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RUBELLA FACT SHEET (German Measles)

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RUBELLA FACT SHEET (German Measles) RUBELLA FACT SHEET (German measles) Agent: Rubella virus. following characteristics: • Acute onset of generalized maculopapular Brief Description: A mild febrile viral disease with rash, and a diffuse punctate (pinpoint) and maculopapular rash • Temperature > 37.2° C ( 99° F), if mea- sometimes resembling that of measles or scarlet fever. sured, and Children usually present few or no constitutional • Arthralgia, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, or symptoms, but adults may experience a 1 to 5 day conjunctivitis. prodrome of low grade fever, headache, malaise, mild coryza, and conjunctivitis. Rubella is important Cases meeting the measles case definition are because of its ability to produce anomalies in the excluded. Also excluded are cases with serol- developing fetus. These abnormalities are termed ogy that is compatible with recent measles Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). virus infection. All rubella cases should be Congenital rubella syndrome occurs when a confirmed by a laboratory test (serology). pregnant mother becomes infected and passes the virus to her fetus. The primary congenital defects are Lab Criteria for Diagnosis: ophthalmologic (cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy), • Positive serologic test for rubella IgM cardiac (patent ductus arteriosus, peripheral pulmo- antibody, or nary artery stenosis), auditory (sensorineural deaf- • Significant rise in rubella antibody level by ness) and neurologic (behavioral disorders, menin- any standard serologic assay, or goencephalitis, mental retardation). Other congenital • Isolation of rubella virus defects include radiolucent bone disease and growth retardation. The occurrence of these defects is 50% if the mother is infected in the first month of pregnancy, Diagnostic Testing: 20% to 30% if infected in the second month and 5% A. Serology if infected in the third to fourth month. Defects are 1. Specimen: Blood - acute sera (at least rare when maternal infection occurs after the 20th 5cc whole blood) for IgM and IgG titers week. collected at the onset of illness and convalescent sera (IgG) collected 14-21 Reservoir: Humans. days later. Please note that a single IgM test will confirm the diagnosis. False- Mode of Transmission: Contact with nasopharyn- positive rubella IgM tests have been geal secretions of infected persons. Infection is found in persons with parvovirus transmitted by droplet spread or direct contact with infections, a positive heterophile test for patients. Infants with congenital rubella syndrome infectious mononucleosis, or a positive shed large quantities of virus from body secretions for rheumatoid factor. up to one year, and can therefore serve as a source of 2. Outfits: Other serology outfit, order infection for susceptible persons caring for them. #0504. Rubella may also be transmitted by sub-clinical cases 3. Form: 3432 (revised 4/00). (approximately 30% to 50% of all rubella infections). 4. Lab Test Performed: Titers for Rubella - IgG and IgM (must write IgM request Incubation Period: Sixteen to 18 days, with a on the form). range of 12 to 23 days. 5. Lab Performing Test: Immunology Laboratory, Georgia Public Health Clinical Case Definition: An illness with ALL of the Laboratory (GPHL) in Decatur. 105 6. Transport Requirements: Sera can be kept at susceptible adolescents and adults, particularly ambient temperature, refrigerated, or frozen. women of childbearing age who are not preg- Specimen should be non-hemolyzed. nant. Women who are pregnant or who plan to become pregnant within three months should B. Culture / Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) not receive the vaccine, due to the theoretical 1. Specimen: Nasopharyngeal swab/aspirate, risk for causing birth defects in the developing throat, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). fetus. Emphasize vaccinating susceptible 2. Outfit: Viral transport media. males and females in colleges, employment and 3. Form: Form 3595R. health care settings. 4. Lab Test Performed: Culture or PCR. 5. Lab Performing Test: Immunology Laboratory, Post-exposure Prophylaxis: Live attenuated GPHL in Decatur. vaccine given after exposure has not been 6. Transport Requirements: Specimen should be demonstrated to prevent illness. However, non- kept in viral transport medium. pregnant people exposed to rubella may still theoretically benefit from the vaccine if given Case Classification: up to three days after exposure. Immunization • Suspect: any generalized rash illness of acute of a person who is incubating natural rubella or onset. who already is immune is not associated with • Probable: a case that fits the clinical description, increased risk of adverse effects. The risk of has no or noncontributory serologic or virologic