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Affinities of Prototheria and Metatheria Pdf Affinities of prototheria and metatheria pdf Continue Matthew Wund; Anna Bess Sorin; Phil Myers Subclass Prototheria contains mammalian egg layings, which are the most ancestral forms in the Mammalia class. There are only three species grouped into two families and one order, Monotremata. Despite fewer species than most mammals, prototerians are so unique among mammals that there is no doubt that they represent a separate and ancient branch of the Mammian family tree. However, it is not clear how monotrems are associated with the other two main lines of mammals, marsupials (Metateria) and placental (Euteria). Some evidence supports the hypothesis that prototerians form a hoard with marsupials, while other evidence suggests that the prototerians are the sister of a hoard containing both marsupials and placental. (Heckner, 1990; Janke, et al., 1996; Janke, et al., 1997; Killian, et al., 2001; Novak, 1991; Vaughan, et al., 2000) Prototherians probably separated from the line leading to other mammals sometime in Mesozoic. They retain many of the symbols of their therapeutic ancestors (e.g., the complex thoracic belt, laying eggs rather than carrying living young, limbs oriented to the shoulder bone and femur held sideways to the body, and cloaca). The skull of monotrems is almost avian in appearance, with a long grandstand and smooth appearance. Modern monotrems have no teeth like adults; The seams are hard to see; The grandstand is elongated, beak-like, and covered with a leather shell; and there are no lacrimal bones. Monotremes have several important mammalian characters, however, including fur (but they lack vibration), four chamber hearts, one tooth bone, three middle ear bones, and the ability to lactate. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991; Vaughan, et al., 2000) Monotremes are limited to Australia and New Guinea. Their fossil records are very poor; the earliest fossils attributed to this group are from the early Cretaceous period. Fossils from Argentina indicate that monotrems were more widespread at the beginning of their history. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991; Vaughan, et al., 2000) Prototherians or terrestrial (Tachyglossidae) or mainly aquatic (Ornithorhynchidae). Their terrestrial habitats include deserts, sandy plains, rocky areas and forests in both lowlands and mountains. Platypus live in lakes, ponds and streams; they take shelter in burrows along the shores and spend most of their time feeding in the water. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) Temperate tropical tropical freshwater deserts or savannah dunes or meadow forest shrubs of forest mountains of lakes and ponds of rivers and streams Besides the absence of teeth, lacrimals and obvious seams, protozerians have a number of skeletal characteristics. On turtles, jugals are reduced or absent, a thin bone denture with only the remainder of the coronaoid process, angle does not bend medially (unlike marsupials), auditory bulls are absent (part of the middle ear is enclosed by tympanic rings), and much of the brain wall is composed of petrosals rather than alisphenoid (unlike all other modern mammals). Post-screenically, the skeleton of prototerians is also unique among mammals. It is a fascinating mosaic of primitive characteristics inherited from the therapists, but not found in any other living mammal, and modifications, probably related to the buried habits of modern prototeries. Their shoulder girdles are complex, including the standard components of modern mammals (shoulder and collarbone), but also additional elements including coracoid, epicracoid and interclavik. The spatula, however, is simplified without having a persicle pit. The shoulder belt is much tighter attached to the armpit than in other mammals. The femur and humeral bone are held roughly parallel to the ground when the animal walks, more in the fashion of therapsids and most modern reptiles than as modern mammals. The ribs are on the cervical (neck) vertebrae, as well as on the thoracic (thoracic) vertebrae; In all other modern mammals, they are limited to the thoracic area. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991; Vaughan, et al., 2000) Another interesting skeletal characteristic of the prototerians is the large epipobic bones in the pelvis. Epipabic bones were originally thought to be associated with the presence of the bag, but they are found in both men and women. They are also found in all kinds of marsupials, whether the bag is present or not (not all marsupials have a bag). It is now believed that epipubic bones are the remnant of the erapside skeleton, providing members of this group with additional attachments for abdominal muscles to support the weight of the hind limbs. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) Prototerians are endothermic, but they have unusually low metabolic rates and maintain a lower body temperature than most other mammals. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) All male prototerians have ankle spurs that are supposed to be used in combat and defense. In one family (Ornithorhynchidae), a groove along the spur carries poison secreted by adjacent glands. