at Secretariat of the Clingendael European Studies Programme, e-mail: [email protected]; Clingendael comprised lectures from the Programme (CESP), e-mail [email protected]), tel + 31 70 374 66 28. Dutch Chamber Commission for Defence, (tel. +31 70 374 6 622/636. the International Penal Court, and Clingendael’s Centre of Strategic Studies and Conflict Research Unit. Published by: the Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, the Netherlands, telephone: + 31.(0)70.324.53.84, telefax: + 31 (0)70 328.20.02, internet: www.clingendael.nl. email: [email protected] or [email protected]. Photographs: Coby Gerharz.