congenital rubella when a pregnant woman is testing, and is not epidemiologically linked to a exposed is significant. Exposed pregnant laboratory-confirmed case. women should not be given live virus vaccine. • Confirmed: a case that is laboratory confirmed or An intramuscular dose of 20 ml of immune that meets the clinical case definition and is globulin (IG) may decrease clinically apparent epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-con- infection, but no studies show that such a dose firmed case. protects the fetus. It should only be used in cases where therapeutic abortion is not an Period of Communicability: Rubella is moderately option. contagious. The disease is most contagious as the rash is erupting, but can be transmitted about 1 week Treatment: None. before to 5-7 days after onset of rash. Infected chil- dren should be excluded from school until 7 days Investigation: after rash onset. • Case Investigation: 1. Establish a diagnosis: Because the clinical Vaccination: Children should receive rubella vaccine diagnosis of rubella is unreliable, cases at 12-15 months of age, and 4-6 years of age. It is must be confirmed by a laboratory test usually given combined with measles and mumps (serology). vaccine (MMR). Adults born in 1957 or later should 2. For adult women, obtain accurate preg- receive at least one dose of MMR vaccine unless they nancy status: All women of childbearing have documentation of vaccination with at least one age should be evaluated for pregnancy MMR, or other acceptable evidence (laboratory status. If a pregnant woman is infected, results) of immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella. immediate referral to her medical care Efforts should be made to identify and vaccinate provider is necessary. 106 3. Obtain accurate and complete immunization Strategies to control rubella outbreaks histories. include defining at-risk populations, ensur- 4. Identify the source of infection: Case-patients ing susceptibles are rapidly vaccinated, and and their caregivers should be asked about con- maintaining active surveillance for new tact with other known cases. Since 20%-50% of cases. Outbreak control measures should cases are asymptomatic, identification of a source be implemented immediately when one will not always be possible. case of rubella is confirmed in a commu- 5. Assess potential for transmission and identify nity. contacts: Contacts of case-patients during the infectious period (7 days before to 7 days after Reporting: Report all suspect, probable or rash onset) should be identified. Transmission confirmed cases IMMEDIATELY by phone to can occur in households, communities, work- the local health department, District Health places, and prisons. Office, or the Epidemiology Branch at 404- 6. Obtain specimens for virus isolation: Nasopha- 657-2588. If calling after regular business ryngeal swabs and urine should be collected hours, it is very important to report cases to the within 4 days after rash onset and submitted for Epidemiology Branch answering service. After virus isolation. Isolates are essential to identify a verbal report has been made, please transmit virus types and track the epidemiology of rubella the case information electronically through the in the United States, especially as we progress State Electronic Notifiable Disease Surveil- towards elimination of the virus in geographical lance System (SENDSS) at http:// regions. sendss.state.ga.us, or complete and mail a GA 7. Laboratory evaluation of exposed pregnant Notifiable Disease Report Form (#3095). women: Pregnant women who have been exposed Additionally, districts should report all con- should have serologic testing (an IgG and IgM genital rubella cases on CDC Form 71.17, test) at the time of exposure, an IgG titer 2 to 3 “Congenital Rubella Case Report Form,” and weeks later, and another IgG titer 6 weeks after forward to the Epidemiology Branch. exposure. If the first IgG test is positive, the **(Georgia code requires notification of rubella woman is immune. If the first test is negative, the diagnosis within 7 days; however, immediate second and third test will determine whether notification enables a prompt case investigation infection has occurred in the absence of an IgM and public health response.) test. A positive IgM indicates a recent or acute infection. 8. Pregnancy Outcome Registry for women Reported Cases of Rubella in Georgia, 1993- diagnosed with rubella during pregnancy: All 1999 pregnant women infected with rubella during pregnancy should be monitored to document the Year Number of Cases pregnancy outcome (e.g., termination, CRS, or 1993 0 normal infant) on Centers for Disease Control and 1994 7 Prevention (CDC) Form 71.17, “Congenital 1995 0 Rubella Case Report Form,” and forward to the 1996 0 Epidemiology Branch. 1997 0 1998 0 • Outbreak Investigation: 1999 0 107 References: 1. American Academy of Pediatrics.
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