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) endothermic homoyothermic bilateral symmetry is poisonous Little is known about the marriage systems of the Prototerians. They are lonely most of the year, coming together just for mating. During the mating season, duck duck platypus are in pairs, but despite these observations, platypus is unlikely to be monogamous, because males are not associated with females after scooping up, and they do not provide any parental care. Female short-nosed prickly echidnas were observed with several males at the same time, which can reflect polygins or polyandria. Even less can be concluded about marriage systems prickly echidnas because so little is known about their basic behavior and biology. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) Prototerians are seasonal breeders. Typically, the breeding season lasts from 1 to 3 months from July to October. At least one species (duck payers) perform several complex courtship behaviors before copulation. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) Eggs laid with monotrems, small (diameter from 13 to 15 mm) and covered with leathery shells. The number of egg layings is small, usually from 1 to 3, and they are placed in the mother's bag. They contain a large yolk that concentrates on one end of the egg, very similar to the yolk of a bird's egg. Only the left ovary is functional in platypus, but both produce eggs in echidna. Like birds' eggs, monotrem eggs are incubated and hatched outside the mother's body. Incubation lasts about 12 days. Young people who are tiny and at a very early stage of development when they hatch, break out of the eggs using a milk tooth. They are protected in a temporary bag in echidnas, but not platypus. They are fed milk produced by the breasts; Milk is released onto the skin in the bag and sucked or splashed by the infants. Swelling occurs when the young are 16 to 20 weeks old. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991; Vaughan, et al., 2000) Parental taxation of male prototherians seems to consist entirely of acquiring companions and fertilizing a woman's eggs. All other investments and parental care are provided by women. Young people are born in the extreme state of Altris and need considerable care and protection from their mothers. Like mammals, females produce milk and care for their young. Echidnas develop a brood bag on the abdomen in which eggs and hatched youngsters develop for almost two months. The young are weary about three months. Platypuses do not have a brood bag, and instead lay eggs in deep, complex burrows on the banks of creeks and ponds. The young develop in a hole and get tired after 3 months. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) it is known that the provision of altritial pre-fertilization protects pre-match/birth support that protects the pre- enlightened/bearning provision protecting the Small, in relation to the natural life expectancy of the prototerians; however, they can live several decades in captivity. In at least one case, the short-legged echidna lived for 50 years. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) Prototerians are mostly solitary animals and at least one species (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is territorial. Activity patterns vary by species and even among T. aculeatus populations; prototeria can be diuretic, baptismal or night. Echidnas are completely terrestrial and eat mostly ants, termites and worms while platypus spend most of their feeding time in water for a wider range of invertebrates. All three species exceptional diggers, using powerful powerful Dig shelters or quickly run away from predators. In addition to digging their way out of trouble, echidnas can roll up and erect their spikes as a protective mechanism. If food conditions are insufficient, prototerians may enter temporary numbness or longer periods of hibernation when winter food is scarce. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991; Vaughan, et al., 2000) Hearing, olfaction, touch, and vision are all important to some extent in prototherians. Hearing and vision are well developed in platypus and moderately well developed in the ehidna. The sense of touch is perhaps most important for the platypus, which is looking at the bottom of the stream for food or ehids, which is rooted through the ground for termites or worms. Platypus bills and echidna snouts are extremely sensitive organs that are essential for effective feeding. Platypuses can even use electrical stimuli to find prey. Olfaction is well developed in echidnas and can be used in individual recognition. Prototypes sometimes produce a few simple vocalizations, but their function is unknown. (Heckner, 1990; Novak, 1991) Visual tactile acoustic acoustic acoustic chemical All prototerian carnivores are carnivorous, with their diet consisting of various invertebrates. Platypuses feed into benthos lakes and creeks, using their sensitive accounts to find prey. They are common predators, while echidnas specialize in either ants and termites (Tachyglossus) or worms (Zagloss). Both species of echidna are powerful diggers and use their claws and snouts to take root across the earth to find food.
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